We can fight terror without sacrificing our rights | Rebecca MacKinnon

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

There's a big question at the center of life

Postoji veliko pitanje u središtu života

naše demokratije danas -

in our democracies today:

How do we fight terror without destroying democracies,

kako da se borimo protiv terora bez uništenja demokratija

without trampling human rights?

i bez gaženja ljudskih prava?

I've spent much of my career working with journalists,

Provela sam veći deo svoje karijere radeći sa novinarima,

with bloggers,

blogerima, aktivistima,

with activists,

with human rights researchers all around the world,

istraživačima u oblasti ljudskih prava širom sveta,

and I've come to the conclusion

i došla sam do zaključka da,

that if our democratic societies do not double down

ako naša demokratska društva ne udvostruče napore

on protecting and defending human rights,

u pogledu zaštite i odbrane ljudskih prava,

freedom of the press

slobode štampe

and a free and open internet,

i slobodnog i otvorenog interneta,

radical extremist ideologies are much more likely to persist.

mnogo su veće šanse da će opstati radikalne ekstremističke ideologije.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

OK, all done. Thank you very much.

U redu, gotovo. Mnogo vam hvala.

No, just joking.

Ne, samo se šalim.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

I actually want to drill down on this a little bit.

Zapravo želim da malo analiziram ovo.

So, one of the countries that has been on the frontlines of this issue

Jedna od zemalja koja je bila među prvima na udaru ovog problema je Tunis,

is Tunisia,

which was the only country to come out of the Arab Spring

a to je jedina zemlja koja je izašla iz „arapskog proleća“

with a successful democratic revolution.

sa uspešnom demokratskom revolucijom.

Five years later,

Pet godina kasnije,

they're struggling with serious terror attacks

vodi borbu sa ozbiljnim terorističkim napadima

and rampant ISIS recruitment.

i jako raširenim regrutovanjem od strane Islamske države.

And many Tunisians are calling on their government

Mnogi Tunižani zahtevaju od svoje vlasti

to do whatever it takes to keep them safe.

da učini šta god da je potrebno da bi im osigurala bezbednost.

Tunisian cartoonist Nadia Khiari

Tunižanska karikaturistkinja Nađa Kajeri

has summed up the situation with this character who says,

sumirala je situaciju ovim likom koji kaže:

„Briga me za ljudska prava.

"I don't give a damn about human rights.

I don't give a damn about the revolution.

Briga me za revoluciju.

I don't give a damn about democracy and liberty.

Briga me za demokratiju i slobodu.

I just want to be safe."

Samo hoću da budem bezbedan.“

"Satisfied?" asked his jailer.

„Zadovoljan?“, upitao je njegov tamničar.

"You're safe now."

„Sada si bezbedan.“

If the Tunisian people can figure out

Ako Tunižani uspeju da smisle

how to deal with their terrorism problem

kako da se izbore sa svojim problemom terorizma,

without ending up in this place,

a da ne završe na ovom mestu,

they will be a model not only for their region,

postaće model ne samo za svoju regiju,

but for all of us.

već za sve nas.

The reality is that civil society, journalists and activists

Stvarnost je da civilno društvo, novinari i aktivisti

are coming under attack from extremist groups on the one hand,

sa jedne strane dolaze pod udar ekstremističkih grupa,

and, in many countries,

a u mnogim zemljama

also from their own governments.

su i pod udarom sopstvene vlade.

We're seeing bloggers and journalists being jailed,

Viđamo blogere i novinare koje hapse,

charged and intimidated

terete i zastrašuju

by their own governments,

njihove sopstvene vlade,

many of which are allies with the West in the war on terror.

od kojih su mnogi saveznici Zapada u ratu protiv terora.

Just three examples.

Samo tri primera.

A friend and former colleague of mine,

Mog prijatelja i bivšeg kolegu,

Hisham Almiraat,

Hišama Almirata,

has been charged with threatening state security,

optužili su za ugrožavanje državne bezbednosti,

along with six other activists in Morocco.

zajedno sa šest drugih aktivista u Maroku.

The Saudi blogger Raif Badawi has been jailed and flogged

Saudijski bloger Rejf Badavi uhapšen je i bičevan

for insulting Islam and criticizing the Saudi regime on his blog.

zbog vređanja islama i kritikovanja saudijskog režima na svom blogu.

More recently, the Turkish representative for Reporters Without Borders,

Nedavno je turski predstavnik „Reportera bez granica“,

Erol Önderoglu,

Erol Underoglu,

has been detained and charged with spreading terrorist propaganda,

pritvoren i optužen zbog širenja terorističke propagande,

because he and some other activists have been supporting Kurdish media.

jer je sa nekim drugim aktivistima podržavao kurdske medije.

Anti-terror measures quickly turn into state repression

Antiterorističke mere se brzo pretvore u represiju države

without strong protection for minority communities

bez jake zaštite za manjinske zajednice

and for peaceful debate;

i mirnu raspravu,

this needs to be supported by a robust, independent local media.

što treba da podrže snažni, nezavisni lokalni mediji.

But while that's not really happening,

Dok se to ne dešava u stvarnosti,

Washington is teaming up with Silicon Valley and with Hollywood

Vašington se udružuje sa Silikonskom dolinom i Holivudom

to pour millions -- hundreds of millions of dollars --

da bi donirali milione - stotine miliona dolara -

into what's called "counter-messaging,"

u ono što se naziva „kontraobaveštavanje“,

a fancy word for propaganda.

što je nakićena reč za propagandu.

To counter the terrorist propaganda spreading all over the internet,

Da bi se suprotstavili širenju terorističke propagande po internetu,

in Europe, Internet Referral Units are being set up,

u Evropi se organizuju jedinice za upućivanje na internetu,

so that people can report on extremist content that they find

tako da ljudi mogu da prijave ekstremistički sadržaj koji pronađu

and get it censored.

i srede da se cenzuriše.

The problem is,

Problem je u tome

that all of this propaganda, monitoring and censorship

što čitava ova propaganda, nadgledanje i cenzura

completely fails to make up for the fact

sasvim propušta da nadoknadi činjenicu

that the people who are the most credible voices,

da one ljude koji predstavljaju najverodostojnije glasove,

who can present credible ideas and alternative solutions

koji mogu predstaviti uverljive ideje i alternativna rešenja

to real economic, social and political problems in their community

za stvarne ekonomske, društvene i političke probleme u svojoj zajednici,

that are causing people to turn to extremism in the first place,

koji prvobitno i dovode do toga da se ljudi okrenu ekstremizmu,

are being silenced by their own governments.

ućutkuju njihove sopstvene vlade.

This is all adding up to a decrease in freedom across the world.

Sve ovo doprinosi padu slobode širom sveta.

Freedom House,

„Kuća slobode“,

the human rights organization,

organizacija za ljudska prava,

reports that 2015 marks the 10th straight year in a row

izveštava da je 2015. godina označila desetu godina zaredom

of decline in freedom worldwide.

pada u pogledu slobode širom sveta.

And this is not just because of the actions

To nije samo zbog postupaka

of authoritarian governments.

autoritarnih vlada.

It's also because democratic governments

To je i zbog demokratskih vlasti

are increasingly cracking down on dissenters,

koje sve više primenjuju stroge mere prema disidentima,

whistle-blowers

uzbunjivačima i istraživačkim novinarima.

and investigative journalists.

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon has warned

Generalni sekretar UN-a Ban Ki-Mun je upozorio

that "preventing extremism and promoting human rights go hand-in-hand."

da „sprečavanje ekstremizma i promovisanje ljudskih prava idu jedno uz drugo.“

It's not to say that governments shouldn't keep us safe --

Nije da vlade ne treba da nam pruže bezbednost -

of course they should --

naravno da treba -

but we need public oversight, transparency

ali nam je potreban javni nadzor, transparentnost

and accountability to the rule of law.

i odgovornost vladavine prava.

Meanwhile,

U međuvremenu,

extremists are literally killing off civil society in some countries.

ekstremisti bukvalno ubijaju civilno društvo u nekim zemljama.

Since 2013 in Bangladesh,

Od 2013. godine u Bangladešu,

over a dozen secular bloggers and community activists

više od desetine sekularnih blogera i aktivista u zajednici

have been literally slaughtered by extremists

bukvalno su ubili ekstremisti

while the government has done very little.

dok je vlada učinila vrlo malo.

From the city of Raqqa in Syria,

Iz grada Rake u Siriji,

people like Ruqia Hassan and Naji Jerf have been assassinated

ljudi poput Rakije Hasan i Nadžija Džerfa su ubijeni

for their reporting out of ISIS-controlled territory.

zbog svog izveštavanja sa teritorije koju kontroliše ISIS.

The citizen media group called Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently

Grupa građanskih medija po imenu „Raku tiho ubijaju“

relies on strong encryption to send out their reports

oslanja se na jaku enkripciju da bi slala svoje izveštaje

and shield themselves from interception and surveillance.

i zaštitila se od presretanja i nagledanja.

Yet authorities in countries like the United States,

Ipak, vlasti u zemljama kao što su Sjedinjene Države,

the United Kingdom and many other democracies

Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo i mnoge druge demokratije

are seeking to use the law

zahtevaju da se zakon koristi

to either weaken or outright ban strong encryption,

da bi oslabili ili potpuno zabranili snažnu enkripciju,

because the bad guys are using it, too.

jer je koriste i loši momci.

We have got to fight for the right of citizens to use strong encryption.

Moramo da se borimo za pravo građana da koriste jaku enkripciju.

Otherwise, dissent and investigative journalism

U suprotnom, neslaganje i istraživačko novinarstvo

are going to become even more difficult

će postati još teži

in even more places.

na još više mesta,

And the bad guys -- the criminals and terrorists --

a loši momci, kriminalci i teroristi,

i dalje će pronalaziti načine da komuniciraju.

are still going to find ways to communicate.

Kudos to the companies that are standing up

Pohvale kompanijama koje se zalažu

for their users' right to use encryption.

za pravo svojih korisnika da koriste enkripciju.

But when it comes to censorship,

Međutim, kada se radi o cenzuri,

the picture is much more troubling.

slika mnogo više zabrinjava.

Yes, there's a real problem

Da, postoji stvaran problem

of extremist content spreading all over the internet.

ekstremističkog sadržaja koji se širi svuda po internetu.

And Facebook, YouTube and Twitter are among the many companies

Fejsbuk, Jutjub i Tviter spadaju u mnoge kompanije

who report having taken down hundreds of thousands of pieces of content

koje izveštavaju da su skinule hiljade sadržina

and deactivating accounts

i ugasile naloge

that are connected to the extremist's speech.

koji su povezani sa ekstremističkim govorom.

The problem is their enforcement mechanisms are a complete black box,

Problem je što su njihovi izvršni mehanizmi baš kao crna kutija

and there is collateral damage.

i postoji kolateralna šteta.

Take, for example, Iyad el-Baghdadi,

Uzmite, na primer, Ajada Al-Bagdadija,

an activist who makes fun of ISIS on Twitter.

aktivistu koji se podsmeva ISIS-u na Tviteru.

He had his account deactivated,

Njegov profil je ugašen

because he shares a surname with a prominent ISIS leader.

jer ima isto prezime kao istaknuti vođa ISIS-a.

Last December,

Prošlog decembra

a number of women named Isis,

su većem broju žena po imenu Isis,

which also happens to be the name of an Egyptian goddess,

što je, uzgred, takođe ime egipatske boginje,

had their accounts deactivated.

ugašeni nalozi.

And this woman,

A ova žena

who lives in the United States and is a computer programmer,

koja živi u Sjedinjenim Državama i kompjuterski je programer,

reported on Twitter about her deactivation on Facebook,

ispričala je na Tviteru o gašenju njenog naloga na Fejsbuku

managed to get enough media attention to have her account reinstated.

i uspela da dobije dovoljno pažnje medija da bi joj nalog bio vraćen.

But that's the thing -- she had to get media attention.

Međutim, u tome je stvar - morala je da zadobije medijsku pažnju.

And journalists aren't immune.

Ni novinari nisu imuni.

David Thomson,

Dejvid Tompson,

an expert on terrorism and reporter for Radio France International,

stručnjak za terorizam i reporter za Francuski međunarodni radio,

had reports deleted from his Facebook account

imao je izveštaje koji su obrisani sa njegovog naloga na Fejsbuku

and had his account deactivated for several days,

i nalog mu je ugašen na nekoliko dana,

because they contained pictures of ISIS flags,

jer su bile sadržane slike zastave ISIS-a,

even though he was just reporting on ISIS,

iako je samo izveštavao o ISIS-u,

not promoting it.

a nije ga promovisao.

And then we have stories from people like this Egyptian man,

Zatim imamo priče ljudi kao što je ovaj čovek iz Egipta,

Ahmed Abdellahy,

Ahmed Abdelahi,

who reported recently in an event in Washington DC

koji je nedavno izveštavao o događaju iz Vašingtona

da neki od njegovih argumenata pred ekstremistima -

that some of his arguments with extremists --

he now spends his time on social media arguing with ISIS followers,

on sada provodi vreme na društvenim medijima

raspravljajući se sa sledbenicima ISIS-a,

trying to get them to turn away --

pokušavajući da ih odvrati -

some of his arguments with these extremists get deleted,

neki od njegovih argumenata pred tim ekstremistima budu obrisani,

which he believes has the effect of shielding them

za šta on smatra da ima za posledicu da ih štiti

from alternative points of view.

od alternativnih stanovišta.

It's unclear whether Facebook even knows the extent

Nije jasno da li je Fejsbuku uopšte poznat opseg

of the collateral damage,

kolateralne štete,

or the other companies as well.

kao i ostalim kompanijama.

But we do know that journalism, activism and public debate

Međutim, znamo da se novinarstvo, aktivizam i javne rasprave

are being silenced in the effort to stamp out extremist speech.

ućutkuju u nastojanjima da se iskoreni ekstremistički govor.

So with these companies having so much power over the public discourse,

Stoga ove kompanije koje imaju toliko moći nad javnim diskursom

they need to be held accountable.

treba da snose odgovornost.

They need to carry out impact assessment

Potrebno je da sprovedu procenu uticaja

to identify and fix the problems that we're clearly seeing.

da bi identifikovali i rešili probleme koje jasno uviđamo.

They need to be more transparent about their enforcement mechanisms,

Potrebno je da budu transparentniji u pogledu svojih izvršnih mehanizama

and they need to have clear appeal and grievance mechanisms,

i treba da imaju jasnije mehanizme za ulaganje žalbi i prijavu nepravdi,

so people can get their content reinstated.

tako da se ljudima može ponovo postaviti njihov sadržaj.

Now, I've been talking for the last 10 minutes

Poslednjih deset minuta sam govorila

about how governments and companies are making it more difficult

o tome kako vlasti i kompanije otežavaju stvari ljudima poput ovih.

for people like these.

This is a picture of members of the citizen media network,

Ovo je slika članova mreže građanskih medija,

Global Voices,

„Globalnih glasova“,

kome sam pomogla kao suosnivač pre više od 10 godina

that I helped to cofound over 10 years ago

with my friend, Ethan Zuckerman.

sa svojim prijateljem, Itanom Cukermanom.

Interestingly, about 5 years ago, right after the Arab Spring,

Zanimljivo je da je pre oko pet godina, upravo nakon „arapskog proleća“,

the data scientist Gilad Lotan

stručnjak za nauku podataka Gilad Lotan

created a network map of the people in Global Voices

stvorio mapu mreže ljudi iz „Globalnih glasova“

who were heavy users of Twitter during the Arab Spring.

koji su bili učestali korisnici Tvitera za vreme „arapskog proleća“.

And he found that many of these people served as key information nodes

Otkrio je da su mnogi od tih ljudi služili kao ključna stecišta informacija

between activists and journalists

između aktivista i novinara

throughout the Tunisian and Egyptian revolution.

tokom tunižanske i egipatske revolucije.

We've got to make sure that these people not only survive,

Moramo se postarati ne samo da ti ljudi prežive,

but are able to continue to thrive.

već i da mogu da nastave da napreduju.

Many of them are still active,

Mnogi među njima su i dalje aktivni,

other than the ones who have gone to jail

osim onih koji su otišli u zatvor

or have been driven into hiding or exile.

ili su proterani u bekstvo ili izgnanstvo.

All around the world,

Širom sveta,

people who are sick and tired of fear and oppression

ljudi kojima je muka od straha i ugnjetavanja

are linking up in their communities and across borders.

povezuju se u svojim zajednicama, kao i van granica.

We've got to do everything we can to push our governments and companies

Moramo učiniti sve što možemo da pritisnemo naše vlasti i kompanije

to do a better job of protecting their rights.

da bolje štite njihova prava.

We've also got to be more mindful

Takođe moramo biti svesniji

about how our own personal, political, consumer and business choices

toga kako naši lični, politički, potrošački i poslovni izbori

affect people like these around the world.

utiču na ovakve ljude širom sveta.

Also, if you follow the news,

Takođe, ako pratite vesti,

it's pretty clear that that alone isn't going to be enough.

prilično je jasno da samo to neće biti dovoljno.

We've got to take personal responsibility by joining --

Moramo lično da preuzmemo odgovornost priključivanjem

or at very least, actively supporting --

ili, u najmanju ruku, aktivnim podržavanjem

the growing ecosystem of individuals and groups

sve većeg ekosistema pojedinaca i grupa

who are fighting for social justice,

koji se bore za društvenu pravdu,

environmental sustainability,

održivost životne sredine,

government accountability,

odgovornost vlade,

human rights, freedom of the press

ljudska prava, slobodu štampe

and a free and open internet,

i slobodan i otvoren internet

all around the world.

širom sveta.

I believe that, ultimately, we can overcome

Verujem da, naposletku,

možemo savladati digitalno osnažene mreže

the digitally empowered networks of extremism, demagoguery and hate.

ekstremizma, demagogije i mržnje.

But ...

Međutim,

we've got to do this by really beefing up the global networks

moramo to da uradimo

tako što ćemo zaista pojačati globalne mreže

of citizens around the world,

građana širom sveta

powered by people who are working hard every day,

koje pokreću ljudi koji vredno rade svakog dana

and taking personal risk

i lično preuzimaju rizik

for a future world that is more peaceful, just, open and free.

radi sveta budućnosti koji je mirniji, pravedniji, otvoreniji i slobodniji.

Thanks very much for listening.

Mnogo vam hvala što ste saslušali.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)