Marcus Byrne: The dance of the dung beetle

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevodilac: Milena Jocic Lektor: Tatjana Jevdjic

This is poo,

Ovo je izmet

and what I want to do today is share my passion

i ono što želim da uradim danas je da podelim svoju strast

for poo with you,

prema izmetu sa vama,

which might be quite difficult,

što može biti veoma teško,

but I think what you might find more fascinating

ali mislim da će vas više fascinirati

is the way these small animals deal with poo.

način na koji ove male životinje postupaju sa izmetom.

So this animal here has got a brain

Ova životinja ovde ima mozak

about the size of a grain of rice, and yet it can do things

veličine zrna pirinča, a ipak može da radi stvari

that you and I couldn't possibly entertain the idea of doing.

koje vi i ja ne možemo ni da zamislimo.

And basically it's all evolved to handle its food source,

U suštini, evoluirala je do toga da može da se nosi sa svojim izvorom hrane,

which is dung.

balegom.

So the question is, where do we start this story?

Dakle, pitanje je, gde ova priča počinje?

And it seems appropriate to start at the end,

Izgleda prikladno da počnemo na kraju,

because this is a waste product that comes out

jer ovo su otpadne materije koje izlaze

of other animals, but it still contains nutrients

iz drugih životinja, ali su ipak hranljive

and there are sufficient nutrients in there

i dovoljno su hranljive

for dung beetles basically to make a living,

da obezbede balegarima život.

and so dung beetles eat dung, and their larvae

Tako balegari jedu balegu i njihove larve

are also dung-feeders.

se takođe hrane balegom.

They are grown completely in a ball of dung.

Kompletno su obmotane balegom.

Within South Africa, we've got about 800 species of dung beetles,

U Južnoj Africi, postoji oko 800 vrsta balegara,

in Africa we've got 2,000 species of dung beetles,

u Africi postoji 2 000 vrsta balegara,

and in the world we have about 6,000 species of dung beetles.

a na celom svetu postoji 6 000 vrsta balegara.

So, according to dung beetles, dung is pretty good.

Dakle, po mišljenju balegara, balega je prilično dobra.

Unless you're prepared to get dung under your fingernails

Ako niste spremni da zarijete nokte u balegu

and root through the dung itself, you'll never see

i kopate kroz samu balegu, nikada nećete videti

90 percent of the dung beetle species,

90 posto vrsta balegara

because they go directly into the dung,

jer oni idu direktno u balegu,

straight down below it, and then they shuttle back and forth

tačno ispod nje i onda se kreću gore - dole

between the dung at the soil surface

između belege i površine zemlje

and a nest they make underground.

i gnezda koje prave ispod zemlje.

So the question is, how do they deal with this material?

Pitanje je, kako oni obrađuju ovaj materijal?

And most dung beetles actually wrap it into a package of some sort.

Većina balegara ga mota u neku vrstu paketa.

Ten percent of the species actually make a ball,

Deset posto vrste u stvari pravi loptu

and this ball they roll away from the dung source,

i oni tu loptu kotrljaju od izvora balege,

usually bury it at a remote place away from the dung source,

obično je zakopaju daleko od izvora balege

and they have a very particular behavior

i imaju specifično ponašanje

by which they are able to roll their balls.

koje im omogućava da kotrljaju svoje lopte.

So this is a very proud owner of a beautiful dung ball.

Ovo je veoma ponosan vlasnik prelepe lopte balege.

You can see it's a male

Možete videti da je mužjak

because he's got a little hair on the back of his legs there,

jer ima kratku dlaku na zadnjem delu nogu

and he's clearly very pleased about what he's sitting on there.

i očigledno je veoma zadovoljan time na čemu sedi.

And then he's about to become a victim

On će uskoro postati žrtva

of a vicious smash-and-grab. (Laughter)

žestokog udari-i-zgrabi napada. (Smeh)

And this is a clear indication

Ovo je jasan pokazatelj

that this is a valuable resource.

da je ovo vredan resurs.

And so valuable resources have to be looked after

O vrednim resursima treba voditi računa

and guarded in a particular way, and we think

i čuvati ih na poseban način i mi smatramo

the reason they roll the balls away is because of this,

da oni kotrljaju lopte

because of the competition that is involved

zbog konkurencije koja

in getting hold of that dung.

hoće da se domogne te balege.

So this dung pat was actually -- well, it was a dung pat

Dakle, ova gomila balege bila je u stvari - pa, bila je gomila balege

15 minutes before this photograph was taken,

15 minuta pre nego što je ova fotografija napravljena

and we think it's the intense competition

i smatramo da je jaka konkurencija

that makes the beetles so well-adapted

ono što je osposobilo balegare

to rolling balls of dung.

da kotrljaju lopte balege.

So what you've got to imagine here is this animal here

Morate da zamislite ovu životinju ovde

moving across the African veld.

kako se kreće preko afričke livade.

Its head is down. It's walking backwards.

Njena glava je dole. Kreće se unazad.

It's the most bizarre way to actually transport your food in any particular direction,

To je najčudniji način za transport hrane u bilo kom pravcu

and at the same time it's got to deal with the heat.

i u isto vreme mora da se nosi sa vrućinom.

This is Africa. It's hot.

Ovo je Afrika. Vruće je.

So what I want to share with you now

Ono što želim da podelim sa vama

are some of the experiments that myself and my colleagues

su neki od eksperimenata koje smo ja i moje kolege

have used to investigate how dung beetles

koristili da istražimo kako se balegari

deal with these problems.

nose sa ovim problemima.

So watch this beetle,

Gledajte ovog balegara

and there's two things that I would like you to be aware of.

i hoću da budete svesni dveju stvari.

The first is how it deals with this obstacle

Prva je način na koji se nosi sa ovom preprekom

that we've put in its way. See, look, it does a little dance,

koju smo mu stavili na put. Pogledajte, on izvodi mali ples

and then it carries on in exactly the same direction

i nastavlja u potpuno istom pravcu

that it took in the first place.

kojim je išao pre toga.

A little dance, and then heads off in a particular direction.

Mali ples i nastavlja u određenom pravcu.

So clearly this animal knows where it's going

Ova životinja očigledno zna kuda ide

and it knows where it wants to go,

i zna kuda želi da ide

and that's a very, very important thing,

i to je veoma, veoma važna stvar,

because if you think about it, you're at the dung pile,

jer ako razmislite o tome, nalazite se na gomili balege,

you've got this great big pie that you want to get away from everybody else,

imate lepu veliku pitu koju želite da sklonite od svih ostalih

and the quickest way to do it is in a straight line.

i najbrži način da to izvedete je da se krećete pravolinijski.

So we gave them some more tasks to deal with,

Zadali smo im još nekoliko zadataka

and what we did here is we turned the world

i ono što smo uradili bilo je to da smo okrenuli svet

under their feet. And watch its response.

ispod njihovih nogu. Pogledajte njihovu reakciju.

So this animal has actually had the whole world

Ovoj životinji se ceo svet

turned under its feet. It's turned by 90 degrees.

okrenuo ispod njenih nogu. Okrenuo se za 90 stepeni.

But it doesn't flinch. It knows exactly where it wants to go,

Ali ona nije ustuknula. Tačno zna kuda želi da ide

and it heads off in that particular direction.

i odlazi baš u tom pravcu.

So our next question then was,

Naše sledeće pitanje bilo je,

how are they doing this?

kako oni ovo uspevaju?

What are they doing? And there was a cue that was available to us.

Šta oni to rade? Postojao je nagoveštaj koji nam je bio dostupan.

It was that every now and then they'd climb on top of the ball

S vremena na vreme oni bi se popeli na loptu

and they'd take a look at the world around them.

i bacili pogled na svet oko sebe.

And what do you think they could be looking at

Šta mislite, u šta su gledali

as they climb on top of the ball?

kada bi se popeli na loptu?

What are the obvious cues that this animal could use

Koji su očigledni znakovi koje bi ova životinja mogla da iskoristi

to direct its movement? And the most obvious one

da usmeri svoje kretanje? Najočigledniji je da pogleda u nebo

is to look at the sky, and so we thought,

i pomislili smo

now what could they be looking at in the sky?

u šta su to mogli da gledaju na nebu?

And the obvious thing to look at is the sun.

Očigledna stvar u koju biste pogledali je sunce.

So a classic experiment here,

Izveli smo klasičan eksperiment

in that what we did was we moved the sun.

pomerivši sunce.

What we're going to do now is shade the sun with a board

Sada ćemo zakloniti sunce daskom

and then move the sun with a mirror

i onda ga pomeriti ogledalom

to a completely different position.

na potpuno različitu poziciju.

And look at what the beetle does.

Pogledajte šta balegar radi.

It does a little double dance,

Izvodi mali dvostruki ples

and then it heads back in exactly the same direction

i onda nastavlja u potpuno istom pravcu

it went in the first place.

u kome se kretao pre toga.

What happens now? So clearly they're looking at the sun.

Šta se sada dešava? Jasno je da oni gledaju u sunce.

The sun is a very important cue in the sky for them.

Sunce je veoma bitan nebeski znak za njih.

The thing is the sun is not always available to you,

Problem je što nam sunce nije uvek dostupno

because at sunset it disappears below the horizon.

jer kada zađe, ono nestane iza horizonta.

What is happening in the sky here

Ono što se dešava na nebu

is that there's a great big pattern of polarized light in the sky

je da postoji velika količina polarizovane svetlosti

that you and I can't see. It's the way our eyes are built.

koju vi i ja ne možemo da vidimo. Takva je građa naših očiju.

But the sun is at the horizon over here

Ali sunce je ovde na horizontu,

and we know that when the sun is at the horizon,

a mi znamo da, kada je sunce na horizontu,

say it's over on this side,

recimo na ovoj strani,

there is a north-south, a huge pathway across the sky

nebom se, od severa ka jugu, pruža ogromna staza

of polarized light that we can't see

polarizovane svetlosti koju mi ne vidimo,

that the beetles can see.

a balegari vide.

So how do we test that? Well, that's easy.

Kako to testiramo? Veoma lako.

What we do is we get a great big polarization filter,

Uzmemo veliki polarizacioni filter,

pop the beetle underneath it, and the filter is at right angles

gurnemo balegara ispod njega, dok je filter pod pravim uglom

to the polarization pattern of the sky.

u odnosu na polarizacionu stazu na nebu.

The beetle comes out from underneath the filter

Balegar izađe ispod filtera

and it does a right-hand turn,

i skrene desno,

because it comes back under the sky

jer se vraća ispod neba

that it was originally orientated to

po kome se pre toga orijentisao

and then reorientates itself back

i opet se vraća

to the direction it was originally going in.

na pravac kojim se prvobitno kretao.

So obviously beetles can see polarized light.

Očigledno je da balegari mogu da vide polarizovanu svetlost.

Okay, so what we've got so far is,

Dakle, ono što smo do sada zaključili je,

what are beetles doing? They're rolling balls.

šta balegari rade? Kotrljaju lopte.

How are they doing it? Well, they're rolling them in a straight line.

Kako to rade? Kotrljaju ih pravolinijski.

How are they maintaining it in a particular straight line?

Kako zadržavaju pravolinijsko kretanje?

Well, they're looking at celestial cues in the sky,

Gledaju u znake na nebu,

some of which you and I can't see.

od kojih neke vi i ja ne možemo da vidimo.

But how do they pick up those celestial cues?

Ali kako oni primećuju te nebeske znake?

That was what was of interest to us next.

To je ono što nas sledeće interesuje.

And it was this particular little behavior, the dance,

I baš ovo ponašanje, mali ples,

that we thought was important, because look,

smatrali smo važnim jer pogledajte,

it takes a pause every now and then,

on pauzira s vremena na vreme,

and then heads off in the direction that it wants to go in.

a onda nastavlja pravcem kojim želi da ide.

So what are they doing when they do this dance?

Šta oni rade kada izvode ovaj ples?

How far can we push them before they will reorientate themselves?

Koliko možemo da ih guramo pre nego što se preorijentišu?

And in this experiment here, what we did was we forced them

U ovom eksperimentu smo ih naterali da

into a channel, and you can see he wasn't

uđu u kanal i možete videti da ga

particularly forced into this particular channel,

nismo naterali da uđe baš u taj kanal

and we gradually displaced the beetle by 180 degrees

i postepeno smo okrenuli balegara za 180 stepeni

until this individual ends up going in exactly the opposite direction

dok ovaj nije počeo da se kreće u potpuno suprotnom pravcu

that it wanted to go in, in the first place.

od onog kojim je prvobitno hteo da se kreće.

And let's see what his reaction is

I da vidimo njegovu reakciju

as he's headed through 90 degrees here,

dok prolazi prvih 90 stepeni

and now he's going to -- when he ends up down here,

i sada će - kada završi ovde dole,

he's going to be 180 degrees in the wrong direction.

kretaće se 180 stepeni u pogrešnom pravcu.

And see what his response is.

Vidite kakva je njegova reakcija.

He does a little dance, he turns around,

Izvede mali ples, okrene se,

and heads back in this. He knows exactly where he's going.

i vrati se ovde. On zna tačno kuda ide.

He knows exactly what the problem is,

On tačno zna u čemu je problem

and he knows exactly how to deal with it,

i tačno zna kako da se nosi s njim,

and the dance is this transition behavior

a ples je prelazno ponašanje

that allows them to reorientate themselves.

koje mu omogućava da se preorijentiše.

So that's the dance, but after spending many years

Dakle, u tome je smisao plesa, ali posle mnogo godina provedenih

sitting in the African bush watching dung beetles on nice hot days,

u afričkom rastinju gledajući balegare u lepim toplim danima,

we noticed that there was another behavior

primetili smo da postoji još jedna vrsta ponašanja

associated with the dance behavior.

koja se vezuje za ovaj ples.

Every now and then, when they climb on top of the ball,

S vremena na vreme, kada se popnu na loptu,

they wipe their face.

oni obrišu svoje lice.

And you see him do it again.

Vidite kako to radi opet.

Now we thought, now what could be going on here?

Pomislili smo, šta bi ovo moglo da bude?

Clearly the ground is very hot, and when the ground is hot,

Očigledno je zemlja veoma topla, a kada je zemlja topla,

they dance more often, and when they do this particular dance,

oni češće izvode ples, a kada izvedu ovaj ples,

they wipe the bottom of their face.

oni obrišu donji deo svog lica.

And we thought that it could be a thermoregulatory behavior.

Pomislili smo da to može biti termoregulatorno ponašanje.

We thought that maybe what they're doing is trying to

Pomislili samo da možda pokušavaju da

get off the hot soil and also spitting onto their face

se sklone sa vrućeg tla i da pljuju na svoje lice

to cool their head down.

da bi ohladili glavu.

So what we did was design a couple of arenas.

Onda smo napravili dve arene.

one was hot, one was cold.

Jedna je bila vruća, druga hladna.

We shaded this one. We left that one hot.

Ovu smo zaklonili. Onu smo ostavili da bude vruća.

And then what we did was we filmed them with a thermal camera.

A onda smo ih snimali termalnom kamerom.

So what you're looking at here is a heat image

Ono što ovde vidite je termalna slika

of the system, and what you can see here emerging

sistema i ono što ovde izranja

from the poo is a cool dung ball.

iz izmeta je hladna lopta balege.

So the truth is, if you look at the temperature over here,

Dakle, ako pogledate temperaturu,

dung is cool. (Laughter)

balega je hladna. (Smeh)

So all we're interested in here is comparing the temperature

Ono što nas interesuje je poređenje temperature

of the beetle against the background.

balegara i okruženja.

So the background here is around about 50 degrees centigrade.

Temperatura okruženja je oko 50 stepeni Celzijusa.

The beetle itself and the ball are probably around about

Balegar i lopta imaju oko

30 to 35 degrees centigrade,

30 do 35 stepeni Celzijusa

so this is a great big ball of ice cream

i ovo je velika lopta sladoleda

that this beetle is now transporting across the hot veld.

koju ovaj balegar transportuje preko vruće livade.

It isn't climbing. It isn't dancing, because

On se ne penje. On ne igra, zato što

its body temperature is actually relatively low.

je njegova telesna temperatura relativno niska.

It's about the same as yours and mine.

Otprilike je ista kao vaša i moja.

And what's of interest here is that little brain is quite cool.

Ono što je bitno je da je taj mali mozak relativno hladan.

But if we contrast now what happens in a hot environment,

Ali ako pogledamo sada šta se dešava u vrućem okruženju,

look at the temperature of the soil.

pogledajte temperaturu tla.

It's up around 55 to 60 degrees centigrade.

Iznosi oko 55 do 60 stepeni Celzijusa.

Watch how often the beetle dances.

Pogledajte koliko često balegar igra.

And look at its front legs. They're roaringly hot.

Pogledajte njegove prednje noge. Užarene su.

So the ball leaves a little thermal shadow,

Lopta ostavlja malu termalnu senku

and the beetle climbs on top of the ball

i balegar se penje na loptu

and wipes its face, and all the time it's trying to cool itself down,

i briše svoje lice i sve vreme pokušava da se rashladi

we think, and avoid the hot sand that it's walking across.

i da izbegne vrući pesak po kome se kreće.

And what we did then was put little boots on these legs,

Stavili smo male čizme na ove nožice

because this was a way to test if the legs

jer je to način da testiramo da li su nožice

were involved in sensing the temperature of the soil.

učestvovale u određivanju temperature tla.

And if you look over here, with boots they climb onto the ball

Ako obratite pažnju, sa čizmama oni se penju na loptu

far less often when they had no boots on.

daleko ređe nego kada nemaju čizme.

So we described these as cool boots.

Opisali smo ove čizme kao hladne čizme.

It was a dental compound that we used to make these boots.

Koristili smo dentalnu smesu da ih napravimo.

And we also cooled down the dung ball, so we were able

Takođe smo ohladili loptu balege i mogli smo

to put the ball in the fridge, gave them a nice cool dung ball,

da stavimo loptu u frižider, damo im lepo hladnu loptu balege

and they climbed onto that ball far less often

i peli su se na loptu mnogo ređe

than when they had a hot ball.

nego kad su imali vruću loptu.

So this is called stilting. It's a thermal behavior

Ovo se zove gacanje. To je termalno ponašanje

that you and I do if we cross the beach,

koje se javlja i kod mene i kod vas kada idemo plažom,

we jump onto a towel, somebody has this towel --

skočimo na peškir, tuđi peškir -

"Sorry, I've jumped onto your towel." --

"Izvinite, skočio sam na vaš peškir." -

and then you scuttle across onto somebody else's towel,

i onda otrčimo na nečiji drugi peškir

and that way you don't burn your feet.

da ne bismo izgoreli stopala.

And that's exactly what the beetles are doing here.

To je baš ono što balegari rade.

However, there's one more story I'd like to share with you,

Ali, postoji još jedna priča koju bih hteo da podelim sa vama,

and that's this particular species.

a radi se baš o ovoj vrsti.

It's from a genus called Pachysoma.

Spada u rod koji se zove Pachysoma.

There are 13 species in the genus, and they have

U ovaj rod spada 13 vrsta

a particular behavior that I think you will find interesting.

i ponašaju se na određen način koji će vam se dopasti.

This is a dung beetle. Watch what he's doing.

Ovo je balegar. Posmatrajte šta radi.

Can you spot the difference?

Možete li da uočite razliku?

They don't normally go this slowly. It's in slow motion.

Oni se normalno ne kreću ovoliko sporo. Ovo je usporeni snimak.

but it's walking forwards,

Ali kreće se unapred

and it's actually taking a pellet of dry dung with it.

i nosi loptu sa balege sa sobom.

This is a different species in the same genus

Ovo je druga vrsta iz istog roda,

but exactly the same foraging behavior.

ali sa istim sakupljačkim ponašanjem.

There's one more interesting aspect of this

Postoji još jedan interesantan aspekt

dung beetle's behavior that we found quite fascinating,

ponašanja ovog balegara koji smatramo fascinantnim,

and that's that it forages and provisions a nest.

a to je da on sakuplja i snabdeva gnezdo.

So watch this individual here, and what he's trying to do

Pogledajte ovu jedinku - ono što ona pokušava da uradi

is set up a nest.

je da napravi gnezdo.

And he doesn't like this first position,

I ne sviđa mu se prvi položaj,

but he comes up with a second position,

ali on nalazi drugi položaj

and about 50 minutes later, that nest is finished,

i oko 50 minuta kasnije, gnezdo je gotovo

and he heads off to forage and provision

i on odlazi da prikuplja i da se snabdeva

at a pile of dry dung pellets.

na gomili suvih lopti balege.

And what I want you to notice is the outward path

Obratite pažnju na putanju koja odlazi od gnezda

compared to the homeward path, and compare the two.

u poređenju sa putanjom koja vodi do gnezda i uporedite ih.

And by and large, you'll see that the homeward path

Sve u svemu, primetićete da je putanja koja vodi ka gnezdu

is far more direct than the outward path.

mnogo direktnija od one koja vodi od gnezda.

On the outward path, he's always on the lookout

Na putanji koja vodi od gnezda, on uvek pazi

for a new blob of dung.

da ne propusti novu loptu balege.

On the way home, he knows where home is,

Na putu kući, on zna gde mu je kuća

and he wants to go straight to it.

i hoće da ode pravo do nje.

The important thing here is that this is not a one-way trip,

Ono što je važno je da ovo nije jednosmeran put,

as in most dung beetles. The trip here is repeated

kao kod većine balegara. Ovaj put se ponavlja

back and forth between a provisioning site and a nest site.

napred - nazad između mesta sakupljanja hrane i mesta gde je gnezdo.

And watch, you're going to see

Pazite, vidite

another South African crime taking place right now. (Laughter)

još jedan južnoafrički zločin koji se baš sada odvija. (Smeh)

And his neighbor steals one of his dung pellets.

Njegov sused krade jednu od njegovih lopti balege.

So what we're looking at here

Ono što ovde vidimo

is a behavior called path integration.

je ponašanje zvano integracija putanje.

And what's taking place is that the beetle

Ono što se dešava je da balegar

has got a home spot, it goes out on a convoluted path

ima kuću, ide vijugavom stazom

looking for food, and then when it finds food,

i traži hranu i kada je nađe,

it heads straight home. It knows exactly where its home is.

ide pravo kući. Tačno zna gde mu se kuća nalazi.

Now there's two ways it could be doing that,

Radi to na dva načina,

and we can test that by displacing the beetle

i možemo to da testiramo premeštajući balegara

to a new position when it's at the foraging site.

na novu poziciju kada je na mestu gde sakuplja hranu.

If it's using landmarks, it will find its home.

Ako koristi orijentire, naći će put do kuće.

If it is using something called path integration,

Ako koristi integraciju putanje,

it will not find its home. It will arrive at the wrong spot,

neće naći put do kuće. Stići će na pogrešno mesto

and what it's doing here if it's using path integration

i ono što radi ako koristi integraciju putanje

is it's counting its steps or measuring the distance out in this direction.

ja da broji korake ili meri rastojanje u ovom pravcu.

It knows the bearing home, and it knows it should be in that direction.

Zna pod kojim uglom mu se nalazi kuća, i zna da bi trebalo da bude u tom pravcu.

If you displace it, it ends up in the wrong place.

Ako ga pomerite, završiće na pogrešnom mestu.

So let's see what happens when we put this beetle

Da vidimo šta se dešava kada testiramo ovog balegara

to the test with a similar experiment.

sličnim eksperimentom.

So here's our cunning experimenter.

Evo našeg lukavog vršioca eksperimenta.

He displaces the beetle,

On pomera balegara

and now we have to see what is going to take place.

i sada ćemo da vidimo šta će da se desi.

What we've got is a burrow. That's where the forage was.

Ovo je jazbina. Tu je bila hrana.

The forage has been displaced to a new position.

Hrana je pomerena na novo mesto.

If he's using landmark orientation,

Ako koristi orijentire,

he should be able to find the burrow,

trebalo bi da nađe jazbinu

because he'll be able to recognize the landmarks around it.

jer može da prepozna orijentire oko nje.

If he's using path integration,

Ako koristi integraciju putanje,

then it should end up in the wrong spot over here.

trebalo bi da završi na pogrešnom mestu ovamo.

So let's watch what happens

Da vidimo šta se dešava

when we put the beetle through the whole test.

kada balegar prođe kroz ceo test.

So there he is there.

Evo ga ovde.

He's about to head home, and look what happens.

Treba da krene kući i evo šta se dešava.

Shame.

Šteta.

It hasn't a clue.

Nema pojma gde se nalazi.

It starts to search for its house in the right distance

Počinje da traga za svojom kućom na pravom rastojanju

away from the food, but it is clearly completely lost.

od hrane, ali jasno je da je totalno izgubljen.

So we know now that this animal uses path integration

Sada znamo da ova životinja koristi integraciju putanje

to find its way around, and the callous experimenter

da nađe put i naš surovi vršilac eksperimenta

leads it top left and leaves it. (Laughter)

ga vodi gore levo i ostavlja ga. (Smeh)

So what we're looking at here are a group of animals

Ovde vidimo grupu životinja

that use a compass, and they use the sun as a compass

koje koriste kompas i koriste sunce kao kompas

to find their way around,

da nađu put

and they have some sort of system

i imaju neku vrstu sistema

for measuring that distance,

za merenje rastojanja

and we know that these species here actually

i znamo da ova vrsta u stvari

count the steps. That's what they use as an odometer,

broji korake. To je ono što oni koriste kao merač,

a step-counting system, to find their way back home.

sistem za brojanje koraka, da nađu svoj put do kuće.

We don't know yet what dung beetles use.

Još uvek ne znamo šta balegari koriste.

So what have we learned from these animals

Šta smo naučili od ovih životinja

with a brain that's the size of a grain of rice?

čiji je mozak veličine zrna pirinča?

Well, we know that they can roll balls in a straight line

Znamo da mogu da kotrljaju lopte pravolinijski

using celestial cues.

koristeći nebeske znakove.

We know that the dance behavior is an orientation behavior

Znamo da je ples orijentaciono ponašanje

and it's also a thermoregulation behavior,

i takođe termoregulatorno ponašanje

and we also know that they use a path integration system

i znamo da koriste sistem integracije putanje

for finding their way home.

da nađu put do kuće.

So for a small animal dealing with a fairly revolting substance

Od ove male životinje koja ima posla sa prilično odvratnom materijom

we can actually learn an awful lot from these things

možemo mnogo da naučimo,

doing behaviors that you and I couldn't possibly do.

iz njihovog ponašanja koje mi nikada ne bismo mogli da izvedemo.

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala. (Aplauz)