Marcus Byrne: The dance of the dung beetle

83,187 views ใƒป 2012-12-13

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Michael Coslovsky ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
This is poo,
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ื–ื” ืงืงื™,
00:18
and what I want to do today is share my passion
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื–ื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืžืงืงื™
00:20
for poo with you,
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ืื™ืชื›ื.
00:23
which might be quite difficult,
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ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืงืฉื”,
00:26
but I think what you might find more fascinating
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืจืชืง ืืชื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:29
is the way these small animals deal with poo.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื›ืืŸ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืงืงื™.
00:32
So this animal here has got a brain
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ืœื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื—
00:35
about the size of a grain of rice, and yet it can do things
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ืจื’ืจ ืื•ืจื–, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
00:39
that you and I couldn't possibly entertain the idea of doing.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื•ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
00:43
And basically it's all evolved to handle its food source,
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคืชื— ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”
00:47
which is dung.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื‘ืœ.
00:49
So the question is, where do we start this story?
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ืื™ืคื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”?
00:51
And it seems appropriate to start at the end,
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ื•ื ืจืื” ื“ื™ ืžืชืื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™,
00:54
because this is a waste product that comes out
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื
00:57
of other animals, but it still contains nutrients
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ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ
01:01
and there are sufficient nutrients in there
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื
01:03
for dung beetles basically to make a living,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื”,
01:06
and so dung beetles eat dung, and their larvae
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ื›ืš ืฉื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื–ื‘ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ื–ื‘ืœ, ื•ื”ื–ื—ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
01:09
are also dung-feeders.
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ื’ื ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื–ื‘ืœ.
01:11
They are grown completely in a ball of dung.
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ื”ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืขื“ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื–ื‘ืœ.
01:14
Within South Africa, we've got about 800 species of dung beetles,
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ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›-800 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื–ื‘ืœ,
01:18
in Africa we've got 2,000 species of dung beetles,
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›-2,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื–ื‘ืœ,
01:21
and in the world we have about 6,000 species of dung beetles.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 6,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื–ื‘ืœ.
01:26
So, according to dung beetles, dung is pretty good.
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ืื– ืœืคื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ, ื–ื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
01:31
Unless you're prepared to get dung under your fingernails
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ืืœื ืื ืชื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืœื›ืœืš ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื–ื‘ืœ
01:33
and root through the dung itself, you'll never see
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ื•ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืืชื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืจืื•
01:36
90 percent of the dung beetle species,
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90 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ,
01:39
because they go directly into the dung,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื™ืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ืขืฆืžื•,
01:41
straight down below it, and then they shuttle back and forth
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ื™ืฉืจ ืžืชื—ืชื™ื•, ื•ืื– ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ื—ื–ื•ืจ
01:44
between the dung at the soil surface
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
01:46
and a nest they make underground.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”.
01:49
So the question is, how do they deal with this material?
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”?
01:54
And most dung beetles actually wrap it into a package of some sort.
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ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืจื–ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื”.
01:58
Ten percent of the species actually make a ball,
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ืขืฉืจื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ,
02:01
and this ball they roll away from the dung source,
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ื•ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืŸ ืžื’ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื–ื‘ืœ
02:06
usually bury it at a remote place away from the dung source,
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ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืจื•ื—ืง, ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื–ื‘ืœ,
02:09
and they have a very particular behavior
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืชื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช
02:12
by which they are able to roll their balls.
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ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื” ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืœื’ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
02:17
So this is a very proud owner of a beautiful dung ball.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ื’ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื–ื‘ืœ ื™ืคื”ืคื”.
02:21
You can see it's a male
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื–ื›ืจ,
02:22
because he's got a little hair on the back of his legs there,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืขื˜ ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืฉื,
02:24
and he's clearly very pleased about what he's sitting on there.
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื“ ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื.
02:29
And then he's about to become a victim
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ
02:31
of a vicious smash-and-grab. (Laughter)
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ืžืขืฉื” ื’ื–ื™ืœื” ืื›ื–ืจื™. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:37
And this is a clear indication
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ืš
02:39
that this is a valuable resource.
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžืฉืื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:42
And so valuable resources have to be looked after
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ื•ืขืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ
02:46
and guarded in a particular way, and we think
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ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื•ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
02:49
the reason they roll the balls away is because of this,
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ืฉื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœื” ื”ืŸ ืžื’ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ืจื—ื•ืง,
02:53
because of the competition that is involved
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื”
02:55
in getting hold of that dung.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
02:57
So this dung pat was actually -- well, it was a dung pat
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ืื– ืขืจื™ืžืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืฆื - ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืจื™ืžืช ื–ื‘ืœ
03:00
15 minutes before this photograph was taken,
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15 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฆื™ืœืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
03:03
and we think it's the intense competition
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื• ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื–ื•
03:06
that makes the beetles so well-adapted
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ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘
03:10
to rolling balls of dung.
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ืœื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื–ื‘ืœ.
03:12
So what you've got to imagine here is this animal here
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ืื– ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ืืŸ
03:14
moving across the African veld.
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ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื›ืจื™ ื”ื“ืฉื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื.
03:18
Its head is down. It's walking backwards.
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ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื” ืžื•ืจื›ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช.
03:21
It's the most bizarre way to actually transport your food in any particular direction,
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ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื,
03:27
and at the same time it's got to deal with the heat.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ื•ื.
03:29
This is Africa. It's hot.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื—ื.
03:31
So what I want to share with you now
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืชื›ื ืขืชื”
03:33
are some of the experiments that myself and my colleagues
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ื”ื ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื™ ืขืจื›ื ื•
03:36
have used to investigate how dung beetles
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื–ื‘ืœ
03:41
deal with these problems.
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ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
03:43
So watch this beetle,
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ืื– ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
03:46
and there's two things that I would like you to be aware of.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:50
The first is how it deals with this obstacle
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืขื ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ
03:52
that we've put in its way. See, look, it does a little dance,
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ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”. ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘, ืชืจืื•, ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ,
03:55
and then it carries on in exactly the same direction
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
03:58
that it took in the first place.
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ื‘ื• ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
04:02
A little dance, and then heads off in a particular direction.
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ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
04:06
So clearly this animal knows where it's going
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช
04:09
and it knows where it wants to go,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœื›ืช,
04:10
and that's a very, very important thing,
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื“, ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
04:12
because if you think about it, you're at the dung pile,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืืชื ื‘ืขืจื™ืžืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ,
04:15
you've got this great big pie that you want to get away from everybody else,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื ื”ื“ืจืช ื”ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ,
04:19
and the quickest way to do it is in a straight line.
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ.
04:22
So we gave them some more tasks to deal with,
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ืื ื›ืš, ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืœื•ืช,
04:27
and what we did here is we turned the world
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื—ืชื™ื”ืŸ.
04:31
under their feet. And watch its response.
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ื•ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”.
04:40
So this animal has actually had the whole world
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ืื– ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื’ืœื™ื”
04:43
turned under its feet. It's turned by 90 degrees.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•. ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื” 90 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
04:46
But it doesn't flinch. It knows exactly where it wants to go,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ืจืชืขืช. ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข,
04:48
and it heads off in that particular direction.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
04:51
So our next question then was,
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ืื ื›ืš, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ืชื”
04:53
how are they doing this?
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ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
04:55
What are they doing? And there was a cue that was available to us.
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ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช? ื•ื”ื™ื” ืจืžื– ืื—ื“ ืฉืขืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื•.
04:59
It was that every now and then they'd climb on top of the ball
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ืคืกื•ืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ
05:02
and they'd take a look at the world around them.
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ื•ืžืฉื ื”ืŸ ืžืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ืŸ.
05:04
And what do you think they could be looking at
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ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืกืชื›ืœื•ืช
05:06
as they climb on top of the ball?
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื˜ืคืกื•ืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ?
05:08
What are the obvious cues that this animal could use
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ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
05:11
to direct its movement? And the most obvious one
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื”? ื•ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:16
is to look at the sky, and so we thought,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื•,
05:20
now what could they be looking at in the sky?
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ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื?
05:22
And the obvious thing to look at is the sun.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
05:26
So a classic experiment here,
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ืื– - ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืงืœืืกื™ ื›ืืŸ,
05:29
in that what we did was we moved the sun.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืฉื”ื–ื–ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
05:33
What we're going to do now is shade the sun with a board
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืขื ืœื•ื—
05:35
and then move the sun with a mirror
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืจืื”
05:37
to a completely different position.
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ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
05:39
And look at what the beetle does.
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืžื” ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ืขื•ืฉื”.
05:41
It does a little double dance,
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ,
05:44
and then it heads back in exactly the same direction
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ื•ืื– ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
05:46
it went in the first place.
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ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
05:49
What happens now? So clearly they're looking at the sun.
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•? ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
05:52
The sun is a very important cue in the sky for them.
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ืื– ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
05:56
The thing is the sun is not always available to you,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืฉื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš,
05:58
because at sunset it disappears below the horizon.
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ื›ื™ ืขื ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื ืขืœืžืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื•ืคืง.
06:03
What is happening in the sky here
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ
06:05
is that there's a great big pattern of polarized light in the sky
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื’ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื
06:09
that you and I can't see. It's the way our eyes are built.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื•ืืชื ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช. ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
06:13
But the sun is at the horizon over here
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ืžืฆืืช ืฉื ื‘ืื•ืคืง
06:16
and we know that when the sun is at the horizon,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืง,
06:19
say it's over on this side,
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ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ,
06:21
there is a north-south, a huge pathway across the sky
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ื™ืฉ ื ืชื™ื‘ ืขื ืงื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฆืคื•ื ื™-ื“ืจื•ืžื™,
06:26
of polarized light that we can't see
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
06:28
that the beetles can see.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืŸ.
06:31
So how do we test that? Well, that's easy.
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”? ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
06:34
What we do is we get a great big polarization filter,
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ืžื” ืฉืื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžืกื ืŸ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
06:37
pop the beetle underneath it, and the filter is at right angles
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ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืชื—ืชื™ื•, ื•ื”ืžืกื ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืื ื›ื™ืช
06:41
to the polarization pattern of the sky.
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
06:44
The beetle comes out from underneath the filter
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ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืกื ืŸ
06:48
and it does a right-hand turn,
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืคื ื™ื” ื—ื“ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”,
06:50
because it comes back under the sky
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื
06:53
that it was originally orientated to
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ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”
06:55
and then reorientates itself back
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืขืฆืžื” ื—ื–ืจื”
06:58
to the direction it was originally going in.
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื”.
07:02
So obviously beetles can see polarized light.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื˜ื‘.
07:07
Okay, so what we've got so far is,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื– ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื–ื”,
07:10
what are beetles doing? They're rolling balls.
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ืžื” ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช? ื”ืŸ ืžื’ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื.
07:13
How are they doing it? Well, they're rolling them in a straight line.
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ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”? ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืŸ ืžื’ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ.
07:16
How are they maintaining it in a particular straight line?
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ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื?
07:20
Well, they're looking at celestial cues in the sky,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืžืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื,
07:22
some of which you and I can't see.
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ืฉื—ืœืงื ืื ื™ ื•ืืชื ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
07:25
But how do they pick up those celestial cues?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•?
07:26
That was what was of interest to us next.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืฉืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.
07:29
And it was this particular little behavior, the dance,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ื–ื•, ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“,
07:32
that we thought was important, because look,
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ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•,
07:35
it takes a pause every now and then,
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืคืกืงื” ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ,
07:37
and then heads off in the direction that it wants to go in.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœื›ืช.
07:41
So what are they doing when they do this dance?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืจื•ืงื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”?
07:46
How far can we push them before they will reorientate themselves?
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ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื—ื–ืจื”?
07:50
And in this experiment here, what we did was we forced them
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืฉื”ื›ืจื—ื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ
07:53
into a channel, and you can see he wasn't
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ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ืชืขืœื”, ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ื”ื–ื”
07:56
particularly forced into this particular channel,
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ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืืœืฅ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืœื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ื–ื•,
07:59
and we gradually displaced the beetle by 180 degrees
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘-180 ืžืขืœื•ืช
08:04
until this individual ends up going in exactly the opposite direction
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืคืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืžืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
08:08
that it wanted to go in, in the first place.
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ืžื–ื” ืฉืืœื™ื• ืจืฆื” ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ.
08:10
And let's see what his reaction is
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ืื– ื‘ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืžื” ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•
08:13
as he's headed through 90 degrees here,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš 90 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื›ืืŸ,
08:16
and now he's going to -- when he ends up down here,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœ... - ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”,
08:18
he's going to be 180 degrees in the wrong direction.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 180 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
08:21
And see what his response is.
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืžื” ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•.
08:23
He does a little dance, he turns around,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘,
08:27
and heads back in this. He knows exactly where he's going.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš.
08:30
He knows exactly what the problem is,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
08:33
and he knows exactly how to deal with it,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื”,
08:34
and the dance is this transition behavior
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ื•ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื•
08:37
that allows them to reorientate themselves.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ืŸ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
08:40
So that's the dance, but after spending many years
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ืื–, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช
08:44
sitting in the African bush watching dung beetles on nice hot days,
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ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื–ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืคื™ื
08:48
we noticed that there was another behavior
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ืฉืžื ื• ืœื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช
08:50
associated with the dance behavior.
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ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“.
08:53
Every now and then, when they climb on top of the ball,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื˜ืคืกื•ืช ืœืจืืฉ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื‘ืœ,
08:57
they wipe their face.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื ื’ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
09:00
And you see him do it again.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘.
09:03
Now we thought, now what could be going on here?
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•, ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื” ืคื”?
09:06
Clearly the ground is very hot, and when the ground is hot,
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืื“ืžื” ืžืื“ ื—ืžื”, ื•ื›ืฉื”ืื“ืžื” ื—ืžื”
09:09
they dance more often, and when they do this particular dance,
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ื”ืŸ ืจื•ืงื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืจื•ืงื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื”,
09:12
they wipe the bottom of their face.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื ื’ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
09:14
And we thought that it could be a thermoregulatory behavior.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจืžื•ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”.
09:17
We thought that maybe what they're doing is trying to
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“
09:19
get off the hot soil and also spitting onto their face
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ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื—ืžื” ื•ื’ื ืœื™ืจื•ืง ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ืŸ
09:22
to cool their head down.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจืจ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
09:24
So what we did was design a couple of arenas.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืจื•ืช.
09:29
one was hot, one was cold.
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ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืžื”, ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืจื”.
09:31
We shaded this one. We left that one hot.
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ืฉืžื ื• ืืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆืœ. ืืช ื–ื• ื”ืฉืืจื ื• ื—ืžื”.
09:33
And then what we did was we filmed them with a thermal camera.
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ื•ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื”, ืฆื™ืœืžื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืขื ืžืฆืœืžื” ืชืจืžื™ืช.
09:37
So what you're looking at here is a heat image
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ืช ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช,
09:41
of the system, and what you can see here emerging
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื’ื™ื— ื›ืืŸ
09:45
from the poo is a cool dung ball.
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ืžื”ืงืงื™ ื–ื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื–ื‘ืœ ืงืจื™ืจ.
09:49
So the truth is, if you look at the temperature over here,
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ืื– ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื, ืื ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ,
09:52
dung is cool. (Laughter)
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ื–ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืงืจ (=ืงื•ืœ; ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช). (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:57
So all we're interested in here is comparing the temperature
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ืื ื›ืš, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช
10:00
of the beetle against the background.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ืขื ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
10:03
So the background here is around about 50 degrees centigrade.
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ืื– ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 50 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
10:07
The beetle itself and the ball are probably around about
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ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ
10:09
30 to 35 degrees centigrade,
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30 ืขื“ 35 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก,
10:11
so this is a great big ball of ice cream
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ
10:14
that this beetle is now transporting across the hot veld.
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ืฉื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžื ื™ืขื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืจ ื”ื“ืฉื.
10:17
It isn't climbing. It isn't dancing, because
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ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžื˜ืคืกืช. ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืจื•ืงื“ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
10:20
its body temperature is actually relatively low.
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ืฉื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
10:23
It's about the same as yours and mine.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื™ ื•ืฉืœื›ื.
10:26
And what's of interest here is that little brain is quite cool.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืจ.
10:31
But if we contrast now what happens in a hot environment,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื—ืžื”,
10:35
look at the temperature of the soil.
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืงืจืงืข.
10:37
It's up around 55 to 60 degrees centigrade.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 55 ืœ-60 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
10:41
Watch how often the beetle dances.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ืจื•ืงื“ืช.
10:44
And look at its front legs. They're roaringly hot.
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ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ืŸ ืจื•ืชื—ื•ืช.
10:49
So the ball leaves a little thermal shadow,
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ืื– ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืฆืœ ืชืจืžื™ ืงื˜ืŸ,
10:52
and the beetle climbs on top of the ball
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ืžื˜ืคืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ
10:54
and wipes its face, and all the time it's trying to cool itself down,
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ื•ืžื ื’ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื ืกื” ืœืงืจืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื”,
10:58
we think, and avoid the hot sand that it's walking across.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช.
11:04
And what we did then was put little boots on these legs,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืื–, ื–ื” ืœืฉื™ื ืžื’ืคื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
11:08
because this was a way to test if the legs
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ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช
11:11
were involved in sensing the temperature of the soil.
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ื‘ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืงืจืงืข.
11:15
And if you look over here, with boots they climb onto the ball
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ื•ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื›ืืŸ, ืขื ื”ืžื’ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžื˜ืคืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ
11:19
far less often when they had no boots on.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืŸ ืžื’ืคื™ื™ื.
11:23
So we described these as cool boots.
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ืื– ืชื™ืืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื’ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืžื’ืคื™ื™ื ืงืจื™ืจื•ืช (ืงื•ืœื™ื•ืช).
11:25
It was a dental compound that we used to make these boots.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื“ื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื’ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
11:28
And we also cooled down the dung ball, so we were able
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ื•ื’ื ืงื™ืจืจื ื• ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื‘ืœ, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
11:31
to put the ball in the fridge, gave them a nice cool dung ball,
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ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจืจ, ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื–ื‘ืœ ืงืจื™ืจ ื•ื ืขื™ื,
11:34
and they climbed onto that ball far less often
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืกื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื
11:37
than when they had a hot ball.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื.
11:39
So this is called stilting. It's a thermal behavior
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ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื ืงืจืืช stilting (ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ืงื‘ื™ื™ื). ื–ื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืชืจืžื™ืช
11:42
that you and I do if we cross the beach,
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ืฉืื ื™ ื•ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
11:43
we jump onto a towel, somebody has this towel --
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืžื’ื‘ืช, ื”ืžื’ื‘ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• --
11:46
"Sorry, I've jumped onto your towel." --
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"ืกืœื™ื—ื”, ืงืคืฆืชื™ ืœืš ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืช." --
11:47
and then you scuttle across onto somebody else's towel,
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ืžืžื”ืจื™ื ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,
11:50
and that way you don't burn your feet.
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ื•ื›ืš ืืชื ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืžืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
11:52
And that's exactly what the beetles are doing here.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ืืŸ.
11:55
However, there's one more story I'd like to share with you,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืื™ืชื›ื,
11:58
and that's this particular species.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
12:00
It's from a genus called Pachysoma.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืฉื ืงืจื Pachysoma.
12:03
There are 13 species in the genus, and they have
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ื™ืฉื ื 13 ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืœื”ื ื™ืฉ
12:06
a particular behavior that I think you will find interesting.
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื.
12:12
This is a dung beetle. Watch what he's doing.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื–ื‘ืœ. ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”.
12:16
Can you spot the difference?
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ?
12:19
They don't normally go this slowly. It's in slow motion.
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ื”ืŸ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœืื˜. ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืื˜ื™.
12:22
but it's walking forwards,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
12:24
and it's actually taking a pellet of dry dung with it.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื”.
12:28
This is a different species in the same genus
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ืกื•ื’
12:30
but exactly the same foraging behavior.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
12:34
There's one more interesting aspect of this
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช
12:37
dung beetle's behavior that we found quite fascinating,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื• ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืžืจืชืง,
12:41
and that's that it forages and provisions a nest.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืจืช ื•ืžืกืคืงืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืงืŸ.
12:46
So watch this individual here, and what he's trying to do
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ืื– ืชืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ, ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
12:48
is set up a nest.
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ื–ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืงืŸ.
12:51
And he doesn't like this first position,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
12:53
but he comes up with a second position,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืขื ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉื ื™,
12:54
and about 50 minutes later, that nest is finished,
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ื•ื‘ืขืจืš 50 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืงืŸ ื’ืžื•ืจ,
12:58
and he heads off to forage and provision
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืฉื—ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืกืคืงื”
13:02
at a pile of dry dung pellets.
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ื‘ืขืจื™ืžืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ.
13:04
And what I want you to notice is the outward path
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”
13:07
compared to the homeward path, and compare the two.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”, ื•ื”ืฉื•ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
13:12
And by and large, you'll see that the homeward path
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืœื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื›ืœืœ, ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืฉื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”
13:15
is far more direct than the outward path.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
13:18
On the outward path, he's always on the lookout
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ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”, ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืคื•ืงื— ืขื™ืŸ
13:20
for a new blob of dung.
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ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืจื™ืžืช ื–ื‘ืœ ื—ื“ืฉื”.
13:23
On the way home, he knows where home is,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช,
13:24
and he wants to go straight to it.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื™ืฉืจ ืœืฉื.
13:28
The important thing here is that this is not a one-way trip,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื“ืจืš ืœืœื ื—ื–ืจื”,
13:31
as in most dung beetles. The trip here is repeated
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ. ื”ืžืกืข ื›ืืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•
13:35
back and forth between a provisioning site and a nest site.
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ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืชืจ ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืŸ.
13:39
And watch, you're going to see
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ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•, ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
13:40
another South African crime taking place right now. (Laughter)
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ืขื•ื“ ืคืฉืข ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:44
And his neighbor steals one of his dung pellets.
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ื•ื”ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื’ื•ื ื‘ ืืช ืื—ืช ืžื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ืฉืœื•.
13:48
So what we're looking at here
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ืื– ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื›ืืŸ
13:52
is a behavior called path integration.
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ื ืงืจืืช ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื™ืช ื“ืจืš.
13:55
And what's taking place is that the beetle
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื–ื” ืฉืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช
13:57
has got a home spot, it goes out on a convoluted path
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ื™ืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ืžืชืคืชืœ
14:02
looking for food, and then when it finds food,
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ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื•ื›ืœ, ื•ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืืช ืื•ื›ืœ,
14:05
it heads straight home. It knows exactly where its home is.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื™ืฉืจ. ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
14:09
Now there's two ways it could be doing that,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื,
14:12
and we can test that by displacing the beetle
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื–ืืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื ืžืงื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช
14:15
to a new position when it's at the foraging site.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืฉื™ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
14:18
If it's using landmarks, it will find its home.
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ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื“ืจืš, ื”ื™ื ืชืžืฆื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
14:21
If it is using something called path integration,
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ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื,
14:25
it will not find its home. It will arrive at the wrong spot,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
14:28
and what it's doing here if it's using path integration
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืืŸ, ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื,
14:31
is it's counting its steps or measuring the distance out in this direction.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืกื•ืคืจืช ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืื• ืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
14:35
It knows the bearing home, and it knows it should be in that direction.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
14:38
If you displace it, it ends up in the wrong place.
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ืื ืชื–ื™ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื™ื ืชืžืฆื ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
14:41
So let's see what happens when we put this beetle
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
14:44
to the test with a similar experiment.
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ืขื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื“ื•ืžื”.
14:47
So here's our cunning experimenter.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
14:52
He displaces the beetle,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช,
14:54
and now we have to see what is going to take place.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”.
14:59
What we've got is a burrow. That's where the forage was.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ื• ืžื—ื™ืœื”. ื›ืืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
15:02
The forage has been displaced to a new position.
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ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื–ื– ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ.
15:05
If he's using landmark orientation,
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ืื ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื“ืจืš,
15:07
he should be able to find the burrow,
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืœื”,
15:09
because he'll be able to recognize the landmarks around it.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•.
15:12
If he's using path integration,
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ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื,
15:15
then it should end up in the wrong spot over here.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื›ืืŸ.
15:19
So let's watch what happens
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”
15:21
when we put the beetle through the whole test.
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ.
15:24
So there he is there.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื.
15:26
He's about to head home, and look what happens.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืฆืืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
15:33
Shame.
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ื—ื‘ืœ.
15:35
It hasn't a clue.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžื•ืฉื’.
15:37
It starts to search for its house in the right distance
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœ,
15:40
away from the food, but it is clearly completely lost.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื•ื“ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
15:46
So we know now that this animal uses path integration
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ื›ืš ืฉืื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื
15:50
to find its way around, and the callous experimenter
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ื•ื˜, ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืื›ื–ืจ
15:54
leads it top left and leaves it. (Laughter)
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ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:58
So what we're looking at here are a group of animals
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ืื– ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื–ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช
16:02
that use a compass, and they use the sun as a compass
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ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฆืคืŸ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืฆืคืŸ
16:04
to find their way around,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื•ื•ื˜,
16:05
and they have some sort of system
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื”
16:08
for measuring that distance,
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ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื”ื•ื,
16:10
and we know that these species here actually
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื
16:13
count the steps. That's what they use as an odometer,
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ืกื•ืคืจ ืฆืขื“ื™ื. ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ืžื“ ืžืจื—ืง,
16:16
a step-counting system, to find their way back home.
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ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ืจืช ืฆืขื“ื™ื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
16:21
We don't know yet what dung beetles use.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื” ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช.
16:24
So what have we learned from these animals
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ืื– ืžื” ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
16:26
with a brain that's the size of a grain of rice?
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ืขื ืžื•ื— ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ืจื’ืจ ืื•ืจื–?
16:29
Well, we know that they can roll balls in a straight line
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืœื’ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ
16:33
using celestial cues.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื™ื.
16:35
We know that the dance behavior is an orientation behavior
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžืฆืื•ืช
16:38
and it's also a thermoregulation behavior,
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœืชืจืžื•ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”,
16:41
and we also know that they use a path integration system
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ื•ืื—ื ื• ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื
16:45
for finding their way home.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ืŸ ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
16:47
So for a small animal dealing with a fairly revolting substance
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ืื– ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืžืชืขืกืงืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื—ื”
16:51
we can actually learn an awful lot from these things
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
16:54
doing behaviors that you and I couldn't possibly do.
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืœื›ื ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
16:58
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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