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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni
Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: Joan Liu
審譯者: Josephine Yeung
00:15
This is poo,
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這是便便,
00:18
and what I want to do today is share my passion
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我今天想要做的是與你們分享
00:20
for poo with you,
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我對便便的熱愛。
00:23
which might be quite difficult,
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這可能是很困難的
00:26
but I think what you might find more fascinating
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但我想你們會發現
00:29
is the way these small animals deal with poo.
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這些小動物處理便便的方式是非常迷人的。
00:32
So this animal here has got a brain
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這動物的腦大小
00:35
about the size of a grain of rice, and yet it can do things
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只有米一般大,但仍然可以做一些
00:39
that you and I couldn't possibly entertain the idea of doing.
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你我想都不會想的事情。
00:43
And basically it's all evolved to handle its food source,
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基本上這都是由食物源而來的,
00:47
which is dung.
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也就是糞。
00:49
So the question is, where do we start this story?
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所以,問題是我們該從哪裡說起呢?
00:51
And it seems appropriate to start at the end,
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看來,從末端談起適合適的。
00:54
because this is a waste product that comes out
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因為這是一種出自其它動物的廢物,
00:57
of other animals, but it still contains nutrients
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但是仍然含有營養素,
01:01
and there are sufficient nutrients in there
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且所含的養分足以讓
01:03
for dung beetles basically to make a living,
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糞甲蟲生存。
01:06
and so dung beetles eat dung, and their larvae
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所以糞甲蟲吃糞便,
01:09
are also dung-feeders.
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它們的幼蟲也是食糞的。
01:11
They are grown completely in a ball of dung.
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他們整個生長過程都在糞便中完成。
01:14
Within South Africa, we've got about 800 species of dung beetles,
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在南非,我們有約 800 種糞甲蟲,
01:18
in Africa we've got 2,000 species of dung beetles,
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在非洲有 2000 種類的糞甲蟲,
01:21
and in the world we have about 6,000 species of dung beetles.
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而在全球,有約 6000 種糞甲蟲。
01:26
So, according to dung beetles, dung is pretty good.
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對糞甲蟲來說,糞便是很好的。
01:31
Unless you're prepared to get dung under your fingernails
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除非你準備好讓糞便進到你的指甲下
01:33
and root through the dung itself, you'll never see
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和根本的探究糞便本身,
01:36
90 percent of the dung beetle species,
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你永遠看不到90%的糞甲蟲物種。
01:39
because they go directly into the dung,
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因為他們直接進到糞便深處,
01:41
straight down below it, and then they shuttle back and forth
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然後他們來回穿梭於
01:44
between the dung at the soil surface
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在土壤表面的糞便
01:46
and a nest they make underground.
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和他們在地下的巢。
01:49
So the question is, how do they deal with this material?
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所以,他們是如何利用這樣的材料呢?
01:54
And most dung beetles actually wrap it into a package of some sort.
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大多數糞甲蟲將其包裝。
01:58
Ten percent of the species actually make a ball,
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10%的物種包成球狀,
02:01
and this ball they roll away from the dung source,
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並將這些球滾離糞源,
02:06
usually bury it at a remote place away from the dung source,
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通常把它埋在離糞源教遠的地方,
02:09
and they have a very particular behavior
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且他們滾球的方式
02:12
by which they are able to roll their balls.
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是非常特定的。
02:17
So this is a very proud owner of a beautiful dung ball.
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這是非常驕傲地美麗糞球擁有者。
02:21
You can see it's a male
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你可以看到牠是公的,
02:22
because he's got a little hair on the back of his legs there,
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因為牠的腿後面有毛髮,
02:24
and he's clearly very pleased about what he's sitting on there.
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且牠對於自己正坐著的東西顯然非常高興。
02:29
And then he's about to become a victim
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然後牠就要成為
02:31
of a vicious smash-and-grab. (Laughter)
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惡毒的破窗行竊行為的受害者。(笑聲)
02:37
And this is a clear indication
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這很明確地表示
02:39
that this is a valuable resource.
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這是一個寶貴的資源。
02:42
And so valuable resources have to be looked after
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因此,寶貴的資源必須得到照顧和
02:46
and guarded in a particular way, and we think
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特定的看守,我們認為
02:49
the reason they roll the balls away is because of this,
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這是牠們將糞球滾走的的原因,
02:53
because of the competition that is involved
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因為擁有糞便
02:55
in getting hold of that dung.
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涉及競爭。
02:57
So this dung pat was actually -- well, it was a dung pat
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所以這糞墊是--嗯,至少在
03:00
15 minutes before this photograph was taken,
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這張照片拍攝前15 分鐘是糞墊,
03:03
and we think it's the intense competition
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我們認為這激烈的競爭
03:06
that makes the beetles so well-adapted
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是使糞甲蟲非常會
03:10
to rolling balls of dung.
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滾糞球的原因。
03:12
So what you've got to imagine here is this animal here
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所以你想像的是這動物
03:14
moving across the African veld.
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在非洲草原上移動。
03:18
Its head is down. It's walking backwards.
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牠的頭是向下,牠正向後走。
03:21
It's the most bizarre way to actually transport your food in any particular direction,
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這是往特定方向運輸食物最離奇的方式,
03:27
and at the same time it's got to deal with the heat.
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並在同一時間還得耐熱。
03:29
This is Africa. It's hot.
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這是非洲。很熱的。
03:31
So what I want to share with you now
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所以我現在想要與你們分享
03:33
are some of the experiments that myself and my colleagues
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一些我和同事們做的實驗
03:36
have used to investigate how dung beetles
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來研究糞甲蟲如何
03:41
deal with these problems.
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處理這些問題。
03:43
So watch this beetle,
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所以看這只糞甲蟲,
03:46
and there's two things that I would like you to be aware of.
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我想要你們注意兩件事。
03:50
The first is how it deals with this obstacle
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第一是如何處理我們放在牠的路徑中的障礙物。
03:52
that we've put in its way. See, look, it does a little dance,
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看看,牠跳一段小舞蹈,
03:55
and then it carries on in exactly the same direction
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然後它往牠一開始完全相同的
03:58
that it took in the first place.
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方向前進。
04:02
A little dance, and then heads off in a particular direction.
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一小段舞,然後往特定的方向前進。
04:06
So clearly this animal knows where it's going
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很顯然的,這動物知道牠要去哪裡
04:09
and it knows where it wants to go,
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且知道牠想去哪裡,
04:10
and that's a very, very important thing,
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且這是非常、 非常重要的,
04:12
because if you think about it, you're at the dung pile,
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因為如果你想想看,你在糞堆中,
04:15
you've got this great big pie that you want to get away from everybody else,
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你有一塊你想要搬離其它人的大餅,
04:19
and the quickest way to do it is in a straight line.
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且最快捷的方法就是直線前進。
04:22
So we gave them some more tasks to deal with,
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所以我們給了牠們更多的任務,
04:27
and what we did here is we turned the world
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在這裡做的就是我們在牠們的腳下
04:31
under their feet. And watch its response.
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旋轉世界。觀察牠的反應。
04:40
So this animal has actually had the whole world
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所以實際上整個世界被旋轉了,
04:43
turned under its feet. It's turned by 90 degrees.
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旋轉了 90 度。
04:46
But it doesn't flinch. It knows exactly where it wants to go,
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但牠不會退縮。牠很確切地知道牠想要去哪,
04:48
and it heads off in that particular direction.
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且牠仍朝著那個方向前進。
04:51
So our next question then was,
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所以我們接下來的問題是
04:53
how are they doing this?
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牠們如何做到的?
04:55
What are they doing? And there was a cue that was available to us.
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牠們在做什麼?我們有個線索。
04:59
It was that every now and then they'd climb on top of the ball
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就是牠們有時候會爬到球上
05:02
and they'd take a look at the world around them.
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看看周圍的世界。
05:04
And what do you think they could be looking at
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你認為牠們爬上球時
05:06
as they climb on top of the ball?
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在看什麼?
05:08
What are the obvious cues that this animal could use
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這種動物最有可能找什麼樣的線索
05:11
to direct its movement? And the most obvious one
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來幫助牠的直線運動?最直接的
05:16
is to look at the sky, and so we thought,
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是看看天空,於是我們就想,
05:20
now what could they be looking at in the sky?
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牠們可能在天空中的什麼?
05:22
And the obvious thing to look at is the sun.
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最直接的是看太陽。
05:26
So a classic experiment here,
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所以一個經典的實驗
05:29
in that what we did was we moved the sun.
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就是改變太陽的位置。
05:33
What we're going to do now is shade the sun with a board
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我們罩住太陽
05:35
and then move the sun with a mirror
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然後利用鏡子
05:37
to a completely different position.
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將太陽移到完全不同的位置。
05:39
And look at what the beetle does.
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然後觀察糞甲蟲。
05:41
It does a little double dance,
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它跳一小段舞,
05:44
and then it heads back in exactly the same direction
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然後牠回到跟一開始
05:46
it went in the first place.
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完全相同的方向。
05:49
What happens now? So clearly they're looking at the sun.
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發生了什麼?很顯然牠們正在看太陽。
05:52
The sun is a very important cue in the sky for them.
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太陽對牠們來說是天空中是非常重要的線索。
05:56
The thing is the sun is not always available to you,
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但問題是太陽並不永遠可以用,
05:58
because at sunset it disappears below the horizon.
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因為日落後它會消失在地平線下。
06:03
What is happening in the sky here
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在這裡天空中
06:05
is that there's a great big pattern of polarized light in the sky
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有大型偏振光圖樣
06:09
that you and I can't see. It's the way our eyes are built.
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但這是你、我看不見的。我們的眼睛就是這樣。
06:13
But the sun is at the horizon over here
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但是在這裡,太陽在地平線,
06:16
and we know that when the sun is at the horizon,
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而我們知道,當太陽在地平線時,
06:19
say it's over on this side,
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假設它在這一側,
06:21
there is a north-south, a huge pathway across the sky
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穿過天空南北有一道巨大的、
06:26
of polarized light that we can't see
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我們看不見的偏振光
06:28
that the beetles can see.
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但甲蟲是看得到的。
06:31
So how do we test that? Well, that's easy.
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所以我們要怎麼測試呢?這很容易。
06:34
What we do is we get a great big polarization filter,
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我們用一巨大的偏振濾光片,
06:37
pop the beetle underneath it, and the filter is at right angles
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將甲蟲放在下面,濾片與天空的偏振
06:41
to the polarization pattern of the sky.
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呈直角。
06:44
The beetle comes out from underneath the filter
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甲蟲從篩選器下出來
06:48
and it does a right-hand turn,
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然後向右轉彎,
06:50
because it comes back under the sky
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因為牠回到原本的天空下,
06:53
that it was originally orientated to
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回到最初的定位,
06:55
and then reorientates itself back
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又重新
06:58
to the direction it was originally going in.
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回到本來的方向。
07:02
So obviously beetles can see polarized light.
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所以很明顯地甲蟲可以看到偏振光。
07:07
Okay, so what we've got so far is,
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好,所以目前為止我們知道
07:10
what are beetles doing? They're rolling balls.
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甲蟲的什麼?牠們會滾球。
07:13
How are they doing it? Well, they're rolling them in a straight line.
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牠們如何滾?滾在一條直線上。
07:16
How are they maintaining it in a particular straight line?
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牠們如何保持在特定的直線?
07:20
Well, they're looking at celestial cues in the sky,
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牠們在看天空中的天體線索,
07:22
some of which you and I can't see.
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其中一些是我們看不見的。
07:25
But how do they pick up those celestial cues?
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但牠們如何偵測這些天體線索?
07:26
That was what was of interest to us next.
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那正是我們的下一步。
07:29
And it was this particular little behavior, the dance,
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這種跳舞的行為
07:32
that we thought was important, because look,
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讓我們覺得是重要的,
07:35
it takes a pause every now and then,
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因為看牠時不時暫停一下,
07:37
and then heads off in the direction that it wants to go in.
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然後爬往牠想要去的方向。
07:41
So what are they doing when they do this dance?
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所以牠們在跳這種舞蹈時到底在做什麼呢?
07:46
How far can we push them before they will reorientate themselves?
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所以在牠們重新定位前我們可以改變多少呢?
07:50
And in this experiment here, what we did was we forced them
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在這個實驗中,我們強迫牠們
07:53
into a channel, and you can see he wasn't
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進入一個通道,你可以看到牠並不是
07:56
particularly forced into this particular channel,
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特別被強迫到此特定的通道,
07:59
and we gradually displaced the beetle by 180 degrees
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我們逐漸將甲蟲轉 180 度
08:04
until this individual ends up going in exactly the opposite direction
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直到牠跟原來的方向
08:08
that it wanted to go in, in the first place.
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完全相反。
08:10
And let's see what his reaction is
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讓我們看看牠的反應是什麼。
08:13
as he's headed through 90 degrees here,
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在這裡轉 90 度了,
08:16
and now he's going to -- when he ends up down here,
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現在,牠要 — 當牠到尾端時
08:18
he's going to be 180 degrees in the wrong direction.
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牠將會轉了 180 度。
08:21
And see what his response is.
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看看牠的反應是什麼。
08:23
He does a little dance, he turns around,
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牠跳一小段舞,轉過身,
08:27
and heads back in this. He knows exactly where he's going.
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再回到這裡面。牠完全知道牠要去哪。
08:30
He knows exactly what the problem is,
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牠知道問題是什麼,
08:33
and he knows exactly how to deal with it,
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並知道如何處理,
08:34
and the dance is this transition behavior
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且舞蹈是這中間的過渡行為
08:37
that allows them to reorientate themselves.
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讓牠們能夠重新調整。
08:40
So that's the dance, but after spending many years
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就是這個舞蹈。但經過多年
08:44
sitting in the African bush watching dung beetles on nice hot days,
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坐在很熱的非洲叢林中看甲蟲,
08:48
we noticed that there was another behavior
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我們注意到有另一個
08:50
associated with the dance behavior.
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與舞蹈行為相關聯的行為。
08:53
Every now and then, when they climb on top of the ball,
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時不時,牠們會爬到球上
08:57
they wipe their face.
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擦拭自己的臉。
09:00
And you see him do it again.
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你看到牠又做了一次。
09:03
Now we thought, now what could be going on here?
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所以我們在想這裡是發生什麼事呢?
09:06
Clearly the ground is very hot, and when the ground is hot,
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很顯然地是很熱的,且當地面很熱時,
09:09
they dance more often, and when they do this particular dance,
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牠們更常跳舞的時候,且當牠們跳舞時,
09:12
they wipe the bottom of their face.
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牠們會擦自己臉的底部。
09:14
And we thought that it could be a thermoregulatory behavior.
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我們認為這可能是一種體溫調節的行為。
09:17
We thought that maybe what they're doing is trying to
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我們猜測牠們正在試著
09:19
get off the hot soil and also spitting onto their face
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離開發燙的土壤並往臉上吐液體
09:22
to cool their head down.
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來將頭部降溫。
09:24
So what we did was design a couple of arenas.
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所以我們設計了一些環境。
09:29
one was hot, one was cold.
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一熱一冷。
09:31
We shaded this one. We left that one hot.
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我們將這個放在陰影下,另外那個就在熱環境下。
09:33
And then what we did was we filmed them with a thermal camera.
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然後我們用熱相機拍攝牠們。
09:37
So what you're looking at here is a heat image
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你們現在正在看的這是熱圖像,
09:41
of the system, and what you can see here emerging
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你們可以看到從糞便出來的
09:45
from the poo is a cool dung ball.
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是一個冷的糞球。
09:49
So the truth is, if you look at the temperature over here,
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因此,事實是,如果從溫度角度看,
09:52
dung is cool. (Laughter)
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糞便是很冷的。(笑聲)
09:57
So all we're interested in here is comparing the temperature
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所以我們有興趣的是比較
10:00
of the beetle against the background.
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甲蟲和環境的溫度。
10:03
So the background here is around about 50 degrees centigrade.
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這裡環境溫度約攝氏 50 度。
10:07
The beetle itself and the ball are probably around about
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甲蟲本身和糞球
10:09
30 to 35 degrees centigrade,
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大約是攝氏30 到 35 度,
10:11
so this is a great big ball of ice cream
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所以這是一大球冰淇淋
10:14
that this beetle is now transporting across the hot veld.
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正被甲蟲在熱草原中運送。
10:17
It isn't climbing. It isn't dancing, because
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牠並不攀爬也不跳舞,
10:20
its body temperature is actually relatively low.
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因為牠身體的溫度是相對較低的,
10:23
It's about the same as yours and mine.
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大約和你我的體溫差不多。
10:26
And what's of interest here is that little brain is quite cool.
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在這裡很有趣的是這小小的頭腦是很涼的。
10:31
But if we contrast now what happens in a hot environment,
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但如果我們跟熱環境溫度比較,
10:35
look at the temperature of the soil.
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看看土壤的溫度,
10:37
It's up around 55 to 60 degrees centigrade.
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大約是攝氏 55 至 60 度左右。
10:41
Watch how often the beetle dances.
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觀察甲蟲跳舞的頻率,
10:44
And look at its front legs. They're roaringly hot.
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看看牠的前腿。牠們非常熱。
10:49
So the ball leaves a little thermal shadow,
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所以球有一些擋熱的效果,
10:52
and the beetle climbs on top of the ball
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且甲蟲爬上球和擦臉的行為,
10:54
and wipes its face, and all the time it's trying to cool itself down,
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都是在試圖冷卻體溫。
10:58
we think, and avoid the hot sand that it's walking across.
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我們認為,這樣亦可避掉它走過的熱沙子。
11:04
And what we did then was put little boots on these legs,
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我們在它們的腿上穿上小靴子,
11:08
because this was a way to test if the legs
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因為這是一個測試腿
11:11
were involved in sensing the temperature of the soil.
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是否能感受土壤的溫度。
11:15
And if you look over here, with boots they climb onto the ball
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你們看,穿上靴子後
11:19
far less often when they had no boots on.
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牠們比較不常爬上球。
11:23
So we described these as cool boots.
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所以我們將這稱為冷靴子。
11:25
It was a dental compound that we used to make these boots.
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我們用牙醫材料來製作這些靴子。
11:28
And we also cooled down the dung ball, so we were able
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我們也將糞球冷卻,
11:31
to put the ball in the fridge, gave them a nice cool dung ball,
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我們把球放到冰箱裡,給牠們一個很冷的糞球,
11:34
and they climbed onto that ball far less often
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發現牠們爬到球上的次數
11:37
than when they had a hot ball.
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遠小於熱球的時候。
11:39
So this is called stilting. It's a thermal behavior
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所以這叫做跳樁行為。牠是一種熱調試行為
11:42
that you and I do if we cross the beach,
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就像你我在海灘上
11:43
we jump onto a towel, somebody has this towel --
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跳到毛巾上,有人有這毛巾-
11:46
"Sorry, I've jumped onto your towel." --
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「對不起,我跳到您的毛巾。」—
11:47
and then you scuttle across onto somebody else's towel,
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然後再跳到別人的毛巾,
11:50
and that way you don't burn your feet.
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這樣你不會燙傷你的雙腳。
11:52
And that's exactly what the beetles are doing here.
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這正是甲蟲在做的。
11:55
However, there's one more story I'd like to share with you,
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我有另一個想跟你們分享的故事。
11:58
and that's this particular species.
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是這種特別的種類。
12:00
It's from a genus called Pachysoma.
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牠屬於Pachysoma屬。
12:03
There are 13 species in the genus, and they have
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這個屬當中有 13 個物種,
12:06
a particular behavior that I think you will find interesting.
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且牠們有我認為你們會覺得很有趣的行為。
12:12
This is a dung beetle. Watch what he's doing.
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這是糞甲蟲。看牠在做什麼。
12:16
Can you spot the difference?
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你可以找到不同嗎?
12:19
They don't normally go this slowly. It's in slow motion.
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牠們通常不是這麼緩慢。這是慢動作。
12:22
but it's walking forwards,
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牠正在往前走,
12:24
and it's actually taking a pellet of dry dung with it.
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且帶著一塊糞便。
12:28
This is a different species in the same genus
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這是同一屬的另一個物種,
12:30
but exactly the same foraging behavior.
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有著完全相同的的覓食行為。
12:34
There's one more interesting aspect of this
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另一個關於這糞甲蟲的行為
12:37
dung beetle's behavior that we found quite fascinating,
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讓我們覺得很有趣的是
12:41
and that's that it forages and provisions a nest.
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牠覓食和築巢有特定的規則。
12:46
So watch this individual here, and what he's trying to do
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所以看這隻,
12:48
is set up a nest.
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牠正在試著築巢。
12:51
And he doesn't like this first position,
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牠不喜歡這第一個位置,
12:53
but he comes up with a second position,
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但牠來到第二個位置,
12:54
and about 50 minutes later, that nest is finished,
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約 50 分鐘後,巢築完了。
12:58
and he heads off to forage and provision
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然後牠到一堆
13:02
at a pile of dry dung pellets.
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糞便上覓食。
13:04
And what I want you to notice is the outward path
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我想要你們注意的是比較
13:07
compared to the homeward path, and compare the two.
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外出和回家這兩條路徑。
13:12
And by and large, you'll see that the homeward path
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總的來說,你會看到,回家的路徑
13:15
is far more direct than the outward path.
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是遠比外出的路徑直接。
13:18
On the outward path, he's always on the lookout
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在外出的路徑上,
13:20
for a new blob of dung.
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牠總是在找新的食物來源。
13:23
On the way home, he knows where home is,
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在回家的路上,牠知道家在哪裡,
13:24
and he wants to go straight to it.
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且牠想要直接回去。
13:28
The important thing here is that this is not a one-way trip,
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重要的是這不是一次單程旅行,
13:31
as in most dung beetles. The trip here is repeated
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大多數甲蟲,這趟食物來源
13:35
back and forth between a provisioning site and a nest site.
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與家裡的旅程是一直被重複的。
13:39
And watch, you're going to see
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看,你會看到另一個
13:40
another South African crime taking place right now. (Laughter)
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南非犯罪發生。(笑聲)
13:44
And his neighbor steals one of his dung pellets.
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牠的鄰居偷了牠的一個糞便丸。
13:48
So what we're looking at here
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所以我們這在理看到的
13:52
is a behavior called path integration.
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是一種叫做路徑積分的行為。
13:55
And what's taking place is that the beetle
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甲蟲有一個家,
13:57
has got a home spot, it goes out on a convoluted path
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牠用錯綜複雜的路去尋找食物,
14:02
looking for food, and then when it finds food,
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然後當牠找到食物,
14:05
it heads straight home. It knows exactly where its home is.
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牠直接回家。牠明確知道家在哪裡。
14:09
Now there's two ways it could be doing that,
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有兩種方式可以辦到這個,
14:12
and we can test that by displacing the beetle
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我們可以將甲蟲
14:15
to a new position when it's at the foraging site.
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移到新的位置來研究。
14:18
If it's using landmarks, it will find its home.
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如果牠使用的地標,牠會回得到家。
14:21
If it is using something called path integration,
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如果牠使用所謂的路徑積分,
14:25
it will not find its home. It will arrive at the wrong spot,
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它不會找到牠的家。牠會回道錯誤的地方,
14:28
and what it's doing here if it's using path integration
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如果牠使用路徑積分
14:31
is it's counting its steps or measuring the distance out in this direction.
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牠會計算在每個方向走過的距離。
14:35
It knows the bearing home, and it knows it should be in that direction.
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牠知道多遠也知道方向。
14:38
If you displace it, it ends up in the wrong place.
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如果你移動牠,牠會回到錯誤的地方。
14:41
So let's see what happens when we put this beetle
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那麼讓我們看看當我們這麼做時
14:44
to the test with a similar experiment.
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會發生什麼事。
14:47
So here's our cunning experimenter.
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所以這裡是我們狡猾的實驗者。
14:52
He displaces the beetle,
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牠移動甲蟲,
14:54
and now we have to see what is going to take place.
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現在我們要看看到底發生什麼事。
14:59
What we've got is a burrow. That's where the forage was.
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我們有個巢的位置。那是食物所在。
15:02
The forage has been displaced to a new position.
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食物被放到新的位置。
15:05
If he's using landmark orientation,
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如果牠使用地標,
15:07
he should be able to find the burrow,
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牠應該能夠找回洞穴,
15:09
because he'll be able to recognize the landmarks around it.
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因為牠能夠辨識牠周圍的地標。
15:12
If he's using path integration,
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如果牠使用路徑積分,
15:15
then it should end up in the wrong spot over here.
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那麼牠會回到那邊錯的位置。
15:19
So let's watch what happens
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讓我們看看當我們在甲蟲上試驗後
15:21
when we put the beetle through the whole test.
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發生什麼。
15:24
So there he is there.
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牠在那裡。
15:26
He's about to head home, and look what happens.
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牠要回家,如何?
15:33
Shame.
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糟糕。
15:35
It hasn't a clue.
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牠完全沒有線索。
15:37
It starts to search for its house in the right distance
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牠開始在適當的距離找牠的房子
15:40
away from the food, but it is clearly completely lost.
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但牠完全迷失了。
15:46
So we know now that this animal uses path integration
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所以我們知道,這種動物使用路徑積分
15:50
to find its way around, and the callous experimenter
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來找到它的路而我們冷酷無情的實驗者
15:54
leads it top left and leaves it. (Laughter)
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將它領到左上角離開。(笑聲)
15:58
So what we're looking at here are a group of animals
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所以我們看到的是一群使用羅盤的小動物,
16:02
that use a compass, and they use the sun as a compass
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牠們利用太陽作為一個指南針
16:04
to find their way around,
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來找路
16:05
and they have some sort of system
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且牠們有某種
16:08
for measuring that distance,
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可以測量距離的系統,
16:10
and we know that these species here actually
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我們知道,這些物種在實際上
16:13
count the steps. That's what they use as an odometer,
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計算步伐,那是牠們用來作為里程表的系統,
16:16
a step-counting system, to find their way back home.
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來找到牠們回家的路。
16:21
We don't know yet what dung beetles use.
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我們還不知道糞甲蟲是使用什麼。
16:24
So what have we learned from these animals
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所以我們從這些腦袋只有一粒米大小的
16:26
with a brain that's the size of a grain of rice?
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動物身上學到什麼?
16:29
Well, we know that they can roll balls in a straight line
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嗯,我們知道牠們可以在一條直線滾球
16:33
using celestial cues.
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使用天體的線索。
16:35
We know that the dance behavior is an orientation behavior
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我們知道舞蹈行為是取向行為,
16:38
and it's also a thermoregulation behavior,
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也是一種體溫調節的行為,
16:41
and we also know that they use a path integration system
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我們還知道牠們使用路徑積分系統
16:45
for finding their way home.
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尋找回家的路。
16:47
So for a small animal dealing with a fairly revolting substance
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所以以這樣小的動物要處理這麼令人厭惡的東西,
16:51
we can actually learn an awful lot from these things
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我們事實上可以從中學習很多,
16:54
doing behaviors that you and I couldn't possibly do.
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看到牠做很多你我做不到的行為。
16:58
Thank you. (Applause)
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謝謝。(掌聲)
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