Why helmets don't prevent concussions -- and what might | David Camarillo

Prevodilac: Vesna Radovic Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća

The word concussion evokes a fear these days more so than it ever has,

Pojam „potres mozga“ izaziva strah danas više nego ikad ranije,

and I know this personally.

a to znam iz sopstvenog iskustva.

I played 10 years of football,

Igrao sam američki fudbal 10 godina,

was struck in the head thousands of times.

imao udarce u glavu hiljadu puta.

And I have to tell you, though, what was much worse than that

A opet, moram vam reći, ono što je bilo mnogo gore od toga

was a pair of bike accidents I had where I suffered concussions,

bilo je par padova sa bicikla kada sam pretrpeo potres mozga,

and I'm still dealing with the effects of the most recent one

i još uvek imam posledice od poslednjeg

today as I stand in front of you.

dok danas stojim pred vama.

There is a fear around concussion

Postoji strah od potresa mozga

that does have some evidence behind it.

koji ima potporu u nekim dokazima.

There is information that a repeated history of concussion

Postoji informacija da učestala istorija potresa mozga

can lead to early dementia, such as Alzheimer's,

može dovesti do rane demencije, poput Alchajmera,

and chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

i hronične traumatske encefalopatije.

That was the subject of the Will Smith movie "Concussion."

To je bila tema filma Vila Smita „Potres mozga“.

And so everybody is caught up in football and what they see in the military,

Tako se svi hvataju za fudbal i za ono što vide u vojsci,

but you may not know

međutim, možda ne znate

that bike riding is the leading cause of concussion for kids,

da je vožnja bicikla vodeći uzrok potresa mozga kod dece,

sports-related concussion, that is.

tj. potres mozga vezan za sport.

And so another thing that I should tell you

Druga stvar koju bi trebalo da vam kažem,

that you may not know

a što možda ne znate,

is that the helmets that are worn in bicycling and football

je da kacige koje se nose u biciklizmu, fudbalu

and many activities,

u mnogim drugim aktivnostima,

they're not designed or tested

nisu dizajnirane niti testirane

for how well they can protect your children against concussion.

za to koliko dobro mogu zaštititi vaše dete od potresa mozga.

They're in fact designed and tested

Zapravo su dizajnirane i testirane

for their ability to protect against skull fracture.

za to da zaštite od frakture lobanje.

And so I get this question all the time from parents,

Roditelji mi stalno postavljaju jedno pitanje,

and they ask me,

a pitaju me: „Da li bi ti pustio svoje dete da igra američki fudbal?“

"Would you let your own child play football?"

Or, "Should I let my child play soccer?"

Ili: „Da li bi trebalo da pustim svoje dete da igra fudbal?“

And I think that as a field,

Mislim da smo, kao polje nauke,

we're a long way from giving an answer with any kind of confidence there.

daleko od davanja bilo kakvog samouverenog odgovora.

So I look at that question from a bit of a different lens,

Ja gledam na to pitanje iz malo drugačije perspektive,

and I want to know, how can we prevent concussion?

i želim da znam kako možemo sprečiti potres mozga?

Is that even possible?

Da li je to čak moguće?

And most experts think that it's not,

Većina stručnjaka smatra da nije,

but the work that we're doing in my lab

ali ono što radimo u mojoj laboratoriji

is starting to reveal more of the details around concussion

počinje da otkriva više detalja koji se tiču potresa mozga

so that we can have a better understanding.

tako da možemo bolje da ga razumemo.

The reason we're able to prevent skull fracture with helmets

Razlog zašto možemo da sprečimo frakturu lobanje sa kacigom

is because it's pretty simple. We know how it works.

je prilično jednostavan. Znamo kako funkcioniše.

Concussion has been much more of a mystery.

Potres mozga je veća misterija.

So to give you a sense of what might be happening in a concussion,

Da bih vam približio šta se može događati prilikom potresa mozga,

I want to show you the video here

želim da vam pokažem jedan video

that you see when you type into Google,

koji vidite kada na Guglu ukucate:

"What is a concussion?"

„Šta je potres mozga?“

Izaći će sajt Centra za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti (CDC)

The CDC website comes up,

and this video essentially tells the whole story.

i ovaj video u suštini iznosi celu priču.

What you see is the head moves forward,

Vidite glavu kako se pomera napred,

the brain lags behind,

mozak ostaje pozadi,

then the brain catches up

potom mozak hvata ritam

and smashes into the skull.

i udara u lobanju.

It rebounds off the skull

Odbija se od lobanje

and then proceeds to run into the other side of the skull.

a onda nastavlja da ide ka drugoj strani lobanje.

And what you'll notice is highlighted in this video from the CDC,

Ono što ćete primetiti da je naglašeno u ovom videu sa sajta CDC-a,

which I'll note was funded by the NFL,

koji, da napomenem, finansira NFL,

is that the outer surface of the brain,

jeste da spoljašnja površina mozga,

where it was to have smashed into the skull,

gde se desio udar o lobanju,

looks like it's been damaged or injured, so it's on the outer surface of the brain.

izgleda kao da je oštećena ili povređena, tako da je na spoljnoj površini mozga.

And what I'd like to do with this video

A uz pomoć ovog videa

is to tell you that there are some aspects that are probably right,

želeo bih da vam kažem da postoje neki aspekti koji su verovatno tačni,

indicative of what the scientists think happens with concussion,

koji pokazuju šta naučnici misle u vezi sa potresom mozga,

but there's probably more that's wrong with this video.

ali verovatno je više onog što je pogrešno kod ovog snimka.

So one thing that I do agree with, and I think most experts would,

Jedna stvar oko koje se slažem, a mislim i većina stručnjaka,

is that the brain does have these dynamics.

je to da mozak zaista ima ovakve pokrete.

It does lag behind the skull

Zaista ostaje u zadnjem delu lobanje

and then catch up and move back and forth and oscillate.

i onda hvata ritam i pomera se napred-nazad i oscilira.

That we think is true.

Smatramo da je to tačno.

However, the amount of motion you see in the brain in this video

Međutim, količina pokreta koju vidite u mozgu na ovom snimku

is probably not right at all.

verovatno uopšte nije tačna.

There's very little room in the cranial vault,

Postoji vrlo malo prostora u kranijalnom svodu,

only a few millimeters,

samo nekoliko milimetara,

and it's filled entirely with cerebral spinal fluid,

i on je u potpunosti ispunjen cerebrospinalnom tečnošću

which acts as a protective layer.

koja se ponaša kao zaštitni omotač.

And so the brain as a whole probably moves very little inside the skull.

Stoga se mozak kao celina verovatno veoma malo pomera unutar lobanje.

The other problem with this video

Drugi problem kod ovog snimka

is that the brain is shown

je da je mozak prikazan

as a kind of rigid whole as it moves around,

kao rigidna celina dok se pomera okolo,

and that's not true either.

a to takođe nije istina.

Your brain is one of the softest substances in your body,

Mozak je jedna od najmekših supstanci u vašem telu,

and you can think of it kind of like jello.

i o njemu možete misliti kao vrsti želea.

So as your head is moving back and forth,

Dok vam se glava pomera napred-nazad,

your brain is twisting and turning and contorting,

vaš mozak se uvija, okreće i krivi,

and the tissue is getting stretched.

a tkivo se širi.

And so most experts, I think, would agree

Zbog toga mislim da bi se mnogi stručnjaci složili

that concussion is not likely to be something that's happening

da potres mozga verovatno nije nešto što se dešava

on this outer surface of the brain,

na spoljašnjoj strani mozga,

but rather it's something that's much deeper

već je to pre nešto što ide mnogo dublje

towards the center of the brain.

ka središtu mozga.

Now, the way that we're approaching this problem

E, sad, način na koji mi prilazimo ovom problemu

to try to understand the mechanisms of concussion

kako bismo razumeli mehanizme potresa mozga

and to figure out if we can prevent it

i shvatili možemo li ih sprečiti

je tako što koristimo jedan uređaj poput ovog.

is we are using a device like this.

It's a mouthguard.

Ovo je štitnik za zube.

It has sensors in it that are essentially the same

On u sebi ima senzore koji su u osnovi isti

that are in your cell phone:

kao oni u vašem mobilnom:

accelerometers, gyroscopes,

akcelerometri, žiroskopi,

and when someone is struck in the head,

i kada neko dobije udarac u glavu,

it can tell you how their head moved

može nam reći kako se glava pomerila

at a thousand samples per second.

u hiljadu snimaka u sekundi.

The principle behind the mouthguard is this:

Prinicip koji stoji iza štitnika za zube je ovaj:

it fits onto your teeth.

prijanja uz zube.

Your teeth are one of the hardest substances in your body.

Naši zubi su jedna od najčvršćih supstanci u našem telu,

So it rigidly couples to your skull

tako da su čvrsto spojeni uz lobanju

and gives you the most precise possible measurement

i daju nam najpreciznije moguće merenje

of how the skull moves.

toga kako se lobanja pomera.

People have tried other approaches, with helmets.

Ljudi su probali sa drugim pristupima, sa kacigama.

We've looked at other sensors that go on your skin,

Uzimali smo u obzir druge senzore koji idu na kožu,

and they all simply move around too much,

i svi se oni naprosto previše pomeraju,

and so we found that this is the only reliable way

i tako smo otkrili da je ovo jedini pouzdani način

to take a good measurement.

da se dobiju dobra merenja.

So now that we've got this device, we can go beyond studying cadavers,

Sada kada imamo ovaj uređaj, idemo dalje od proučavanja leševa,

because you can only learn so much about concussion

zato što o potresu mozga možete naučiti samo do izvesne mere proučavanjem leša,

from studying a cadaver,

and we want to learn and study live humans.

a mi želimo da učimo proučavajući žive ljude.

So where can we find a group of willing volunteers

Pa, gde to možemo naći neku grupu radih volontera

to go out and smash their heads into each other on a regular basis

koji bi pristali da se stalno udaraju glavama

and sustain concussion?

i trpe potrese mozga?

Well, I was one of them,

Pa, ja sam bio jedan od tih,

and it's your local friendly Stanford football team.

i to je vaš prijateljski lokalni stenfordski fudbalski tim.

So this is our laboratory,

Pa, ovo je naša laboratorija,

and I want to show you

i želim da vam pokažem

the first concussion we measured with this device.

prvi potres mozga koji smo izmerili ovim uređajem.

One of the things that I should point out is the device has this gyroscope in it,

Ono što bih istakao je da ovaj uređaj u sebi ima žiroskop,

and that allows you to measure the rotation of the head.

a on nam omogućava da izmerimo rotaciju glave.

Most experts think that that's the critical factor

Većina stručnjaka smatra da je to kritični faktor

that might start to tell us what is happening in concussion.

koji bi mogao da nam pokaže dešavanja tokom potresa mozga.

So please watch this video.

Hajde da pogledamo snimak.

Announcer: Cougars bring extra people late, but Luck has time,

Spiker: Kuguari kasno uvode više ljudi, ali Lak ima vremena,

and Winslow is crushed.

i Vinslou je oboren.

I hope he's all right.

Nadam se da je dobro.

(Audience roars)

(Urlici publike)

Top of your screen,

Na vrhu ekrana,

you'll see him come on just this little post route,

videćete ga kako nailazi upravo ovom linijom,

get separation, safety.

da dobije na odstojanju, sigurnosti.

Here it comes at you in real speed. You'll hear this.

Evo ga u stvarnoj brzini. Čućete ovo.

The hit delivered by --

Udarac je izveo -

David Camarillo: Sorry, three times is probably a little excessive there.

Dejvid Kamarilo: Izvinite, tri puta je bilo možda malo previše,

ali shvatili ste poentu.

But you get the idea.

So when you look at just the film here,

Sada kada ste videli ovaj film,

pretty much the only thing you can see is he got hit really hard and he was hurt.

jedina stvar koju ste u suštini videli je da je jako udaren i da je povređen.

Međutim, kada izdvojimo podatke

But when we extract the data

out of the mouthguard that he was wearing,

iz štitnika za zube koji je nosio,

we can see much more detail, much richer information.

možemo videti dosta više detalja, bogatijih informacija.

And one of the things that we noticed here

Jedna od stvari koju smo ovde primetili

is that he was struck in the lower left side of his face mask.

je da je dobio udarac u donju levu stranu štitnika za lice.

And so that did something first that was a little counterintuitive.

A to je dovelo prvo do nečega što je bilo protivno intuiciji.

Glava mu nije otišla udesno.

His head did not move to the right.

Zapravo, prvo je zarotirala ulevo.

In fact, it rotated first to the left.

Then as the neck began to compress,

Potom kako je došlo do kompresije vrata,

the force of the blow caused it to whip back to the right.

od siline udarca je odletela udesno.

So this left-right motion was sort of a whiplash-type phenomenon,

Tako je ovaj pokret sleva udesno bio nešto poput jakog zamaha,

and we think that is probably what led to the brain injury.

i smatramo da je ovo verovatno dovelo do povrede mozga.

Now, this device is only limited in such that it can measure the skull motion,

E, sad, ovaj uređaj je ograničen na to da meri pokrete lobanje,

but what we really want to know is what's happening inside of the brain.

ali ono što stvarno želimo da znamo je šta se događa unutar mozga.

So we collaborate with Svein Kleiven's group in Sweden.

Zato sarađujemo sa grupom Svajna Klajvena iz Švedske.

They've developed a finite element model of the brain.

Oni su razvili konačni element modela mozga.

And so this is a simulation

Ovo je simulacija

using the data from our mouthguard from the injury I just showed you,

koja koristi podatke iz štitnika za zube iz povrede koju sam vam pokazao,

and what you see is the brain --

a ono što vidite je mozak -

this is a cross-section right in the front

ovo je presek tačno na prednjoj strani

of the brain twisting and contorting as I mentioned.

mozga dok se uvija i krivi kao što sam spomenuo.

So you can see this doesn't look a lot like the CDC video.

Možete da vidite da ovo ne liči mnogo na snimak CDC-a.

Now, the colors that you're looking at

Boje koje vidite

are how much the brain tissue is being stretched.

pokazuju kako se tkivo mozga širi.

And so the red is 50 percent.

Tako crvena označava 50 procenata.

That means the brain has been stretched to 50 percent of its original length,

To znači da se mozak proširio do 50 procenata svoje dužine,

the tissue in that particular area.

tj. tkivo u toj određenoj zoni.

And the main thing I want to draw your attention to is this red spot.

A glavna stvar na koju hoću da vam skrenem pažnju je crvena tačka.

So the red spot is very close to the center of the brain,

Crvena tačka je jako blizu središtu mozga,

and relatively speaking,

i relativno govoreći,

you don't see a lot of colors like that on the exterior surface

ne možete videti mnogo takvih boja na spoljašnjoj površini

as the CDC video showed.

kako je prikazano na snimku CDC-a.

Now, to explain a little more detail

A sad, da malo detaljnije pojasnim

about how we think concussion might be happening,

kako mi smatramo da se potres mozga dešava,

one thing I should mention

a trebalo bi i da spomenem

is that we and others have observed that a concussion is more likely

da smo mi i drugi primetili da je potres mozga verovatniji

when you're struck and your head rotates in this direction.

kada ste zadobili udarac i glava vam rotira u ovom pravcu.

This is more common in sports like football,

Ovo je uobičajenije u sportovima poput fudbala,

but this seems to be more dangerous. So what might be happening there?

ali izgleda da je opasnije. Pa, šta bi se moglo dešavati ovde?

Well, one thing that you'll notice in the human brain

Jedna stvar koju ćete primetiti u ljudskom mozgu

that is different than other animals

koja je drugačija nego kod ostalih životinja

is we have these two very large lobes.

je da mi imamo dva vrlo velika režnja.

We have the right brain and the left brain.

Imamo desnu i levu hemisferu mozga.

And the key thing to notice in this figure here

A ključna stvar na ovoj slici ovde

is that right down the center of the right brain and the left brain

je da se baš u središtu desne i leve hemisfere

there's a large fissure that goes deep into the brain.

nalazi jedna ogromna pukotina koja zalazi duboko u mozak.

And in that fissure, what you can't see in this image,

A u toj pukotini, što ne možete videti na ovoj slici,

you'll have to trust me,

moraćete da mi verujete,

there is a fibrous sheet of tissue.

nalazi se fibrozna ploča tkiva.

It's called the falx,

Ona se zove srp

and it runs from the front of your head all the way to the back of your head,

i ide sve od prednjeg dela do zadnjeg dela glave,

i prilično je kruta.

and it's quite stiff.

And so what that allows for is when you're struck

Ono što ona dozvoljava je da kada dobijete udarac

and your head rotates in this left-right direction,

i glava vam zarotira u pravcu levo-desno,

forces can rapidly transmit right down to the center of your brain.

sila se jako brzo prenosi sve do središta mozga.

Now, what's there at the bottom of this fissure?

E, sad, šta se nalazi na dnu ove pukotine?

It's the wiring of your brain,

To je mreža vašeg mozga,

and in fact this red bundle here at the bottom of that fissure

i zapravo ova crvena grupa ovde na dnu te pukotine

is the single largest fiber bundle

je najveća pojedinačna grupa,

that is the wiring that connects the right and left sides of your brain.

to jest mreža koja povezuje desnu i levu stranu mozga.

It's called the corpus callosum.

Naziva se žuljevito telo.

And we think that this might be

Smatramo da bi ovo mogao biti

one of the most common mechanisms of concussion,

jedan od najuobičajenijih mehanizama potresa mozga,

and as the forces move down, they strike the corpus callosum,

i kako se sile pomeraju na dole, one pogađaju žuljevito telo,

it causes a dissociation between your right and your left brain

ono prouzrokuje odvajanje između desne i leve strane mozga

and could explain some of the symptoms of concussion.

i može objasniti neke od simptoma potresa mozga.

This finding is also consistent of what we've seen

Ovo otkriće se takođe slaže sa onim što smo videli

in this brain disease that I mentioned, chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

kod ove moždane bolesti koju sam spomenuo, hronična traumatska encefalopatija.

So this is an image of a middle-aged ex-professional football player,

Ovo je slika sredovečnog bivšeg profesionalnog fudbalera,

and the thing that I want to point out is if you look at the corpus callosum,

i ono što želim da istaknem je da, ako pogledate žuljevito telo,

and I'll page back here so you can see the size of a normal corpus callosum

a vratiću unazad da vidite veličinu normalnog žuljevitog tela

and the size of the person here who has chronic traumatic encephalopathy,

i veličinu istog kod osobe ovde koja pati od hronične traumatske encefalopatije,

it is greatly atrophied.

prilično je atrofiralo.

And the same goes for all of the space in the ventricles.

Isto važi i za sve prostore u komorama.

These ventricles are much larger.

Ove komore su mnogo veće.

And so all of this tissue near the center of the brain

Tako je sve ovo tkivo blizu središta mozga

has died off over time.

vremenom odumrlo.

So what we're learning is indeed consistent.

Tako je ono što saznajemo zapravo dosledno.

Now, there is some good news here,

E, sad, ima ovde i dobrih vesti,

and I hope to give you a sense of hope by the end of this talk.

i nadam se da ću vam uliti nadu do kraja ovog govora.

One of the things that we've noticed,

Jedna od stvari koju smo uočili,

specifically about this mechanism of injury,

konkretno u vezi sa mehanizmom povrede,

is although there's a rapid transmission of the forces down this fissure,

jeste da, iako se dešava brzi prenos sile niz pukotinu,

it still takes a defined amount of time.

ipak mu je neophodno određeno vreme.

And what we think is that if we can slow the head down just enough

Smatramo da, ako bismo mogli usporiti spuštanje taman toliko

so that the brain does not lag behind the skull

da mozak ne ostaje u zadnjem delu lobanje

but instead it moves in synchrony with the skull,

već da se pomera sinhronizovano sa lobanjom,

then we might be able to prevent this mechanism of concussion.

onda bismo bili u mogućnosti da sprečimo mehanizam potresa mozga.

So how can we slow the head down?

Pa, kako možemo da usporimo spuštanje?

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

A gigantic helmet.

Nekom ogromnom kacigom.

So with more space, you have more time,

Sa više prostora, imate više vremena,

and this is a bit of a joke, but some of you may have seen this.

i ovo možda jeste smešno, ali neki od vas su videli ovo.

This is bubble soccer, and it's a real sport.

Ovo je fudbal u balonu, i to je stvaran sport.

In fact, I saw some young adults

Zapravo, video sam mlade

playing this sport down the street from my house the other day,

pre neki dan kako igraju ovaj sport u mojoj ulici,

i koliko ja znam, nije bilo registrovanih potresa mozga.

and as far as I know there have been no reported concussions.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But in all seriousness, this principle does work,

No, sad ozbiljno, ovaj princip daje rezultate,

but this has gone too far.

ali ovo bi bilo previše.

This isn't something that's practical for bike riding or playing football.

Ovo nije nešto što je praktično za vožnju bicikla ili igranje fudbala.

And so we are collaborating with a company in Sweden called Hövding.

Zato sarađujemo sa jednom švedskom kompanijom zvanom Hovding.

Some of you may have seen their work,

Neki od vas su možda videli njihove proizvode,

and they're using the same principle of air to give you some extra space

i oni koriste isti princip sa vazduhom kako bi se dobilo više prostora

to prevent concussion.

i sprečio potres mozga.

Kids, don't try this at home please.

Deco, molim vas, ne pokušavajte ovo kod kuće.

This stuntman does not have a helmet.

Ovaj kaskader nema kacigu.

He instead has a neck collar,

On umesto toga nosi ogrlicu

and this neck collar has sensors in it,

i ta ogrlica ima u sebi senzore,

the same type of sensors that are in our mouthguard,

senzore iste vrste kao u našem štitniku za zube,

and it detects when he's likely to have a fall,

i ona detektuje kada će on verovatno pasti,

and there's an airbag that explodes and triggers,

i postoji vazdušni jastuk koji se aktivira,

the same way that an airbag works in your car, essentially.

praktično na isti način kao što to radi vazdušni jastuk u vašem autu.

U eksperimentima koje smo izveli u laboratoriji sa njihovom napravom,

And in the experiments we've done in my lab with their device,

we found that it can greatly reduce the risk of concussion in some scenarios

otkrili smo da u velikoj meri može umanjiti rizik od potresa mozga

compared to a normal bicycle helmet.

u nekim situacijama, u poređenju sa običnom kacigom.

So it's a pretty exciting development.

To je prilično uzbudljivo otkriće.

But in order for us to actually realize the benefits of technology

Međutim, da bismo stvarno shvatili prednosti tehnologije

that can prevent concussion,

koja može da spreči potres mozga,

it needs to meet regulations.

ona treba da se uskladi sa propisima.

That's a reality.

To je stvarnost.

And this device is for sale in Europe

Ovaj uređaj je u prodaji samo u Evropi, ali nije u SAD-u,

but is not for sale in the US, and probably won't be any time soon.

i verovatno neće biti u skorije vreme.

So I wanted to tell you why.

Želim da vam kažem i zašto.

There are some good reasons and then there are some not so good reasons.

Postoje neki dobri razlozi, a postoje i neki ne tako dobri.

Bike helmets are federally regulated.

Kacige za bicikle reguliše vlada.

The Consumer Product Safety Commission has been given jurisdiction

Komisiji za bezbednost proizvoda je data nadležnost

da odobri prodaju bilo koje kacige za bicikle,

to approve any bike helmet for sale,

and this is the test they use.

a oni koriste ovaj test.

This is back to what I was telling you at the beginning about skull fracture.

O ovome sam vam pričao na početku u vezi sa frakturom lobanje.

Tome služi ovaj test i to je važno uraditi.

That's what this test is for.

And that's an important thing to do.

Može vam spasiti život, ali ja bih rekao da to nije dovoljno.

It can save your life, but it's not sufficient, I would say.

So for example, one thing this test doesn't evaluate

Tako, na primer, jedna stvar koju ovaj test ne ocenjuje

is it doesn't tell you is that airbag going to trigger

je to što vam ne govori da li će se vazdušni jastuk aktivirati

at the right time and place, and not trigger when it doesn't need to?

u pravo vreme i na pravom mestu, a ne kada ne treba?

Similarly, it's not going to tell you

Slično, neće vam reći

is this helmet likely to prevent concussion or not?

da li će ova kaciga sprečiti potres mozga ili ne?

And if you look at football helmets, which aren't regulated,

A ako pogledate kacige za fudbal, koje ne podležu regulativama,

they still have a very similar test.

i one prolaze sličan test.

They're not regulated by the government, anyway.

U svakom slučaju, njih ne reguliše vlada.

They have an industry body, which is the way most industries work.

Za njih postoji industrijsko telo, koje radi kao i većina industrija.

But this industry body, I can tell you, has been quite resistant

No, mogu vam reći, ovo telo se prilično opire

unapređivanju standarda.

to updating their standards.

U mojoj laboratoriji ne radimo samo na mehanizmu potresa mozga,

So in my lab, we are working on not only the mechanism of concussion,

but we want to understand how can we have better test standards?

već pokušavamo da razumemo kako možemo imati bolje standarde za testiranje.

And we hope that the government can use this type of information

Nadamo se da vlada može da upotrebi ovu informaciju

to encourage innovation

kako bi ohrabrila inovacije

by letting consumers know

tako što bi obavestila potrošače

how protected are you with a given helmet.

koliko su zaštićeni određenom kacigom.

And I want to bring this back finally to the original question I asked,

Želim da se konačno vratim na pitanje koje sam prvobitno postavio,

a to je - da li bih smeo da pustim svoje dete da igra fudbal

which is, would I feel comfortable letting my child play football

or ride a bicycle?

ili vozi bicikl?

And this might be just a result of my own traumatic experience.

A to može biti samo rezultat mog traumatičnog iskustva.

I'm much more nervous about my daughter, Rose, riding a bicycle.

Mnogo sam nervozniji kada moja ćerka, Rouz, vozi bicikl.

So she's a year and a half old,

Ona sada ima godinu i po,

and she's already, well, wants to anyway, race down the streets of San Francisco.

i već, pa, želi svakako, da se sjuri niz ulice San Franciska.

This is the bottom of one of these streets.

Ovo je podnožje jedne od tih ulica.

And so my personal goal is to -- and I believe this is possible --

Tako je moj lični cilj - i verujem da je ostvariv -

is to further develop these technologies,

da dalje unapredimo ove tehnologije,

and in fact, we're working on something in my lab in particular

i zapravo, u mojoj laboratoriji posebno radimo na nečemu

that really makes optimal use of the given space of a helmet.

što može omogućiti optimalnu primenu u datom prostoru kacige.

And I am confident that we will be able to,

Siguran sam da ćemo moći,

before she's ready to ride a two-wheeler,

pre nego što ona pređe na dvocikle,

have something available

da imamo nešto dostupno

that can in fact really reduce the risk of concussion

što će zaista umanjiti rizik nastanka potresa mozga

and comply with regulatory bodies.

i biti u skladu sa regulativama.

And so what I'd like to do --

Ono što bih voleo da uradim -

and I know that this is for some of you of more immediate nature,

a znam da je to za neke od vas od neposrednog značaja,

I've got a couple years here --

ja imam par godina ovde -

is to be able to tell parents and grandparents when I'm asked,

je da mogu da kažem roditeljima i bakama i dekama kada me pitaju

it is safe and healthy for your children to engage in these activities.

da je bezbedno i zdravo da vaša deca učestvuju u ovakvim aktivnostima.

And I'm very fortunate to have a wonderful team at Stanford

Srećan sam jer imam divan tim na Stenfordu

that's working hard on this.

koji naporno radi na ovome.

So I hope to come back in a few years with the final story,

Nadam se da ću se vratiti za nekoliko godina sa konačnim odgovorom,

but for now I will tell you,

ali za sada ću vam reći,

please don't just be afraid when you hear the word concussion.

molim vas, nemojte se plašiti kada čujete reč potres mozga.

There is hope.

Postoji nada.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)