Why helmets don't prevent concussions -- and what might | David Camarillo

293,497 views ใƒป 2016-09-29

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
The word concussion evokes a fear these days more so than it ever has,
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ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื—" ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืคื—ื“ ืจื‘ ืžืื™-ืคืขื,
00:17
and I know this personally.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ืžื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™:
00:19
I played 10 years of football,
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ืฉื™ื—ืงืชื™ ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
00:22
was struck in the head thousands of times.
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ืกืคื’ืชื™ ืืœืคื™ ื—ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ,
00:24
And I have to tell you, though, what was much worse than that
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:28
was a pair of bike accidents I had where I suffered concussions,
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื™ ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื—
00:33
and I'm still dealing with the effects of the most recent one
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื‘ืง ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
00:36
today as I stand in front of you.
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ื‘ืขื•ืžื“ื™ ื›ืืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื›ื.
00:39
There is a fear around concussion
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ืงื™ื™ื ืคื—ื“ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™ ืžื•ื—, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืžืกื•ื™ื.
00:42
that does have some evidence behind it.
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00:45
There is information that a repeated history of concussion
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™-ืžื•ื—
00:48
can lead to early dementia, such as Alzheimer's,
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ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื, ื›ืžื• ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ,
00:52
and chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
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ื•ืœืžื—ืœืช ืžื•ื— ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช.
00:54
That was the subject of the Will Smith movie "Concussion."
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืกืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืกืžื™ืช', "ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื—".
00:58
And so everybody is caught up in football and what they see in the military,
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ืื– ื›ื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฆื‘ื,
01:02
but you may not know
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
01:03
that bike riding is the leading cause of concussion for kids,
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ืฉืจื›ื™ื‘ืช-ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื— ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
01:07
sports-related concussion, that is.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื— ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืกืคื•ืจื˜.
01:11
And so another thing that I should tell you
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืขืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ื•ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
01:13
that you may not know
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01:14
is that the helmets that are worn in bicycling and football
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืงืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื™ื‘ืช-ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ
01:17
and many activities,
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ื•ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช,
01:19
they're not designed or tested
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ืœื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืื• ื ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช
01:22
for how well they can protect your children against concussion.
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ืœืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื›ื ืžืคื ื™ ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื—.
01:26
They're in fact designed and tested
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช
01:27
for their ability to protect against skull fracture.
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ืœืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช.
01:31
And so I get this question all the time from parents,
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ:
01:37
and they ask me,
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"ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืจืฉื” ืœื™ืœื“ืš ืœืฉื—ืง ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ?"
01:39
"Would you let your own child play football?"
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01:41
Or, "Should I let my child play soccer?"
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ืื•: "ื”ืื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ?"
01:44
And I think that as a field,
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื‘ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืืœื”,
01:47
we're a long way from giving an answer with any kind of confidence there.
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ืื ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืื“ ืžืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื—ืจืฆืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื”.
01:53
So I look at that question from a bit of a different lens,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื˜,
ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื—?
01:57
and I want to know, how can we prevent concussion?
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02:00
Is that even possible?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืืคืฉืจื™?
02:02
And most experts think that it's not,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื,
02:06
but the work that we're doing in my lab
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืฆืœื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
02:08
is starting to reveal more of the details around concussion
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื—
02:13
so that we can have a better understanding.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
02:15
The reason we're able to prevent skull fracture with helmets
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืฉื‘ืจื™ ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืงืกื“ื•ืช
02:18
is because it's pretty simple. We know how it works.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืžื“ื™; ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
02:21
Concussion has been much more of a mystery.
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ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:24
So to give you a sense of what might be happening in a concussion,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื—,
02:29
I want to show you the video here
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ
02:31
that you see when you type into Google,
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ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืงืœื™ื“ื™ื ื‘"ื’ื•ื’ืœ": "ืžื”ื• ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื—?"
02:33
"What is a concussion?"
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02:35
The CDC website comes up,
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ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ืืชืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
02:36
and this video essentially tells the whole story.
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ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื›ืœ.
02:40
What you see is the head moves forward,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืจืืฉ ื ืข ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
02:42
the brain lags behind,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืื—ืจ ืœื ื•ืข ืื—ืจื™ื•
02:44
then the brain catches up
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ื•ืื– ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืจืืฉ
02:46
and smashes into the skull.
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ื•ืžืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช.
02:48
It rebounds off the skull
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ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื“ืฃ ืžื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช
02:50
and then proceeds to run into the other side of the skull.
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ื•ื ื–ืจืง ืืœ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื”.
02:55
And what you'll notice is highlighted in this video from the CDC,
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืžื” ืฉืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื‘ืงืจืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
02:58
which I'll note was funded by the NFL,
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ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
03:01
is that the outer surface of the brain,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
03:04
where it was to have smashed into the skull,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžื—ืฅ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช,
03:07
looks like it's been damaged or injured, so it's on the outer surface of the brain.
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ื ืจืื” ื ื™ื–ื•ืง ืื• ืคืฆื•ืข, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืœื• ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
03:11
And what I'd like to do with this video
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ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ
03:13
is to tell you that there are some aspects that are probably right,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื”
03:17
indicative of what the scientists think happens with concussion,
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื—,
03:20
but there's probably more that's wrong with this video.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
03:23
So one thing that I do agree with, and I think most experts would,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืกื›ืžื™ื ืขืœื™, ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื’ื ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื,
03:26
is that the brain does have these dynamics.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืื›ืŸ ื ืข ื›ืš:
03:28
It does lag behind the skull
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืื—ืจ ืœื ื•ืข ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช
03:30
and then catch up and move back and forth and oscillate.
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ื•ืื– ืžื“ื‘ื™ืง ืื•ืชื”, ื ืข ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื” ื•ืžืชื ื“ื ื“.
03:33
That we think is true.
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ื–ื”, ืœื“ืขืชื ื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
03:35
However, the amount of motion you see in the brain in this video
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
03:39
is probably not right at all.
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03:40
There's very little room in the cranial vault,
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื“;
03:44
only a few millimeters,
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ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
03:45
and it's filled entirely with cerebral spinal fluid,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืœื ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ ืžื•ื—ื™ ืฉื“ืจืชื™,
ืฉืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืžื’ืŸ.
03:49
which acts as a protective layer.
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03:51
And so the brain as a whole probably moves very little inside the skull.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ืžื•ื— ื ืข ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช.
03:56
The other problem with this video
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
03:58
is that the brain is shown
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืžื•ืฆื’
04:00
as a kind of rigid whole as it moves around,
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ื›ื’ื•ืฉ ืžื•ืฆืง ืฉืžืชื ื•ืขืข ื›ื•ืœื•,
04:03
and that's not true either.
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ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:05
Your brain is one of the softest substances in your body,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื.
04:09
and you can think of it kind of like jello.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืฉ.
04:11
So as your head is moving back and forth,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืจืืฉ ื ืข ืื—ื•ืจื” ื•ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
04:13
your brain is twisting and turning and contorting,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืชืคืชืœ, ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ืžืชืขื•ื•ืช,
04:16
and the tissue is getting stretched.
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ื•ืจืงืžืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื ืžืชื—ืช.
04:18
And so most experts, I think, would agree
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื•
04:21
that concussion is not likely to be something that's happening
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ืฉื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื— ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
04:24
on this outer surface of the brain,
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04:26
but rather it's something that's much deeper
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ืืœื ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื•ื—.
04:28
towards the center of the brain.
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04:31
Now, the way that we're approaching this problem
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•
04:33
to try to understand the mechanisms of concussion
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ื”ืžื•ื—
04:36
and to figure out if we can prevent it
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื•ืชื•.
04:38
is we are using a device like this.
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืงืŸ ื›ื–ื”.
04:40
It's a mouthguard.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื’ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
04:42
It has sensors in it that are essentially the same
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื, ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืœืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™:
04:45
that are in your cell phone:
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ืžื“ื™ ืชืื•ืฆื”, ื’'ื™ืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื,
04:47
accelerometers, gyroscopes,
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04:49
and when someone is struck in the head,
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ื•ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืกื•ืคื’ ื—ื‘ื˜ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ,
04:51
it can tell you how their head moved
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ื”ื”ืชืงืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืจืืฉ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ 1000 ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
04:54
at a thousand samples per second.
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04:58
The principle behind the mouthguard is this:
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ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื’ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื”:
05:01
it fits onto your teeth.
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ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื,
05:02
Your teeth are one of the hardest substances in your body.
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
05:05
So it rigidly couples to your skull
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžื“ืžื” ืืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช
05:07
and gives you the most precise possible measurement
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ื•ืžืกืคืงืช ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช.
05:10
of how the skull moves.
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05:12
People have tried other approaches, with helmets.
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ื ื™ืกื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืงืกื“ื•ืช.
05:14
We've looked at other sensors that go on your skin,
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ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื’ื ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆืžื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ืจ,
05:18
and they all simply move around too much,
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ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืคืฉ-ืชื ื•ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™,
05:20
and so we found that this is the only reliable way
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื–ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืžื ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
05:23
to take a good measurement.
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05:27
So now that we've got this device, we can go beyond studying cadavers,
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ืขื ื”ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ืชื™ื—ืช ื’ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช,
05:31
because you can only learn so much about concussion
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืขืœ ื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™-ืžื•ื—
05:34
from studying a cadaver,
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ืžื ืชื™ื—ืช ื’ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช,
05:35
and we want to learn and study live humans.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
05:38
So where can we find a group of willing volunteers
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ืื– ืื™ืคื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื
ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืคืงื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื™ื”ื ืืœื• ื‘ืืœื• ื“ืจืš-ืงื‘ืข
05:42
to go out and smash their heads into each other on a regular basis
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05:46
and sustain concussion?
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ื•ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื—?
05:47
Well, I was one of them,
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื,
05:49
and it's your local friendly Stanford football team.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ื‘ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“.
05:53
So this is our laboratory,
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ืื– ื–ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
05:55
and I want to show you
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
ืืช ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื“ื ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
05:57
the first concussion we measured with this device.
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06:00
One of the things that I should point out is the device has this gyroscope in it,
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ืขืœื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืชืงืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื’'ื™ืจื•ืกืงื•ืค,
06:04
and that allows you to measure the rotation of the head.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉ.
06:07
Most experts think that that's the critical factor
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข
06:09
that might start to tell us what is happening in concussion.
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ืฉืžืžื ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื—.
06:12
So please watch this video.
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ืื– ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืฆืคื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.
06:15
Announcer: Cougars bring extra people late, but Luck has time,
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ืงื•ื’ืจืก ืžื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœืœืืง ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ,
06:18
and Winslow is crushed.
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ื•-ื•ื•ื™ื ืกืœื• ื”ืชืจืกืง.
06:22
I hope he's all right.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
06:23
(Audience roars)
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(ืฉืื’ืช ื”ืงื”ืœ)
06:30
Top of your screen,
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืš,
ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืงืœื” ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ,
06:32
you'll see him come on just this little post route,
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06:34
get separation, safety.
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ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช.
06:40
Here it comes at you in real speed. You'll hear this.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืœืื”. ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
06:44
The hit delivered by --
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ื”ื—ื‘ื˜ื” ืฉืžืฉื’ืจ --
06:47
David Camarillo: Sorry, three times is probably a little excessive there.
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืงืžืจื™ืœื•: ืกืœื™ื—ื”. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืชื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
06:51
But you get the idea.
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06:52
So when you look at just the film here,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืฆื•ืคื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
06:55
pretty much the only thing you can see is he got hit really hard and he was hurt.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ื‘ื˜ ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ื•ื ืคืฆืข.
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืฉืœืคื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
06:59
But when we extract the data
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07:00
out of the mouthguard that he was wearing,
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ืžืžื’ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘,
07:02
we can see much more detail, much richer information.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื, ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
07:05
And one of the things that we noticed here
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื• ื›ืืŸ
ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ื‘ื˜ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื’ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
07:08
is that he was struck in the lower left side of his face mask.
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07:12
And so that did something first that was a little counterintuitive.
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ื–ื” ื’ืจื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœื-ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื• ืœื ื–ื– ื™ืžื™ื ื”, ืืœื ืกื‘ื‘ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉืžืืœื”,
07:15
His head did not move to the right.
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07:17
In fact, it rotated first to the left.
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07:19
Then as the neck began to compress,
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ืก,
07:21
the force of the blow caused it to whip back to the right.
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ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื‘ื˜ื” ื’ืจื ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื–ืจืง ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”.
07:25
So this left-right motion was sort of a whiplash-type phenomenon,
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ืื– ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ-ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืคืช-ืฉื•ื˜,
07:30
and we think that is probably what led to the brain injury.
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื ื• ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ืช.
07:35
Now, this device is only limited in such that it can measure the skull motion,
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ื”ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช,
07:39
but what we really want to know is what's happening inside of the brain.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—.
07:42
So we collaborate with Svein Kleiven's group in Sweden.
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ืื– ื—ื‘ืจื ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
ื”ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
07:46
They've developed a finite element model of the brain.
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07:49
And so this is a simulation
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ืื– ื–ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื”
07:51
using the data from our mouthguard from the injury I just showed you,
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืคืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื,
07:55
and what you see is the brain --
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื— --
07:57
this is a cross-section right in the front
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ืชืš ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื—
07:59
of the brain twisting and contorting as I mentioned.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืชืœ ื•ืžืชืขื•ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™.
08:02
So you can see this doesn't look a lot like the CDC video.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื“ ืœืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื‘ืงืจืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
08:05
Now, the colors that you're looking at
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ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืืชื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื
08:07
are how much the brain tissue is being stretched.
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ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืจืงืžืช ื”ืžื•ื—.
08:11
And so the red is 50 percent.
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ืื“ื•ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• 50%.
08:13
That means the brain has been stretched to 50 percent of its original length,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื ืžืชื— ืขื•ื“ 50% ืžืื•ืจืš ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™,
08:16
the tissue in that particular area.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
08:18
And the main thing I want to draw your attention to is this red spot.
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ื•ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื”.
08:21
So the red spot is very close to the center of the brain,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื•ื—,
08:25
and relatively speaking,
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื,
08:26
you don't see a lot of colors like that on the exterior surface
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ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื,
08:31
as the CDC video showed.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื‘ืงืจืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
08:34
Now, to explain a little more detail
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืื™ืš ืœื“ืขืชื ื• ืงื•ืจื” ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื—,
08:36
about how we think concussion might be happening,
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08:40
one thing I should mention
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ืขืœื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“:
08:41
is that we and others have observed that a concussion is more likely
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ืฉืื ื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื— ืขื•ืœื”
08:44
when you're struck and your head rotates in this direction.
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ื›ืฉืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ื—ื‘ื˜ื” ื•ื”ืจืืฉ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
08:48
This is more common in sports like football,
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ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื ืคื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ,
08:51
but this seems to be more dangerous. So what might be happening there?
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ. ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ?
08:54
Well, one thing that you'll notice in the human brain
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
08:57
that is different than other animals
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08:59
is we have these two very large lobes.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื“.
09:01
We have the right brain and the left brain.
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ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืฉืžืืœื™.
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
09:04
And the key thing to notice in this figure here
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09:07
is that right down the center of the right brain and the left brain
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืœืฉืžืืœื™
09:10
there's a large fissure that goes deep into the brain.
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ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื—ื•ื“ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžื•ื—.
09:13
And in that fissure, what you can't see in this image,
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ื•ื‘ื‘ืงืข ื”ื–ื” - ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื ืžืจืื” ืืช ื–ื”,
09:16
you'll have to trust me,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื™ -
09:17
there is a fibrous sheet of tissue.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช.
09:19
It's called the falx,
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ื”ื™ื ืงืจื•ื™ื” "ื—ืจืžืฉ ื”ืžื•ื—",
09:20
and it runs from the front of your head all the way to the back of your head,
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืงื“ืžืช ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉ,
ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืžื“ื™.
09:24
and it's quite stiff.
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09:25
And so what that allows for is when you're struck
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ื—ื‘ื˜ื”
09:28
and your head rotates in this left-right direction,
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ื•ื”ืจืืฉ ื ื•ื˜ื” ื›ืš, ืฉืžืืœื”-ื™ืžื™ื ื”,
09:31
forces can rapidly transmit right down to the center of your brain.
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ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื•ื—.
09:35
Now, what's there at the bottom of this fissure?
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ื•ืžื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื‘ืงืข ื”ื–ื”?
09:39
It's the wiring of your brain,
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ืฉื ื ืžืฆื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
09:41
and in fact this red bundle here at the bottom of that fissure
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ื•ื”ืฆืจื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืกื“ืง,
09:46
is the single largest fiber bundle
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:49
that is the wiring that connects the right and left sides of your brain.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืฆื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
09:53
It's called the corpus callosum.
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ื–ื” ืงืจื•ื™ "ื›ืคื™ืก ื”ืžื•ื—".
09:55
And we think that this might be
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื ื•, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื•
09:57
one of the most common mechanisms of concussion,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ื”ืžื•ื—,
10:01
and as the forces move down, they strike the corpus callosum,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”, ื”ื ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคื™ืก ื”ืžื•ื—,
ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ืชืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
10:06
it causes a dissociation between your right and your left brain
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ื”ืžื•ื—.
10:09
and could explain some of the symptoms of concussion.
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10:12
This finding is also consistent of what we've seen
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ื”ืžืžืฆื ื”ื–ื” ืชื•ืื ื’ื ืœืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื•
10:15
in this brain disease that I mentioned, chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
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ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™, ืžื—ืœืช-ืžื•ื— ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช.
10:19
So this is an image of a middle-aged ex-professional football player,
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ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”,
10:25
and the thing that I want to point out is if you look at the corpus callosum,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื›ืคื™ืก ื”ืžื•ื—,
10:29
and I'll page back here so you can see the size of a normal corpus callosum
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ื•ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืจืื• ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ื›ืคื™ืก-ืžื•ื— ื ื•ืจืžืœื™,
ื•ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืžื—ืœืช-ืžื•ื— ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช:
10:33
and the size of the person here who has chronic traumatic encephalopathy,
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10:37
it is greatly atrophied.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืื“.
10:40
And the same goes for all of the space in the ventricles.
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
10:43
These ventricles are much larger.
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ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
10:45
And so all of this tissue near the center of the brain
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืœ ื”ืจืงืžื” ืฉื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื•ื—
10:47
has died off over time.
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ื”ืชื ื•ื•ื ื” ื•ืžืชื” ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืชื•ืื ืืช ื–ื”.
10:49
So what we're learning is indeed consistent.
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10:53
Now, there is some good news here,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
10:56
and I hope to give you a sense of hope by the end of this talk.
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ื•ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœื˜ืขืช ื‘ื›ื ืงืฆืช ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
10:59
One of the things that we've noticed,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื•,
11:01
specifically about this mechanism of injury,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื–ื”,
11:04
is although there's a rapid transmission of the forces down this fissure,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืงืข ื”ื–ื”,
11:08
it still takes a defined amount of time.
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ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ.
11:11
And what we think is that if we can slow the head down just enough
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ืœื“ืขืชื ื•, ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืจืืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกืคืงืช,
11:15
so that the brain does not lag behind the skull
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช,
11:19
but instead it moves in synchrony with the skull,
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ืืœื ื™ื ื•ืข ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช,
11:22
then we might be able to prevent this mechanism of concussion.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ื”ืžื•ื—.
11:25
So how can we slow the head down?
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืจืืฉ?
11:30
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:32
A gigantic helmet.
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ืงืกื“ื” ืขื ืงื™ืช.
11:35
So with more space, you have more time,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื—ื‘, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ,
11:38
and this is a bit of a joke, but some of you may have seen this.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžืฆื—ื™ืง, ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืงื›ื ืจืื• ืืช ื–ื”.
11:41
This is bubble soccer, and it's a real sport.
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ-ื‘ื•ืขื”, ื–ื”ื• ืขื ืฃ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืืžื™ืชื™.
11:43
In fact, I saw some young adults
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
11:45
playing this sport down the street from my house the other day,
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ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื,
ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื™, ืœื ื“ื•ื•ื—ื• ืžืžื ื• ื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™-ืžื•ื—.
11:48
and as far as I know there have been no reported concussions.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:51
(Laughter)
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11:52
But in all seriousness, this principle does work,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“,
11:56
but this has gone too far.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžื•ื’ื–ื.
11:58
This isn't something that's practical for bike riding or playing football.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืขืฉื™ ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ืช-ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืœืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ.
12:03
And so we are collaborating with a company in Sweden called Hรถvding.
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ืื– ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ-ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ืช, "ื”ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื’".
12:07
Some of you may have seen their work,
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ื—ืœืงื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื,
12:10
and they're using the same principle of air to give you some extra space
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืžืจื—ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ
12:14
to prevent concussion.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื—.
12:17
Kids, don't try this at home please.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื ื ืœื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
12:20
This stuntman does not have a helmet.
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ื”ืคืขืœื•ืœืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื‘ืฉ ืงืกื“ื”.
12:24
He instead has a neck collar,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ื“ ืœืฆื•ื•ืืจื• ืงื•ืœืจ,
12:26
and this neck collar has sensors in it,
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ื•ื”ืงื•ืœืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื,
ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉื‘ืžื’ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
12:29
the same type of sensors that are in our mouthguard,
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12:32
and it detects when he's likely to have a fall,
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ื”ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื™ืคื•ืœ,
12:35
and there's an airbag that explodes and triggers,
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ื•ืื– ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ื•ื ืคืชื—ืช ื›ืจื™ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
12:38
the same way that an airbag works in your car, essentially.
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12:42
And in the experiments we've done in my lab with their device,
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืจื›ื ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื”ื”ืชืงืŸ ืฉืœื”ื,
12:44
we found that it can greatly reduce the risk of concussion in some scenarios
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืื“ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื— ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
12:48
compared to a normal bicycle helmet.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืงืกื“ืช-ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื”.
12:50
So it's a pretty exciting development.
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™.
12:53
But in order for us to actually realize the benefits of technology
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
12:58
that can prevent concussion,
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื—,
13:00
it needs to meet regulations.
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ืขืœื™ื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช.
13:03
That's a reality.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
13:05
And this device is for sale in Europe
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13:08
but is not for sale in the US, and probably won't be any time soon.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ืœื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
13:11
So I wanted to tell you why.
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ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืžื“ื•ืข.
13:13
There are some good reasons and then there are some not so good reasons.
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
13:17
Bike helmets are federally regulated.
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ืงืกื“ื•ืช-ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ืคื“ืจืœื™.
13:19
The Consumer Product Safety Commission has been given jurisdiction
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ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช ืœืืฉืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืงืกื“ืช-ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื,
13:23
to approve any bike helmet for sale,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžื‘ื“ืง ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื.
13:25
and this is the test they use.
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13:26
This is back to what I was telling you at the beginning about skull fracture.
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช.
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื‘ื“ืง ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ.
13:30
That's what this test is for.
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13:31
And that's an important thing to do.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
13:33
It can save your life, but it's not sufficient, I would say.
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13:36
So for example, one thing this test doesn't evaluate
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืžื‘ื“ืง ืœื ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ
13:39
is it doesn't tell you is that airbag going to trigger
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ื”ื•ื ืื ื›ืจื™ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืชื•ืคืขืœ
13:41
at the right time and place, and not trigger when it doesn't need to?
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืชื•ืคืขืœ ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืฆื•ืจืš.
13:45
Similarly, it's not going to tell you
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืžื‘ื“ืง ืœื ืงื•ื‘ืข
13:47
is this helmet likely to prevent concussion or not?
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ืื ื”ืงืกื“ื” ืชืžื ืข ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื—.
13:51
And if you look at football helmets, which aren't regulated,
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ื•ืื ืชื‘ื“ืงื• ืงืกื“ื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื—,
13:55
they still have a very similar test.
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ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื“ืง ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื“.
13:57
They're not regulated by the government, anyway.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืžื™ืœื ืœื ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžืžืฉืœืชื™.
13:59
They have an industry body, which is the way most industries work.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช.
14:02
But this industry body, I can tell you, has been quite resistant
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืžื“ื™
ืœืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื ื™ื.
14:06
to updating their standards.
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ื”ืžื•ื—
14:07
So in my lab, we are working on not only the mechanism of concussion,
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14:10
but we want to understand how can we have better test standards?
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ืืœื ื’ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ืš ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืชืงื ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”.
14:14
And we hope that the government can use this type of information
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื–ื”
14:18
to encourage innovation
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
14:20
by letting consumers know
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืชื™ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื
14:22
how protected are you with a given helmet.
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ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืขื ืงืกื“ื” ื›ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช.
14:25
And I want to bring this back finally to the original question I asked,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืฉืืœืชื™:
14:29
which is, would I feel comfortable letting my child play football
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ื”ืื ืืจืฉื” ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉืงื˜ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœืฉื—ืง ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ
14:32
or ride a bicycle?
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ืื• ืœืจื›ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื?
14:34
And this might be just a result of my own traumatic experience.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
14:37
I'm much more nervous about my daughter, Rose, riding a bicycle.
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ืื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืจื“ ื›ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืจื•ื–, ืจื•ื›ื‘ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื.
14:42
So she's a year and a half old,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™,
14:44
and she's already, well, wants to anyway, race down the streets of San Francisco.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื”ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืŸ-ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•.
14:50
This is the bottom of one of these streets.
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ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
14:52
And so my personal goal is to -- and I believe this is possible --
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ืื– ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™,
14:57
is to further develop these technologies,
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ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
14:59
and in fact, we're working on something in my lab in particular
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
15:02
that really makes optimal use of the given space of a helmet.
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ืฉืžื ืฆืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืกื“ื”.
15:05
And I am confident that we will be able to,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื ืฆืœื™ื— --
15:08
before she's ready to ride a two-wheeler,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ ื’ืœื’ืœื™-ืขื–ืจ --
15:11
have something available
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ืœืกืคืง ืœืฉื•ืง ืžืฉื”ื•
15:12
that can in fact really reduce the risk of concussion
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืœื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื—
15:16
and comply with regulatory bodies.
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ื•ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช.
15:19
And so what I'd like to do --
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช --
15:21
and I know that this is for some of you of more immediate nature,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืœื—ืœืงื›ื ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื—ื•ืฃ,
15:24
I've got a couple years here --
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ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื --
15:26
is to be able to tell parents and grandparents when I'm asked,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœืกื‘ื™ื, ื›ืฉื™ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื™,
15:30
it is safe and healthy for your children to engage in these activities.
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ืฉืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”.
15:34
And I'm very fortunate to have a wonderful team at Stanford
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ื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื™, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื ืคืœื ื‘ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“
15:37
that's working hard on this.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื–ื”.
15:39
So I hope to come back in a few years with the final story,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืขื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
15:43
but for now I will tell you,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื
15:45
please don't just be afraid when you hear the word concussion.
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ืืœ ืชื™ื‘ื”ืœื• ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœื™ื "ื–ืขื–ื•ืข-ืžื•ื—".
15:48
There is hope.
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ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
15:49
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:51
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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