The weird history of the "sex chromosomes" | Molly Webster

209,423 views ・ 2020-04-21

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:00
Transcriber: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
0
0
7000
Prevodilac: Denis Krndija Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:12
OK.
1
12594
1406
OK.
00:14
So we are going to start in 1891,
2
14024
3222
Priča počinje u 1891,
00:17
when a German scientist was looking through a microscope
3
17270
3325
kada je jedan nemački naučnik pomoću mikroskopa posmatrao
00:20
at insect cells.
4
20619
1585
ćelije insekata.
00:22
And he saw something kind of funny.
5
22228
1688
I video nešto pomalo neobično.
00:24
At the center of the cells, there was this dark stuff.
6
24348
3761
U centru tih ćelija bio je neki tamni materijal.
00:28
No one had ever seen it before.
7
28133
1770
Niko to pre nije video.
00:29
And he noticed that as the cells would multiply and divide,
8
29927
3674
I primetio je da bi tokom ćelijske deobe
00:33
it would go into some of the new cells
9
33625
2420
materijal prešao u neke od novih ćelija,
00:36
but not the others.
10
36069
1278
ali ne u sve.
00:37
He didn't know what it was, so he gave it a really great name.
11
37371
2960
Pošto nije znao o čemu se radi, dao mu je zaista odlično ime.
00:40
He called it the "X element."
12
40355
1977
Nazvao ga je "X element".
00:42
(Laughter)
13
42356
1190
(Smeh)
00:43
And he was like, "We'll just fill in that X later."
14
43570
2628
I rekao je, "Preimenovaćemo mi taj X malo kasnije."
00:46
And then, fast-forward 10 years later,
15
46927
3143
I onda, 10 godina kasnije,
00:50
and there is an American scientist,
16
50094
1999
u priču ulazi jedna američka naučnica,
00:52
and she is looking through her microscope,
17
52117
2381
koja opet koristi mikroskop da gleda
00:54
also at insect cells.
18
54522
1833
ćelije insekata.
00:56
And she sees something funny.
19
56887
1396
I vidi nešto neobično.
00:58
There's more of this dark stuff.
20
58307
2122
Ima još tog tamnog materijala.
01:00
And it's kind of tiny,
21
60453
1156
Nekako je sićušan,
01:01
it's hanging out near the X element.
22
61633
2912
i nalazi se pored X elementa.
01:04
And eventually, someone was like,
23
64569
1572
Na kraju je neko rekao,
01:06
"Well, if that one thing's called X,
24
66165
1734
"Ako se ovaj prvi zove X,
01:07
should we call this other thing Y?"
25
67923
2198
zašto ne bismo ovaj drugi nazvali Y?"
01:10
And like that, (Snaps fingers)
26
70145
1539
I tako (pucketa prstima)
01:11
the sex chromosomes had been discovered.
27
71708
2031
su otkriveni polni hromozomi.
01:14
So chromosomes,
28
74312
1658
Dakle, hromozomi,
01:15
you probably all know what they are,
29
75994
1730
verovatno već svi znate šta su,
01:17
but I will tell you anyways.
30
77748
1350
ali ću vam svejedno reći.
01:19
They're made up of DNA --
31
79122
1487
Oni su sačinjeni od DNK.
01:20
everything has it, it's the blueprint of life,
32
80633
2468
Ona je u svemu, ona je osnova svega živog,
01:23
we've got rats, we've got trees,
33
83125
1555
bili to pacovi, drveće,
01:24
we've got insects, we've got humans.
34
84704
2372
insekti, ili ljudi.
01:27
And in the case of human chromosomes,
35
87100
3187
Što se tiče ljudskih hromozoma,
01:30
geneticist Melissa Wilson broke it down for me like this.
36
90311
3007
genetičarka Melisa Vilson mi je to ovako objasnila.
01:34
(Audio) Melissa Wilson: Typically, you'll get one copy of every chromosome
37
94120
3532
(Audio) Melisa Vilson: U pravilu, jednu kopiju svakog hromozoma dobićeš
01:37
from your genetic mom
38
97676
1258
od svoje biološke majke
01:38
and one copy of every chromosome from your genetic dad,
39
98958
2639
i jednu kopiju svakog hromozoma od svog biološkog oca.
01:41
and we have 22 of these
40
101621
2105
Imamo ukupno 22 para ovih kopija -
01:43
that you get one copy from mom and one copy from dad.
41
103750
2493
jednu dobijamo od majke i jednu od oca.
01:46
And then there's a 23rd pair, X and Y.
42
106267
3435
E sad, tu je i 23. par, X i Y.
01:50
Molly Webster: So while all the other chromosomes are numbered,
43
110345
3192
Moli Vebster: Premda su svi ostali hromozomi označeni brojevima,
01:53
one through 22,
44
113561
1793
od 1 do 22,
01:55
we do not call X and Y 23.
45
115378
2715
X i Y nisu označeni kao 23.
01:58
I like to think that they are waiting for, like, a LeBron James to come along.
46
118513
3667
Kao da čekaju LeBron Džejmsa da to reši.
02:02
But in this instance, they were like,
47
122204
2358
Ali u ovom slučaju, rekli su,
02:04
"We're just going to keep the letters,
48
124586
2126
"Zadržaćemo slova,
02:06
and then we'll give them a title."
49
126736
2166
i onda ćemo im dati naziv."
02:08
They called them the sex chromosomes.
50
128926
1992
Nazvali su ih polnim hormozomima.
02:10
Now I would wager that in the United States,
51
130942
2429
Kladim se da su u SAD-u
02:13
these are the most well-known chromosomes
52
133395
2658
ovo najpoznatiji hromozomi
02:16
for one simple fact:
53
136077
1571
iz jednog prostog razloga:
02:17
that we say X equals "girl," and Y equals "boy" --
54
137672
3262
X se izjednačava sa "devojčica", a Y sa "dečak",
02:20
that they are responsible for sex.
55
140958
2460
zato što su odgovorni za pol.
02:23
And -- and I had to learn this --
56
143442
1580
I, ovo sam morala da naučim,
02:25
but when I'm talking about "sex" here,
57
145046
2460
kada ovde govorim o "polu",
02:27
I'm talking about the way biology gives us gonads,
58
147530
3158
govorim o tome kako nam biologija daje genitalije,
02:30
which are our ovaries and our testes --
59
150712
1937
odnosno naše jajnike i testise,
02:32
I'm not talking about gender, which is how we identify.
60
152673
3174
ne govorim o rodu, s kojim se identifikujemo.
02:35
And so, as a reporter at the show --
61
155871
2809
Kao reporterka u emisiji
02:38
"Radiolab," the audio documentary program I work for --
62
158704
4389
"Radiolab", to je radijska dokumentarna emisija za koju radim,
02:43
I was like, what's up with these sex chromosomes?
63
163117
3420
pitala sam šta se događa s tim polnim hromozomima?
02:46
You know, that's kind of my job, I think things are weird,
64
166561
2739
Znate, to je u opisu mog posla, naiđem na nešto neobično,
02:49
and then I get to call people about them
65
169324
1912
onda nazovem ljude
02:51
and ask questions, and then hopefully they answer.
66
171260
2401
i postavljam pitanja, a oni daju odgovore.
02:53
And in this case, a lot of people answered.
67
173685
2000
U ovom slučaju, mnogo ljudi je odgovorilo.
02:55
And in the two years I had of reporting on X and Y,
68
175709
3528
I tokom dve godine mog izveštavanja o X i Y
02:59
as part of "Gonads," the series on sex and gender
69
179261
2618
u sklopu "Gonada", serije emisija o polu i rodu
03:01
I ended up doing for "Radiolab,"
70
181903
1960
koju sam radila za "Radiolab",
03:03
I found out that these two chromosomes live in a world that is unexpected,
71
183887
5158
shvatila sam da ova dva hromozoma obitavaju u svetu koji je neočekivan,
03:09
a little unsettling;
72
189069
1809
pomalo uznemirujući;
03:10
where things that I thought were facts
73
190902
1856
gde su stvari koje sam smatrala činjenicama,
03:12
were, like, twisted in ways I hadn't seen before.
74
192782
2734
izokrenute na načine koje nisam mogla da očekujem.
03:15
And the world goes so far beyond the boundaries of sex,
75
195878
4346
Pošto svet probija granice pola,
03:20
I was like,
76
200248
1253
pomislila sam,
03:21
"Maybe we should all talk about this."
77
201525
2199
"Možda bi trebalo da se razgovara o ovome."
03:23
So, you're you all,
78
203748
2119
Dakle, tu smo,
03:25
we're all going to talk about it.
79
205891
2809
i razgovaraćemo o ovome.
03:28
And for me,
80
208724
1456
Za mene,
03:30
the true story of X and Y starts with their name.
81
210204
3952
prava priča o X i Y počinje s njihovim imenom.
03:34
So within years of being discovered,
82
214498
2547
Par godina nakon njihovog otkrića,
03:37
these two little chromosomes had acquired more than 10 different names.
83
217069
4000
ova dva mala hromozoma su dobila više od 10 različitih naziva.
03:41
There was diplosome and heterochromosome
84
221411
3238
Bili su tu diplozom, heterohromozom
03:44
and idiochromosome,
85
224673
1420
i idiohromozom,
03:46
and most of the names had to do with their structure, their shape,
86
226117
3651
i većina ovih naziva je povezana s njihovom strukturom, njihovim oblikom,
03:49
their size.
87
229792
1380
njihovom veličinom.
03:51
And then there was "sex chromosome,"
88
231196
2000
A onda je došao naziv "polni hromozom",
03:53
which they had been given because of the fact
89
233220
2127
koji im je dat zbog činjenice
03:55
that we had started seeing that the X would go with the females,
90
235371
3032
da smo uvideli da X ide zajedno sa ženskim,
03:58
and the Y would often go with the males.
91
238427
2666
a da Y često ide s muškim polom.
04:01
But scientists were like,
92
241498
2420
Ali naučnici su se pitali,
04:03
"Do we really want to call them sex chromosomes?"
93
243942
2818
"Da li zaista želimo da ih nazovemo polni hromozomi?"
04:06
And science historian Sarah Richardson is the one who told me this story.
94
246784
4227
Istoričarka nauke Sara Ričardson mi je ovo rekla.
04:11
(Audio) Sarah Richardson: For three decades, scientists were like,
95
251823
3144
(Audio) Sara Ričardson: Tri decenije su naučnici govorili
04:14
"You should not call them the sex chromosomes.
96
254991
2189
"Ne bi trebalo da ih zovete polnim hromozomima.
04:17
The X and Y have many functions,
97
257204
2556
X i Y imaju mnogo funkcija,
04:19
and you wouldn't assume that a single chromosome
98
259784
4063
i teško je zamisliti da ceo jedan hromozom
04:23
controls a single trait.
99
263871
1769
kontroliše samo jednu osobinu.
04:25
Imagine calling one chromosome the 'urogenital chromosome,'
100
265664
4241
Zamislite kad bi neki hromozom nazvali "urogenitalni hromozom",
04:29
or the 'liver chromosome.'"
101
269929
2308
ili "jetreni hromozom".
04:33
MW: Scientists, if you dig into the history --
102
273118
2405
MV: Naučnici su, ako pogledate kroz istoriju -
04:35
it's really cool, you should --
103
275547
1508
to je stvarno kul i trebalo bi -
04:37
were hesitant to, like, commit to such a specific name
104
277079
4917
oklevali da prihvate tako specifičan naziv
04:42
and such a powerfully connotated name.
105
282020
2579
s tako snažnom konotacijom.
04:44
There was a fear that it would actually be really limiting --
106
284623
2858
Postojala je bojazan da bi to zapravo bilo jako ograničavajuće,
04:47
maybe to science, maybe to society --
107
287505
2110
možda prema nauci, možda prema društvu,
04:49
but the fear was in the room.
108
289639
1933
ali bojazan je bila prisutna.
04:52
And you can see they ended up getting "sex chromosome" --
109
292220
3984
I eto, kako vidite, na kraju imamo "polne hromozome".
04:56
it's like a pretty juicy title,
110
296228
2603
To je atraktivan naziv,
04:58
it popularized genetics, you know?
111
298855
2778
i popularizovao je genetiku.
05:01
But in the 100-year history since we settled on that name,
112
301657
5155
Ali ima već 100 godina otkako smo prihvatili taj naziv,
05:07
you can see it starts to get a little complicated.
113
307899
2483
i videćete da počinje da postaje komplikovano.
05:11
So around 1960 --
114
311010
1998
Oko 1960,
05:13
this is going to be our first stop
115
313032
2176
to će biti naša prva stanica na putu
05:15
on the complicated world of the sex chromosomes --
116
315232
2369
kroz komplikovan svet polnih hromozoma,
05:17
so around 1960,
117
317625
1630
dakle, oko 1960,
05:19
we had discovered that you could be XYY.
118
319279
3163
otkriveno je da se može imati XYY.
05:22
They discovered an XYY man.
119
322466
2237
Otkrili su muškarca sa XYY.
05:25
And to digress a little here,
120
325070
2833
Mala digresija,
05:27
it turns out that the model of "X equals girl and Y equals boy"
121
327927
4666
ispostavilo se da je model "X čini devojčicu a Y dečaka"
05:32
is really simplistic.
122
332617
1707
previše jednostavan.
05:34
You can actually be a whole bunch of different combinations of X and Y,
123
334348
4428
Može se imati nekoliko različitih kombinacija X i Y,
05:38
giving you, like, different types of biological sex.
124
338800
3419
koje mogu dati različite tipove biološkog pola.
05:42
You could be two Xs and two Ys together.
125
342243
2231
Možete imati dva X i dva Y, zajedno.
05:44
You could be four Xs, you could be five Xs,
126
344498
2016
Možete imati četiri X, možete imati pet X,
05:46
you could be XO.
127
346538
1309
možete imati XO.
05:47
And so I thought that was pretty crazy,
128
347871
2587
Meni je ovo delovalo potpuno ludo
05:50
because I was like,
129
350482
1183
i pomislila sam,
05:51
"Wow, this really upends a model of biological sex
130
351689
2334
"Ovo obara definiciju biološkog pola
05:54
I think most of us in this room have been taught."
131
354047
2744
o kojoj su većinu nas u ovoj prostoriji učili."
05:56
So a few years after they realized that you can be XYY,
132
356815
3316
Par godina nakon što su shvatili da se može imati XYY,
06:00
researchers go to a prison in Scotland,
133
360155
2611
naučnici su posetili zatvor u Škotskoj,
06:02
and they do genetic analysis of a bunch of the male prisoners.
134
362790
4040
i uradili genetičke analize gomili muških zatvorenika.
06:06
And they find a number of people who are XYY.
135
366854
3285
Našli su puno ljudi ljudi sa XYY.
06:10
And according to Sarah:
136
370577
1534
I, kako Sara kaže:
06:13
(Audio) SR: They just rushed to publish a theory
137
373093
2778
(Audio) SR: Požurili su da objave teoriju
06:15
suggesting that this extra Y chromosome
138
375895
3530
po kojoj bi taj dodatni Y hromozom
06:19
could explain criminality in some men.
139
379449
3179
mogao objasniti kriminalitet kod nekih muškaraca.
06:23
MW: Yeah.
140
383774
1160
MV: Da.
06:24
So the logic goes like this:
141
384958
1586
To ide po ovoj logici:
06:26
By this point, we're thinking Y is male.
142
386568
2651
U ovom trenutku, mišljenje je da je Y muški hromozom.
06:29
We think male is aggressive,
143
389601
2301
Mišljenje je i da su muškarci agresivni,
06:31
so Y must be aggression.
144
391926
1890
dakle, Y mora biti povezan s agresijom.
06:33
If you've got an extra Y, you must be crazy.
145
393840
2856
Ako imate koji Y viška, mora da ste ludi.
06:37
And like, we went nuts with this theory.
146
397069
2263
I tako, ova teorija je napravila haos.
06:39
We called it the supermale,
147
399356
2309
Nazvali smo je supermuškarac,
06:41
they started scanning more prisoners,
148
401689
2274
analizirali su još zatvorenika,
06:43
serial killers, boys.
149
403987
3456
serijskih ubica, dečaka.
06:47
And in all seriousness,
150
407467
1160
Bez šale,
06:48
there was actually a suggestion that we consider aborting XYY fetuses.
151
408651
4334
predloženo je čak i da se razmotri abortiranje XYY fetusa.
06:55
So in 1980,
152
415572
1484
U 1980,
06:57
this theory pretty much toppled, for a number of reasons.
153
417080
3683
ova teorija je propala, iz više razloga.
07:00
One,
154
420787
1695
Prvo,
07:02
there had been this really large study
155
422506
1817
napravljena je zaista velika studija
07:04
that basically showed there was no connection
156
424347
2127
koja je pokazala da nema povezanosti
07:06
between Y and violence,
157
426498
2047
između Y i nasilja,
07:08
I think we all saw that coming.
158
428569
2040
mislim da smo svi to očekivali.
07:10
And then, there was one other thing.
159
430633
2333
A onda se pojavila još jedna stvar.
07:13
(Audio) SR: Going back and looking at those original findings
160
433799
2874
(Audio) SR: Gledajući unazad i ponovo razmatrajući izvorna otkrića
07:16
in that high-security psychiatric institution,
161
436697
2197
iz te dobro obezbeđene psihijatrijske ustanove,
07:18
they had also found a high number of individuals
162
438918
4705
pronašli su i velik broj osoba
07:23
with an extra X chromosome.
163
443647
2318
sa jednim X hromozomom viška.
07:25
So these are XXY, as opposed to XYY.
164
445989
3521
Dakle, ovi su XXY, za razliku od XYY.
07:29
(Audio) MW: Really?
165
449534
1151
(Audio) MV: Zaista?
07:30
(Audio) SR: Yeah. Now, they never claimed
166
450709
1955
(Audio) SR: Da. Niko nije rekao
07:32
that the individuals with an extra X chromosome
167
452674
2189
da su osobe s viškom X hromozoma
07:34
were superfemales.
168
454887
1267
superžene.
07:36
They never investigated whether they had higher rates of violence.
169
456458
4381
Nikad nije istraživana učestalost nasilja kod tih osoba.
07:41
MW: Seems like kind of an oversight.
170
461340
1728
MV: Deluje mi kao propust.
07:43
I don't know.
171
463092
1160
Ne znam.
07:44
But I think it's interesting,
172
464276
2200
Mislim da je interesantno,
07:46
because what you see is if you start looking at these chromosomes
173
466500
4609
jer ako počnete da gledate na ove hromozome
07:51
through the lens of sex,
174
471133
1309
kroz prizmu pola,
07:52
what naturally falls in place behind
175
472466
2153
ono što postaje evidentno
07:54
is we look at them through the lens of gender,
176
474643
2529
je da ih mi posmatramo kroz prizmu roda,
07:57
and the traits that we associate with gender.
177
477196
2119
i osobina koje asociramo s rodom.
07:59
So men were violent,
178
479339
1492
Dakle muškarci su agresivni,
08:00
and Y explained why they were in prison.
179
480855
2262
i Y objašnjava zašto su završili u zatvoru.
08:03
The X did not do that,
180
483141
1421
X to ne radi,
08:04
because like, you know, what's X?
181
484586
1872
zato što, šta je uopšte X?
08:06
We don't associate it with violence.
182
486482
2286
Ne povezujemo ga s nasiljem.
08:08
And while we don't believe in supermales today --
183
488792
3333
Premda u današnje vreme ne verujemo u supermuškarce,
08:12
God, I hope we don't --
184
492149
1174
stvarno se nadam da je tako,
08:13
we don't believe in supermales today,
185
493347
1834
ne verujemo u supermuškarce,
08:15
there is a very similar conversation that's still happening
186
495205
3340
ali i dalje imamo sličnu priču koja je i dalje prisutna
08:18
around inherent violence in boys and biology.
187
498569
3740
oko urođene nasilnosti u dečaka, u biologiji.
08:24
So my next stop on the weird world of X and Y,
188
504045
3595
Moja sledeća stanica na putu kroz neobičan svet X i Y hromozoma,
08:27
or things feeling a little topsy-turvy, is 1985.
189
507664
3616
odnosno stvari koje su pošle naopako, je u 1985.
08:31
The World University Games were set to happen in Japan,
190
511616
3675
Univerzijada je te godine bila u Japanu,
08:35
and the Spanish hurdler María José Martínez-Patiño was scheduled to run.
191
515315
6217
i španska trkačica na prepone Marija Hoze Martinez-Patinjo je trebalo da trči.
08:41
She was like a hot shot, a rising superstar.
192
521556
2571
Ona je bila favorit, zvezda u usponu.
08:45
And the night before her race, they had her DNA scanned.
193
525112
3627
Veče pred njenu trku, uradili su joj DNK analizu.
08:49
Now at the time, this was a thing that they were doing,
194
529260
2730
U to vreme, to se tako radilo,
08:52
because they were like,
195
532014
1150
jer su rezonovali,
08:53
"OK, we don't want men covertly racing as women,
196
533188
3905
"ne želimo da muškarci prikriveno trče umesto žena,
08:57
so we're going to scan the women
197
537117
2603
testiraćemo žene
08:59
and make sure all their Xs line up."
198
539744
1992
da se uverimo da imaju normalan broj X."
09:03
And so I heard this story from Ruth Padawer
199
543165
3158
Ovu priču sam čula od Rut Padaver
09:06
who was a New York Times Magazine reporter
200
546347
2429
koja je tada bila reporter za Njujork Tajms Magazin
09:08
and she reported on María.
201
548800
2094
i izveštavala o Mariji.
09:12
(Audio) Ruth Padawer: So they tell her the chromosome test results were abnormal.
202
552013
3897
(Audio) Rut Padaver: Rekli su joj da rezultati DNK testa nisu bili normalni.
09:15
Although on the outside, she was fully female,
203
555934
2222
Premda je spolja izgledala kao žena,
09:18
she had XY chromosomes and these internal testes.
204
558180
3613
imala je XY hromozome i unutrašnje testise.
09:22
MW: They were like,
205
562236
1151
MV: Rekli su joj:
09:23
"We hate to break it to you, María, but you're actually a dude.
206
563411
2984
"Žao nam je, Marija, ali Vi ste zapravo muškarac.
09:26
You can't race with the ladies."
207
566419
2133
Ne možete se takmičiti sa ženama."
09:30
(Audio) RP: And so she's thrown off the national team,
208
570497
2532
(Audio) RP: I tako su je isključili iz reprezentacije,
09:33
she's expelled from the athletics residence,
209
573053
2961
izbačena je iz smeštaja za sportiste,
09:36
she's denied her scholarship,
210
576038
1690
uskraćena joj je stipendija,
09:37
a bunch of her friends dump her,
211
577752
1706
gomila prijatelja je ostavlja,
09:39
fellow athletes abandon her,
212
579482
2130
kolege sportisti je napuštaju,
09:41
she loses her medals, her records are revoked.
213
581636
3227
gubi svoje medalje, a rekordi su joj poništeni.
09:46
MW: So it turns out --
214
586784
1261
MV: I tako, ispostavilo se -
09:48
remember when I told you
215
588069
1191
sećate li se kako sam vam rekla
09:49
you can be a bunch of different combinations of X and Y --
216
589284
2717
da postoje mnogo različitih kombinacija X i Y,
09:52
you can also be XY and be female.
217
592025
2329
da možeš biti XY i žensko.
09:54
You can be XX and male.
218
594378
1534
Možeš biti XX i muško.
09:56
In María's case, she was something called androgen insensitive.
219
596577
3770
U Marijinom slučaju, ona nije reagovala na androgene hormone.
10:00
Which means that she did have some sort of internal testes --
220
600371
3928
To znači da ona jeste imala unutrašnje testise
10:04
they were making testosterone --
221
604323
2167
koji su proizvodili testosteron,
10:06
but her body couldn't use it.
222
606514
2214
ali njeno telo nije reagovalo na njega.
10:08
And so if you thought of testosterone as, like, a superpower,
223
608752
3135
Dakle, ako nam testosteron daje nekakvu supermoć,
10:11
she was not benefiting from it.
224
611911
2103
ona nije mogla da profitira od toga.
10:14
And so eventually,
225
614038
1198
Na kraju su joj dozvolili
10:15
sports authorities, like, let her back in,
226
615260
2595
da se vrati u sport,
10:17
but her career was done.
227
617879
1600
ali njena karijera je već bila gotova.
10:20
And in this instance you see how,
228
620498
2825
U ovom slučaju se vidi da,
10:24
if you assign sex to a specific place in the body,
229
624283
3643
ako se biološki pol određuje prema specifičnom delu tela,
10:27
or at least, like, this is what I saw, right?
230
627950
2500
barem se meni tako čini,
10:30
If you assign sex to a specific place in the body,
231
630474
3619
ako se biološki pol određuje prema specifičnom delu tela,
10:34
it somehow makes us think that we can go into a body,
232
634117
3293
deluje nam da možemo da pregledamo to telo,
10:37
look at a specific place
233
637434
1603
ispitamo to specifično mesto
10:39
and tell someone we know something more about them
234
639061
2620
i kažemo nekome da znamo nešto više o njima
10:41
than they know about themselves.
235
641705
2095
nego što oni sami znaju o sebi.
10:44
And that feels terrifying to me.
236
644188
2435
A to me užasava.
10:48
And we don't genetically test female athletes anymore,
237
648188
3690
Premda više ne rade genetičke testove na ženskim sportistima,
10:51
but you can see very similar conversations happening
238
651902
3235
imate vrlo slične diskusije
10:55
when we talk about testosterone in sports,
239
655161
2519
o korišćenju testosterona u sportu,
10:57
you can also see it in suggestions that we take transgender individuals
240
657704
3921
i predlaže se da se transrodne osobe
11:01
and we genetically analyze them and we tell them who they are.
241
661649
3594
genetički analiziraju i da im se kaže ko su.
11:06
That is real,
242
666238
1198
Ovo se stvarno dešava,
11:07
that is a conversation that has happened recently.
243
667460
3559
ova diskusija je nedavno otpočela.
11:11
The last place that I'll share with you
244
671944
1913
Poslednja tačka koju želim da podelim s vama,
11:13
where these chromosomes got complicated for me
245
673881
2212
i kad su ovi hromozomi postali prekomplikovani za mene,
11:16
is this one thing that Melissa told me.
246
676117
2095
je ovo što mi je Melisa saopštila.
11:18
(Audio) Wilson: You can't survive without an X chromosome.
247
678832
2759
(Audio) Vilson: Ne možete preživeti bez X hromozoma.
11:21
No matter your gonads, no matter your identity,
248
681591
2192
Bez obzira na vaše genitalije, vaš rodni identitet,
11:23
every single human being has to have an X chromosome,
249
683807
2508
svako ljudsko biće mora imati bar jedan X hromozom,
11:26
because without one, the rest of your body doesn't develop.
250
686339
2771
jer bez njega naše telo ne može da se razvije.
11:29
MW: Why do we call this the female chromosome?
251
689134
2168
MV: Zašto ga zovemo ženski hromozom?
11:31
OK, this is something I had never though about,
252
691326
2230
OK, o ovome nikad pre nisam razmišljala,
11:33
but literally, every single person in this audience has an X chromosome,
253
693580
3420
ali svaka osoba u ovoj publici ima X hromozom,
11:37
I'm not lying.
254
697024
1151
ne lažem vas.
11:38
Every single person on the planet has an X chromosome,
255
698199
2538
Svaka osoba na ovoj planeti ima X hromozom,
11:40
but no one is going around like, "This is the every-person chromosome."
256
700761
3357
ali niko ne kaže, "Ovo je svačiji hromozom."
11:44
You know?
257
704142
1175
Znate na šta mislim?
11:45
Like, somehow it's over here, the Y is over there,
258
705341
2385
On je kao negde ovde, Y je tamo,
11:47
and they must be really different,
259
707750
1634
mora da su stvarno različiti,
11:49
and I'm just like, it would be so much better
260
709408
2103
a meni se čini da bi bilo puno bolje
11:51
if it was the every-person chromosome.
261
711535
1828
kad bismo rekli da svi imamo ovaj hromozom.
11:53
And not just because I'm like, love you all and I want you all in,
262
713387
3460
Ne samo zato što vas ja sve volim i želim da se osećate prihvaćenima,
11:56
but because of what we're overlooking by the fact that we consider it female.
263
716871
5303
već zbog onoga što previđamo zato što ga smatramo ženskim.
12:02
Because I'm going to tell you one of the craziest things I found out.
264
722198
3761
Ispričaću vam jednu od najluđih stvari koju sam otkrila.
12:05
Which is, when you think about the X chromosome,
265
725983
3286
A to je, kad govorimo o X hromozomu,
12:09
of the almost 1,100 genes on the X chromosome,
266
729293
3267
od skoro 1100 gena na X hromozomu,
12:12
how many do you think have to do with sex and reproduction?
267
732584
3001
šta mislite koliko njih je odgovorno za pol i razmnožavanje?
12:15
Like, get a number in your head.
268
735609
2133
Probajte da dođete do broja.
12:19
Four percent.
269
739347
1150
Četiri procenta.
12:21
That means 96 percent of the rest of that chromosome
270
741736
3024
To znači da 96 procenata tog hromozoma
12:24
is doing something that has nothing to do with your gonads.
271
744784
2951
ima ulogu u nečemu što nema nikakve veze s vašim gonadama.
12:28
And I guess as all of these,
272
748466
2452
Kako su sve ove priče,
12:30
sort of, some of them social stories,
273
750942
1786
neke od njih priče o društvu,
12:32
some of them scientific stories, some of these facts,
274
752752
2833
neke od njih priče o nauci, neke od ovih činjenica
12:35
started to add up, I just thought, like,
275
755609
3240
počele da se gomilaju, upitala sam se
12:38
why are we calling these the sex chromosomes?
276
758873
2262
zašto ih nazivamo polni hromozomi?
12:41
Or if we are, like, maybe we all like that name,
277
761159
2833
U redu, ako je stvar u tome da nam se sviđa taj naziv,
12:44
should we just allow ourselves to think about them
278
764016
3991
da li bismo bar mogli da razmišljamo o njima
12:48
a little more broadly?
279
768031
1375
u malo širem kontekstu?
12:49
Because if we do,
280
769430
1294
I ako to uspemo,
12:50
like, what insights would we gain, as people, as scientists?
281
770748
4873
šta bismo sve mogli da otkrijemo kao ljudi i kao naučnici?
12:55
And we're at this point where we're thinking about, like,
282
775645
2674
Stigli smo do te tačke gde razmišljamo
12:58
how do we want to teach science,
283
778343
1556
na koji način želimo da predajemo nauku,
12:59
what do we want to fund,
284
779923
1170
šta želimo da finansiramo,
13:01
like, who do we want to be as a society, you know?
285
781117
2342
kakvo društvo želimo da budemo, znate?
13:03
And I just wondered if it wasn't a moment to rethink the biology of X and Y,
286
783483
5435
I pitala sam se da li je sada taj momenat da se preispita biologija X i Y,
13:08
and at the very least,
287
788942
2175
i, u najmanju ruku,
13:11
to remember, like, the footnotes of history,
288
791141
2373
da se podsetimo istorijske činjenice
13:13
which is that the dude who came up with the phrase "sex chromosome,"
289
793538
5380
da je tip koji je smislio naziv "polni hromozomi"
13:18
actually was like, "Hey, everyone, just remember, this is just,"
290
798942
3603
zapravo hteo da kaže, "ljudi, ne zaboravite, ovo je samo,"
13:22
and I quote, "a form of shorthand."
291
802569
2251
citiram, "jedan oblik skraćenice".
13:25
We should not take it literally.
292
805887
2133
Ne bi trebalo da ga shvatimo doslovno.
13:28
Thank you.
293
808641
1158
Hvala vam.
13:29
(Applause)
294
809823
3571
(Aplauz).
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7