The weird history of the "sex chromosomes" | Molly Webster

203,666 views

2020-04-21 ・ TED


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The weird history of the "sex chromosomes" | Molly Webster

203,666 views ・ 2020-04-21

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Transcriber: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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λ²ˆμ—­: Joy Lee κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
OK.
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μ’‹μ•„μš”.
00:14
So we are going to start in 1891,
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1891λ…„λΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν•΄λ³΄μ§€μš”.
00:17
when a German scientist was looking through a microscope
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ν•œ 독일 κ³Όν•™μžκ°€ ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μœΌλ‘œ
00:20
at insect cells.
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κ³€μΆ© 세포λ₯Ό 보고 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
00:22
And he saw something kind of funny.
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κ·ΈλŠ” λ­”κ°€ μž¬λ°ŒλŠ” κ±Έ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
At the center of the cells, there was this dark stuff.
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세포 쀑간에 μ–΄λ‘μš΄ 물질이 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
00:28
No one had ever seen it before.
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μ „μ—λŠ” 아무도 κ·Έκ±Έ λ³Έ 적이 μ—†μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:29
And he noticed that as the cells would multiply and divide,
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κ³Όν•™μžλŠ” 세포가 λ³΅μ œμ™€ 뢄열을 ν•  λ•Œ
00:33
it would go into some of the new cells
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이 물질이 λͺ‡λͺ‡ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ„Έν¬λ‘œ λ„˜μ–΄κ°€λŠ” κ±Έ λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
but not the others.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„Έν¬μ—λŠ” λ„˜μ–΄κ°€μ§€ μ•Šκ³ μš”.
00:37
He didn't know what it was, so he gave it a really great name.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 이것이 뭔지 λͺ°λΌμ„œ 정말 λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ 이름을 μ§€μ–΄μ€¬μ–΄μš”.
00:40
He called it the "X element."
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'X μš”μ†Œ'λΌκ³ μš”.
00:42
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
00:43
And he was like, "We'll just fill in that X later."
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"X에 뭐라고 ν• μ§€λŠ” λ‚˜μ€‘μ— μ •ν•˜μž"라고 ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
00:46
And then, fast-forward 10 years later,
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λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ 10λ…„ λ’€λ‘œ λ„˜μ–΄ μ™€μ„œ
00:50
and there is an American scientist,
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λ―Έκ΅­ κ³Όν•™μž ν•œ λͺ…이
00:52
and she is looking through her microscope,
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μ—­μ‹œ ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μœΌλ‘œ
00:54
also at insect cells.
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κ³€μΆ© 세포λ₯Ό 보고 μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:56
And she sees something funny.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ­”κ°€ μž¬λ―Έλ‚œ κ±Έ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμ£ .
00:58
There's more of this dark stuff.
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μ–΄λ‘μš΄ 물질이 또 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
01:00
And it's kind of tiny,
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그건 μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ μž‘μ•˜κ³ 
01:01
it's hanging out near the X element.
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X μš”μ†Œ κ°€κΉŒμ΄μ— μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:04
And eventually, someone was like,
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λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ λ§ν–ˆμ£ .
01:06
"Well, if that one thing's called X,
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"μ €κ±Έ X라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” κ±°λ©΄
01:07
should we call this other thing Y?"
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μ΄κ±°λŠ” Y라고 λΆˆλŸ¬μ•Ό ν•˜λ‚˜?"
01:10
And like that, (Snaps fingers)
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ
01:11
the sex chromosomes had been discovered.
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μ„± 염색체가 λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:14
So chromosomes,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄λž€
01:15
you probably all know what they are,
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μ•„λ§ˆ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 그게 뭔지 μ•„μ‹€ ν…Œμ§€λ§Œ
01:17
but I will tell you anyways.
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μ–΄μ¨Œλ“  ν•œλ²ˆ λ§ν•΄λ³Όκ²Œμš”.
01:19
They're made up of DNA --
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μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄λž€ DNA둜 μ΄λ€„μ‘Œκ³ 
01:20
everything has it, it's the blueprint of life,
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λͺ¨λ“  것에 λ“€μ–΄ 있고 생λͺ…μ˜ 청사진이죠.
01:23
we've got rats, we've got trees,
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μ₯, λ‚˜λ¬΄, κ³€μΆ©, μ‚¬λžŒ,
01:24
we've got insects, we've got humans.
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λͺ¨λ“  생물에 담겨 μžˆμ§€μš”.
01:27
And in the case of human chromosomes,
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μ‚¬λžŒ μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—
01:30
geneticist Melissa Wilson broke it down for me like this.
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μœ μ „ν•™μž λ©œλ¦¬μ‚¬ 윌슨이 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ„€λͺ…해쀬죠.
01:34
(Audio) Melissa Wilson: Typically, you'll get one copy of every chromosome
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'보톡 μ‚¬λžŒμ€ μœ μ „ν•™μ  μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
01:37
from your genetic mom
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λͺ¨λ“  염색체 ν•œ κ°œμ”©μ„
01:38
and one copy of every chromosome from your genetic dad,
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μœ μ „ν•™μ  μ•„λ²„μ§€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λͺ¨λ“  염색체 ν•œ κ°œμ”©μ„ λ¬Όλ €λ°›μ£ .
01:41
and we have 22 of these
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λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ μžˆλŠ” 염색체 22μŒμ€
01:43
that you get one copy from mom and one copy from dad.
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μ—„λ§ˆλ‘œλΆ€ν„° ν•˜λ‚˜ μ•„λΉ λ‘œλΆ€ν„° ν•˜λ‚˜μ”© 물렀받은 κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
01:46
And then there's a 23rd pair, X and Y.
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그리고 23번째 쌍인 X와 Yκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.'
01:50
Molly Webster: So while all the other chromosomes are numbered,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄λŠ” 1λ²ˆλΆ€ν„° 22λ²ˆκΉŒμ§€
01:53
one through 22,
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λ²ˆν˜Έκ°€ λ§€κ²¨μ‘Œμ§€λ§Œ
01:55
we do not call X and Y 23.
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X와 YλŠ” 23번이라 λΆ€λ₯΄μ§„ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
I like to think that they are waiting for, like, a LeBron James to come along.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ₯΄λΈŒλ‘  μ œμž„μŠ€ 같은 이름이라도 κΈ°λŒ€ν• μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ
02:02
But in this instance, they were like,
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κ·Έλ•Œ λ‹Ήμ‹œλ‘œμ„  이런 κ±°μ£ .
02:04
"We're just going to keep the letters,
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"일단 X와 Y둜 κ°€κ³ 
02:06
and then we'll give them a title."
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λ‚˜μ€‘μ— μ œλŒ€λ‘œ 된 이름을 주자."
02:08
They called them the sex chromosomes.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 이것을 μ„± 염색체라 λΆˆλ €μ£ .
02:10
Now I would wager that in the United States,
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λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 잘 μ•Œλ €μ§„ 염색체일 거라
02:13
these are the most well-known chromosomes
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ν™•μ‹ ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
02:16
for one simple fact:
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XλŠ” μ—¬μž,
02:17
that we say X equals "girl," and Y equals "boy" --
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YλŠ” λ‚¨μžλ₯Ό μ˜λ―Έν•œλ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μ„μš”.
02:20
that they are responsible for sex.
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X와 Yκ°€ 성을 κ΅¬λΆ„μ§“λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
02:23
And -- and I had to learn this --
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그리고 μ €λŠ” 이 사싀을 λ°°μ›Œμ•Όλ§Œ ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
02:25
but when I'm talking about "sex" here,
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μ œκ°€ 성에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ–˜κΈ°ν•  λ•Œ
02:27
I'm talking about the way biology gives us gonads,
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μ €λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μƒλ¬Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ 얻은 생식선
02:30
which are our ovaries and our testes --
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 말둜 λ‚œμ†Œμ™€ κ³ ν™˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ λ§ν•˜λŠ” 거지
02:32
I'm not talking about gender, which is how we identify.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μžμ‹ μ„ κ·œμ •ν•˜λŠ” 젠더에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ§ν•˜λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—μš”.
02:35
And so, as a reporter at the show --
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ 'λΌλ””μ˜€λž©'μ΄λΌλŠ”
02:38
"Radiolab," the audio documentary program I work for --
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μ˜€λ””μ˜€ λ‹€νλ©˜ν„°λ¦¬ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ—μ„œ μΌν•˜λŠ” ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ κΈ°μžλ‘œμ„œ
02:43
I was like, what's up with these sex chromosomes?
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μ €λŠ” 이랬죠. "이 μ„± μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄λ“€μ΄λž€ 게 뭐야?"
02:46
You know, that's kind of my job, I think things are weird,
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그런 게 제 μΌμ΄κ±°λ“ μš”. λͺ¨λ“  것듀을 μ΄μƒν•˜κ²Œ 바라보고
02:49
and then I get to call people about them
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ν•œν…Œ μ „ν™”κ±°λŠ” κ±°μ£ , μ§ˆλ¬Έν•˜λ €κ³ μš”.
02:51
and ask questions, and then hopefully they answer.
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희망컨데 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λŒ€λ‹΅ν•΄μ£Όκ³ μš”.
02:53
And in this case, a lot of people answered.
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이번 κ²½μš°μ— λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 닡을 μ£Όμ…¨μ–΄μš”.
02:55
And in the two years I had of reporting on X and Y,
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μ œκ°€ X와 Y에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ“΄ 2λ…„μ˜ μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ
02:59
as part of "Gonads," the series on sex and gender
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μ œκ°€ 맑게 λ˜μ—ˆλ˜ 'κ³ λ‚˜μ¦ˆ'
03:01
I ended up doing for "Radiolab,"
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μ„±κ³Ό 젠더에 κ΄€ν•œ λΌλ””μ˜€λž©μ˜ μ‹œλ¦¬μ¦ˆμ—μ„œ
03:03
I found out that these two chromosomes live in a world that is unexpected,
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μ €λŠ” 두 염색체가 μ˜ˆμƒν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ 세계, μ‘°κΈˆμ€ λΆˆμ•ˆμ •ν•œ 곳에 μžˆμŒμ„ μ•Œκ²Œ 됐죠.
03:09
a little unsettling;
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03:10
where things that I thought were facts
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μ œκ°€ 사싀이라 μƒκ°ν–ˆλ˜ 것듀이
03:12
were, like, twisted in ways I hadn't seen before.
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μ œκ°€ μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν•œ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ™œκ³‘λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
03:15
And the world goes so far beyond the boundaries of sex,
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μ„±μ—μ„œ 훨씬 더 λ¨Ό 곳으둜 λ»—μ–΄λ‚˜κ°„ μ„Έκ³„μ˜€μ–΄μš”.
03:20
I was like,
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μ €λŠ” μƒκ°ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
03:21
"Maybe we should all talk about this."
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'μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ 우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 이에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ–˜κΈ°ν•΄λ΄μ•Όκ² μ–΄.'
03:23
So, you're you all,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μ—¬κΈ° 있고
03:25
we're all going to talk about it.
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 이에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ–˜κΈ°ν•  κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
03:28
And for me,
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제 κ²½μš°μ—
03:30
the true story of X and Y starts with their name.
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X와 Y에 λŒ€ν•œ μ§„μ§œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ΄λ¦„μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜μ£ .
03:34
So within years of being discovered,
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이 염색체듀이 λ°œκ²¬λ˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆμ—
03:37
these two little chromosomes had acquired more than 10 different names.
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이 μž‘μ€ 염색체듀은 10κ°œλŠ” λ„˜λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 이름듀을 더 μ–»μ—ˆλ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
There was diplosome and heterochromosome
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λ””ν”Œλ‘œμ†œκ³Ό ν—€ν…Œλ‘œν¬λ‘œλͺ¨μ†œ
03:44
and idiochromosome,
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μ΄λ””μ˜€ν¬λ‘œλͺ¨μ†œμ΄λž€ 이름도 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
03:46
and most of the names had to do with their structure, their shape,
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 이름이 μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄μ˜ ꡬ쑰, κ·Έ λͺ¨μ–‘κ³Ό 크기와 관련이 μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
03:49
their size.
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03:51
And then there was "sex chromosome,"
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그리고 'μ„± 염색체'κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
03:53
which they had been given because of the fact
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이 이름은 Xκ°€ μ—¬μ„±,
03:55
that we had started seeing that the X would go with the females,
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Yκ°€ 주둜 남성에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” μ΄λ¦„μ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
03:58
and the Y would often go with the males.
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04:01
But scientists were like,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ§ν–ˆμ£ .
04:03
"Do we really want to call them sex chromosomes?"
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'정말 이것듀은 μ„± 염색체라 λΆˆλŸ¬μ•Ό ν•˜λ‚˜?'
04:06
And science historian Sarah Richardson is the one who told me this story.
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κ³Όν•™μ‚¬ν•™μž 사라 λ¦¬μ²˜λ“œμŠ¨μ€ 이런 μ–˜κΈ°λ₯Ό ν•΄μ€¬μ–΄μš”.
04:11
(Audio) Sarah Richardson: For three decades, scientists were like,
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'30λ…„κ°„ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ§ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
04:14
"You should not call them the sex chromosomes.
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"이것듀을 μ„± 염색체라 λΆˆλŸ¬μ„  μ•ˆ 돼.
04:17
The X and Y have many functions,
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'X와 YλŠ” λ§Žμ€ κΈ°λŠ₯을 κ°–κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³ .
04:19
and you wouldn't assume that a single chromosome
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ν•œ 염색체가 ν•œ 가지 νŠΉμ„±λ§Œ μ’Œμš°ν•˜λŠ” 거라고 μƒμ •ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ•ˆ 돼.
04:23
controls a single trait.
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04:25
Imagine calling one chromosome the 'urogenital chromosome,'
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ν•œ 염색체λ₯Ό 비뇨 생식 염색체라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” κ±Έ 생각해 봐.
04:29
or the 'liver chromosome.'"
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ κ°„ 염색체라든지."
04:33
MW: Scientists, if you dig into the history --
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€, 역사λ₯Ό 파 보면
04:35
it's really cool, you should --
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정말 ν₯λ―Έλ‘œμ›Œμš”.
04:37
were hesitant to, like, commit to such a specific name
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이런 ꡬ체적이고 μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ 함좕적인 이름을
04:42
and such a powerfully connotated name.
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μˆ˜μš©ν•˜λŠ” κ±Έ λ§μ„€μ—¬μ™”λŠ”λ°μš”.
04:44
There was a fear that it would actually be really limiting --
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 이름이 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ³Όν•™ λ˜λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒμ—
04:47
maybe to science, maybe to society --
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μ œν•œμ„ 걸지 λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€λŠ” 두렀움이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
but the fear was in the room.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이게 λͺ…μ‹œμ μœΌλ‘œ λ…Όμ˜λ˜μ§„ μ•Šμ•˜μ£ .
04:52
And you can see they ended up getting "sex chromosome" --
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염색체듀이 κ²°κ΅­μ—” 'μ„± 염색체'λΌλŠ” 이름을 μ–»μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
04:56
it's like a pretty juicy title,
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이건 κ½€ ν₯λ―Έ λ‹μš°λŠ” 이름이죠.
04:58
it popularized genetics, you know?
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이 이름이 μœ μ „ν•™μ„ λŒ€μ€‘ν™”μ‹œμΌ°λ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:01
But in the 100-year history since we settled on that name,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έ 이름에 μ •μ°©ν•œ ν›„ 100년이 λ˜λŠ” μ‹œκ°„
05:07
you can see it starts to get a little complicated.
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λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 더 λ³΅μž‘ν•΄μ§€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ£ .
05:11
So around 1960 --
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1960λ…„ 즈음이죠.
05:13
this is going to be our first stop
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μ—¬κΈ°κ°€ 우리의 첫 번째 κ²½μœ μ§€κ°€ 될 ν…λ°μš”.
05:15
on the complicated world of the sex chromosomes --
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μ„± μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄μ˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ 말이죠.
05:17
so around 1960,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 1960년쯀에
05:19
we had discovered that you could be XYY.
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ XYY일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀이 λ°ν˜€μ‘Œμ–΄μš”.
05:22
They discovered an XYY man.
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ XYY λ‚¨μžλ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμ£ .
05:25
And to digress a little here,
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잠깐 μ˜†κΈΈλ‘œ μƒˆλ³΄μžλ©΄
05:27
it turns out that the model of "X equals girl and Y equals boy"
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'XλŠ” μ—¬μžμ™€ YλŠ” λ‚¨μžμ™€ μƒμ‘ν•œλ‹€' λŠ” λͺ¨ν˜•μ€
05:32
is really simplistic.
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맀우 λ‹¨μˆœν•œ λͺ¨ν˜•μ΄λΌλŠ” 게 λ°ν˜€μ‘Œμ–΄μš”.
05:34
You can actually be a whole bunch of different combinations of X and Y,
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μ‚¬λžŒμ€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ X와 Y의 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 결합일 수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
05:38
giving you, like, different types of biological sex.
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μ΄λŠ” λ‹Ήμ‹ μ—κ²Œ μƒλ¬Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μœ ν˜•μ˜ 성별을 쀄 수 μžˆκ³ μš”.
05:42
You could be two Xs and two Ys together.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ X 2κ°œμ™€ Y 2개λ₯Ό κ°€μ‘Œμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
05:44
You could be four Xs, you could be five Xs,
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4개의 X ν˜Ήμ€ 5개의 Xλ₯Ό κ°€μ‘Œμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆκ³ μš”.
05:46
you could be XO.
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XO일 μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
05:47
And so I thought that was pretty crazy,
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μ €λŠ” 그게 ꡉμž₯ν•œ 일이라 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
05:50
because I was like,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ €λŠ” μ΄λž¬κ±°λ“ μš”.
05:51
"Wow, this really upends a model of biological sex
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'와 이거 μ—¬κΈ° μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ λ°°μ› λ˜
05:54
I think most of us in this room have been taught."
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생물학적 성별 λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ λ’€μ—ŽλŠ”κ΅°.'
05:56
So a few years after they realized that you can be XYY,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ XYY일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 μ•Œκ²Œ 된 λͺ‡ λ…„ ν›„
06:00
researchers go to a prison in Scotland,
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ΄ μŠ€μ½”ν‹€λžœλ“œμ˜ κ΅λ„μ†Œμ— κ°”μ–΄μš”.
06:02
and they do genetic analysis of a bunch of the male prisoners.
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κ±°κΈ°μ„œ 수감자 μ—¬λŸΏμ„ μƒλŒ€λ‘œ μœ μ „μž 뢄석을 ν–ˆμ£ .
06:06
And they find a number of people who are XYY.
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ λ§Žμ€ 수의 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ XYYλΌλŠ” κ±Έ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
06:10
And according to Sarah:
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그리고 μ‚¬λΌμ˜ 말에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
06:13
(Audio) SR: They just rushed to publish a theory
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'μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ μ„œλ‘˜λŸ¬ ν•œ 가섀을 λ°œν‘œν–ˆμ£ .
06:15
suggesting that this extra Y chromosome
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뢀가적인 Y 염색체가 μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄
06:19
could explain criminality in some men.
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 범죄λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆμ„μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€λŠ” κ°€μ„€μ„μš”.'
06:23
MW: Yeah.
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λ„€.
06:24
So the logic goes like this:
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κ·Έ λ…Όλ¦¬λž€ μ΄λž¬μ–΄μš”
06:26
By this point, we're thinking Y is male.
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이 μ‹œμ μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” Yκ°€ 남성을 μ˜λ―Έν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ£ .
06:29
We think male is aggressive,
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남성은 곡격적이라고 μƒκ°ν•˜κ³ μš”.
06:31
so Y must be aggression.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ YλŠ” 곡격적인 κ±°μ£ .
06:33
If you've got an extra Y, you must be crazy.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μΆ”κ°€λ‘œ Yλ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ 포악할 게 ν‹€λ¦Όμ—†μ–΄μš”.
06:37
And like, we went nuts with this theory.
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κ·Έ κ°€μ„€λ‘œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ‹¬μ•„μ˜¬λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:39
We called it the supermale,
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XYY 남성듀을 μ΄ˆλ‚¨μ„±μ΄λΌ λΆˆλ €μ£ .
06:41
they started scanning more prisoners,
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ 더 λ§Žμ€ μˆ˜κ°μžλ“€μ„ λΆ„μ„ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
06:43
serial killers, boys.
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μ—°μ‡„μ‚΄μΈλ§ˆ, μ†Œλ…„λ²”λ„μš”.
06:47
And in all seriousness,
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그리고 μ •λ§λ‘œ μ§„μ§€ν•˜κ²Œλ„
06:48
there was actually a suggestion that we consider aborting XYY fetuses.
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XYY νƒœμ•„λŠ” λ‚™νƒœλ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•˜μžλŠ” μ œμ•ˆμ΄ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
06:55
So in 1980,
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그리고 1980년에
06:57
this theory pretty much toppled, for a number of reasons.
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가섀은 μ—Žμ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ—¬λŸ¬ μ΄μœ κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
07:00
One,
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첫째둜
07:02
there had been this really large study
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정말 큰 규λͺ¨μ˜ 쑰사가 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
07:04
that basically showed there was no connection
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이 μ‘°μ‚¬λŠ” Y 염색체와 폭λ ₯성이 기본적으둜
07:06
between Y and violence,
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μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° 관련이 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ 보여쀬죠.
07:08
I think we all saw that coming.
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저희 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ 이 결둠을 μ˜ˆμƒν–ˆμ„ 거라 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:10
And then, there was one other thing.
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그리고 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ΄μœ λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
07:13
(Audio) SR: Going back and looking at those original findings
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'λ‹€μ‹œ λŒμ•„κ°€ κ·Έ λ³΄μ•ˆλ“±κΈ‰ 높은 μ •μ‹  λ³‘λ™μ—μ„œ
07:16
in that high-security psychiatric institution,
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처음의 발견 자료λ₯Ό κ²€ν† ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό
07:18
they had also found a high number of individuals
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λ§Žμ€ 수의 개인이
07:23
with an extra X chromosome.
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μΆ”κ°€ X 염색체도 κ°–κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμ£ .
07:25
So these are XXY, as opposed to XYY.
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XYYλ“€κ³Ό μƒλ°˜λ˜λŠ” XXY듀이 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.'
07:29
(Audio) MW: Really?
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μ •λ§μΈκ°€μš”?
07:30
(Audio) SR: Yeah. Now, they never claimed
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'λ„€. μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€
07:32
that the individuals with an extra X chromosome
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μΆ”κ°€ X 염색체λ₯Ό μ§€λ‹Œ κ°œμΈλ“€μ΄
07:34
were superfemales.
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μ΄ˆμ—¬μ„±μ΄λΌκ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•œ 적이 μ—†μ–΄μš”.
07:36
They never investigated whether they had higher rates of violence.
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그런 이듀이 높은 폭λ ₯성을 μ§€λ‹ˆκ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€λŠ” μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ£ .'
07:41
MW: Seems like kind of an oversight.
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μΌμ’…μ˜ μ‹€μˆ˜μ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μ΄λ„€μš”.
07:43
I don't know.
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λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μ–΄μš”.
07:44
But I think it's interesting,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν₯λ―Έλ‘œμ›Œμš”.
07:46
because what you see is if you start looking at these chromosomes
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 염색체듀을
μ„±λ³„μ˜ κ΄€μ μœΌλ‘œ 바라보기 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λ©΄
07:51
through the lens of sex,
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07:52
what naturally falls in place behind
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κ·Έ 뒀에 μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ μ˜€λŠ” 것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 염색체듀을
07:54
is we look at them through the lens of gender,
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μ„± κ΄€λ…μ˜ κ΄€μ μœΌλ‘œ λ°”λΌλ³΄λŠ” 것이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
07:57
and the traits that we associate with gender.
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μ„± 관념과 μ—°κ΄€λ˜λŠ” νŠΉμ„±λ“€μ˜ κ΄€μ μœΌλ‘œλ„μš”.
07:59
So men were violent,
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남성은 폭λ ₯μ μ΄λ‹ˆ
08:00
and Y explained why they were in prison.
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YλŠ” μˆ˜κ°μžλ“€μ΄ μ™œ 감μ˜₯에 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
08:03
The X did not do that,
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XλŠ” κ·ΈλŸ¬μ§€ μ•Šκ³ μš”.
08:04
because like, you know, what's X?
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ Xλž€ λ­”κ°€μš”?
08:06
We don't associate it with violence.
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폭λ ₯μ„±κ³Ό μ—°κ΄€ 짓지 μ•ŠλŠ” 것이죠.
08:08
And while we don't believe in supermales today --
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μ΄ˆλ‚¨μ„±μ΄λž€ κ±Έ λ―Ώμ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ
08:12
God, I hope we don't --
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λ―ΏλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ—†κΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λΌμš”.
08:13
we don't believe in supermales today,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μ΄ˆλ‚¨μ„±μ΄λž€ κ±Έ λ―Ώμ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ
08:15
there is a very similar conversation that's still happening
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μ—¬μ „νžˆ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ…Όμ˜κ°€ 이루어지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:18
around inherent violence in boys and biology.
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λ‚¨μžμ• μ—κ²Œ λ‚΄μž¬λœ 폭λ ₯μ„±κ³Ό μ—°κ΄€ν•΄μ„œ, 그리고 μƒλ¬Όν•™μ—μ„œμš”.
08:24
So my next stop on the weird world of X and Y,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ X와 Y의 κΈ°λ¬˜ν•œ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ
08:27
or things feeling a little topsy-turvy, is 1985.
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ν˜Ήμ€ μ’€ λ’€μ„žμΈ κ²ƒλ“€μ˜ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ λ‹€μŒ κ²½μœ μ§€λŠ” 1985년이 될 κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
08:31
The World University Games were set to happen in Japan,
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μΌλ³Έμ—μ„œ μœ λ‹ˆλ²„μ‹œμ•„λ“œκ°€ 열릴 μ˜ˆμ •μ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
08:35
and the Spanish hurdler MarΓ­a JosΓ© MartΓ­nez-PatiΓ±o was scheduled to run.
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μž₯μ• λ¬Ό λ‹¬λ¦¬κΈ°μ—μ„œ 슀페인인 λ§ˆλ¦¬μ•„ ν˜Έμ„Έ 마λ₯΄ν‹°λ„€μ¦ˆ-νŒŒν‹°λ‡¨κ°€ λ›Έ μ˜ˆμ •μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
08:41
She was like a hot shot, a rising superstar.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ– μ˜€λ₯΄λŠ” λ³„μ΄μž μŠˆνΌμŠ€νƒ€μ˜€μ£ .
08:45
And the night before her race, they had her DNA scanned.
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κ²½μ£Όκ°€ μ‹œμž‘λ˜κΈ° μ „λ‚  λ°€ κ·Έλ…€λŠ” DNA 검사λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:49
Now at the time, this was a thing that they were doing,
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κ·Έ μ‹œμ ˆμ—λŠ” μ›λž˜ 그런 κ±Έ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
08:52
because they were like,
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μ™œλƒλ©΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
08:53
"OK, we don't want men covertly racing as women,
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'자, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‚¨μžλ“€μ΄ λͺ°λž˜ μ—¬μž κ²½κΈ°μ—μ„œ λ›°λŠ” κ±Έ μ›ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„.
08:57
so we're going to scan the women
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ μ„ μˆ˜λ“€μ˜ DNAλ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•΄μ„œ
08:59
and make sure all their Xs line up."
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X만 μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ 확인할 κ±°μ•Ό.'
09:03
And so I heard this story from Ruth Padawer
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μ €λŠ” 이 μ–˜κΈ°λ₯Ό 루슀 νŒŒλ‹€μ›Œν•œν…Œ λ“€μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
09:06
who was a New York Times Magazine reporter
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ‰΄μš• νƒ€μž„μŠ€ λ§€κ±°μ§„μ˜ κΈ°μžμ˜€κ³ 
09:08
and she reported on MarΓ­a.
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λ§ˆλ¦¬μ•„μ— λŒ€ν•œ 기사λ₯Ό 썼죠.
09:12
(Audio) Ruth Padawer: So they tell her the chromosome test results were abnormal.
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'λ§ˆλ¦¬μ•„λŠ” 검사 κ²°κ³Όκ°€ λΉ„μ •μƒμ΄λΌλŠ” 말을 λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:15
Although on the outside, she was fully female,
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κ²‰μœΌλ‘œ 보기에 κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μ™„μ „ν•œ μ—¬μ„±μ΄μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
09:18
she had XY chromosomes and these internal testes.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” XY 염색체와 μž λ³΅κ³ ν™˜μ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .'
09:22
MW: They were like,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ§ν–ˆμ£ .
09:23
"We hate to break it to you, MarΓ­a, but you're actually a dude.
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"이 μ†Œμ‹μ„ μ „ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ–΄ μœ κ°μ΄μ§€λ§Œ λ§ˆλ¦¬μ•„, 당신은 사싀 λ‚¨μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:26
You can't race with the ladies."
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μ—¬μž κ²½μ£Όμ—μ„œλŠ” λ›Έ 수 μ—†μ–΄μš”."
09:30
(Audio) RP: And so she's thrown off the national team,
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'그리고 λ§ˆλ¦¬μ•„λŠ” κ΅­κ°€ λŒ€ν‘œ μ„ μˆ˜ μžκ²©μ„ λ°•νƒˆλ‹Ήν–ˆκ³ 
09:33
she's expelled from the athletics residence,
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μ„ μˆ˜ μˆ™μ†Œμ—μ„œλ„ μ«“κ²¨λ‚¬μœΌλ©°
09:36
she's denied her scholarship,
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μž₯ν•™κΈˆλ„ κ±°μ ˆλ‹Ήν–ˆκ³ 
09:37
a bunch of her friends dump her,
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μ—¬λŸ¬ μΉœκ΅¬λ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ ˆκ΅λ‹Ήν–ˆμ£ .
09:39
fellow athletes abandon her,
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λ™λ£Œ μ„ μˆ˜λ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„°λ„ λ²„λ¦Όλ°›μ•˜κ³ μš”.
09:41
she loses her medals, her records are revoked.
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λ§ˆλ¦¬μ•„λŠ” 메달도 λ°•νƒˆλ‹Ήν–ˆκ³  κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ„Έμš΄ 기둝은 μ‚­μ œλμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.'
09:46
MW: So it turns out --
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ°ν˜€μ§€κΈ°λ‘œλŠ”
09:48
remember when I told you
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ X와 Y의 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 쑰합일 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ§ν•œ 것 κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ‹œλ‚˜μš”.
09:49
you can be a bunch of different combinations of X and Y --
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09:52
you can also be XY and be female.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ XYμ΄λ©΄μ„œ μ—¬μžμΌ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:54
You can be XX and male.
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XXμ΄λ©΄μ„œ λ‚¨μžμΌ μˆ˜λ„ 있죠.
09:56
In MarΓ­a's case, she was something called androgen insensitive.
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λ§ˆλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ 경우 μ•ˆλ“œλ‘œμ   λ¬΄κ°κ°μ¦μ΄λΌλŠ” 증상을 κ°–κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
10:00
Which means that she did have some sort of internal testes --
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κ·Έ μ˜λ―Έλž€ λ§ˆλ¦¬μ•„κ°€ μΌμ’…μ˜ 잠볡 κ³ ν™˜μ„ κ°–κ³  있고
10:04
they were making testosterone --
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κ·Έ κ³ ν™˜μ΄ ν…ŒμŠ€ν† μŠ€ν…Œλ‘ μ„ λΆ„λΉ„ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
10:06
but her body couldn't use it.
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λ§ˆλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ λͺΈμ€ κ·Έ 호λ₯΄λͺ¬μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμ£ .
10:08
And so if you thought of testosterone as, like, a superpower,
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ν…ŒμŠ€ν† μŠ€ν…Œλ‘ μ„ μΌμ’…μ˜ μŠˆνΌνŒŒμ›ŒλΌκ³  생각해본닀면
10:11
she was not benefiting from it.
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λ§ˆλ¦¬μ•„λŠ” κ·Έ 덕을 보고 μžˆμ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
10:14
And so eventually,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 결ꡭ에
10:15
sports authorities, like, let her back in,
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슀포츠 당ꡭ은 λ§ˆλ¦¬μ•„λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ λ°›μ•„λ“€μ˜€μ£ .
10:17
but her career was done.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ§ˆλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ κ²½λ ₯은 λλ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:20
And in this instance you see how,
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ§€κΈˆ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:24
if you assign sex to a specific place in the body,
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μ„±λ³„μ˜ 문제λ₯Ό λͺΈμ˜ μ–΄λŠ 뢀뢄에 λ‘”λ‹€λ©΄
10:27
or at least, like, this is what I saw, right?
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뭐 μ΅œμ†Œν•œ μ œκ°€ λ³΄κΈ°μ—λŠ” μ΄λž˜μš”
10:30
If you assign sex to a specific place in the body,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ„±λ³„μ˜ 문제λ₯Ό λͺΈμ˜ μ–΄λŠ ν•œ 뢀뢄에 λ‘”λ‹€λ©΄
10:34
it somehow makes us think that we can go into a body,
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이건 μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λͺΈμœΌλ‘œ κ°€μ„œ
10:37
look at a specific place
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ ν•œ 뢀뢄을 λ³΄κ³ λŠ”
10:39
and tell someone we know something more about them
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κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 슀슀둜 μ•„λŠ” 것보닀
10:41
than they know about themselves.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ— λŒ€ν•΄ 더 잘 μ•ˆλ‹€κ³  λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것과 κ°™μ£ .
10:44
And that feels terrifying to me.
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μ €λŠ” 그게 μ°Έ λ‘λ ΅κ²Œ λŠκ»΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:48
And we don't genetically test female athletes anymore,
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μ—¬μ„± μš΄λ™ μ„ μˆ˜λ“€μ€ 이제 λ”λŠ” μœ μ „μž 검사λ₯Ό 받지 μ•Šμ•„μš”.
10:51
but you can see very similar conversations happening
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ…Όμ˜κ°€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ 이루어지고 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
10:55
when we talk about testosterone in sports,
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μŠ€ν¬μΈ μ—μ„œ ν…ŒμŠ€ν† μŠ€ν…Œλ‘ μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ–˜κΈ°ν•  λ•Œλ‚˜
10:57
you can also see it in suggestions that we take transgender individuals
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νŠΈλ ŒμŠ€μ  λ” κ°œμΈμ„ μœ μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„ν•΄μ„œ
11:01
and we genetically analyze them and we tell them who they are.
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그듀이 λˆ„κ΅°μ§€ λ§ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ” μƒν™©μ—μ„œ λ§μ΄μ—μš”.
11:06
That is real,
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이것이 ν˜„μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:07
that is a conversation that has happened recently.
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μ΅œκ·Όμ— μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 일듀이죠.
11:11
The last place that I'll share with you
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ν•  λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ κ²½μœ μ§€λŠ”
11:13
where these chromosomes got complicated for me
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제게 염색체 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ²Œ λŠκ»΄μ§€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•œ 곳인데
11:16
is this one thing that Melissa told me.
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λ©œλ¦¬μ‚¬κ°€ 제게 말해쀀 것이기도 ν•˜μ£ .
11:18
(Audio) Wilson: You can't survive without an X chromosome.
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'μ‚¬λžŒμ€ X 염색체 μ—†μ΄λŠ” 살아남을 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:21
No matter your gonads, no matter your identity,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 생식기가 뭐든, μ„± 정체성이 뭐든
11:23
every single human being has to have an X chromosome,
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λͺ¨λ“  인간듀은 X 염색체λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•΄μš”.
11:26
because without one, the rest of your body doesn't develop.
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X 염색체 μ—†μ΄λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λͺΈμ€ ν˜•μ„±λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.'
11:29
MW: Why do we call this the female chromosome?
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μ™œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 염색체λ₯Ό μ—¬μ„± 염색체라 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
11:31
OK, this is something I had never though about,
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이건 μ œκ°€ 생각해본 적 μ—†λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ§€λ§Œ
11:33
but literally, every single person in this audience has an X chromosome,
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μ—¬κΈ° 와 계신 λͺ¨λ“  뢄듀은 X 염색체λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
거짓이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—μš”.
11:37
I'm not lying.
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이 ν–‰μ„±μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  인간은 X 염색체λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμ–΄μš”.
11:38
Every single person on the planet has an X chromosome,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 아무도 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ£ .
11:40
but no one is going around like, "This is the every-person chromosome."
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"이 μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  인간 염색체야."
11:44
You know?
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마치 XλŠ” μ—¬κΈ° 있고 YλŠ” μ €κΈ° μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆ
11:45
Like, somehow it's over here, the Y is over there,
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11:47
and they must be really different,
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λ‘˜μ€ μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ₯Ό κ±°μ•Ό, μ΄λŸ¬λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
11:49
and I'm just like, it would be so much better
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그리고 μ €λŠ” μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 차라리 이 염색체가
11:51
if it was the every-person chromosome.
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λͺ¨λ“  인간 염색체라면 더 λ‚˜μ•˜μ„ 거라고.
11:53
And not just because I'm like, love you all and I want you all in,
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μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ λͺ¨λ‘λ₯Ό μ‚¬λž‘ν•˜κ³  받아듀이고 μ‹Άμ–΄μ„œκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
11:56
but because of what we're overlooking by the fact that we consider it female.
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염색체λ₯Ό μ—¬μ„±μ μœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ κ°„κ³Όν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것듀 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—μš”.
12:02
Because I'm going to tell you one of the craziest things I found out.
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그리고 μ œκ°€ λ°œκ²¬ν•œ ꡉμž₯ν•œ 것 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦΄ κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
12:05
Which is, when you think about the X chromosome,
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X 염색체에 λŒ€ν•΄ μƒκ°ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
12:09
of the almost 1,100 genes on the X chromosome,
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X 염색체에 μžˆλŠ” 1,100κ°œμ— λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” μœ μ „μž 쀑에
12:12
how many do you think have to do with sex and reproduction?
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성별과 생식에 κ΄€λ ¨λœ 게 λͺ‡ κ°œλ‚˜ 될 거라 μƒκ°ν•˜μ„Έμš”?
12:15
Like, get a number in your head.
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머릿속에 숫자λ₯Ό λ– μ˜¬λ € λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
12:19
Four percent.
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4%μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:21
That means 96 percent of the rest of that chromosome
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κ·Έ 말은 μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄μ˜ λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ 96%λŠ”
12:24
is doing something that has nothing to do with your gonads.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 생식기와 아무 연관이 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ˜λ―Έν•˜μ£ .
12:28
And I guess as all of these,
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그리고 μ €λŠ” μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이 λͺ¨λ“  이야기듀이
12:30
sort of, some of them social stories,
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μΌλΆ€λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒμ μΈ 이야기고
12:32
some of them scientific stories, some of these facts,
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μΌλΆ€λŠ” 과학적인 이야기고 μΌλΆ€λŠ” λ‹¨μˆœν•œ μ‚¬μ‹€μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
12:35
started to add up, I just thought, like,
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λͺ¨λ‘ λ§žμ•„λ–¨μ–΄μ§€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•œλ‹€κ³ μš”. 그리고 μ €λŠ” μƒκ°ν•˜μ£ .
12:38
why are we calling these the sex chromosomes?
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μ™œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 염색체듀을 μ„± 염색체라 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 거지?
12:41
Or if we are, like, maybe we all like that name,
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μ•„λ‹ˆ 우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ κ·Έ 이름을 μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” 거라면
12:44
should we just allow ourselves to think about them
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우리 슀슀둜 κ·Έ 염색체λ₯Ό 쑰금 더 λ„“κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜λ„λ‘
12:48
a little more broadly?
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ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„κΉŒ?
12:49
Because if we do,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
12:50
like, what insights would we gain, as people, as scientists?
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인λ₯˜λ‘œμ„œ, κ³Όν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–΄λ–€ 톡찰을 μ–»κ²Œ 될까?
12:55
And we're at this point where we're thinking about, like,
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이 μ‹œμ μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이런 것듀을 μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  μžˆμž–μ•„μš”.
12:58
how do we want to teach science,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 과학을 κ°€λ₯΄μΉ μ§€,
12:59
what do we want to fund,
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무엇에 μž¬μ •μ  지원을 할지,
13:01
like, who do we want to be as a society, you know?
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬νšŒλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³  싢은지.
13:03
And I just wondered if it wasn't a moment to rethink the biology of X and Y,
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μ €λŠ” μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ , 이 μˆœκ°„μ΄ μ•„λ‹κΉŒ.
μƒλ¬Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ X와 Y에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ‹€μ‹œ μƒκ°ν•˜κ³ 
13:08
and at the very least,
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μ΅œμ†Œν•œ 역사책에 μžˆλŠ” 각주라도 κΈ°μ–΅ν•  μ‹œκ°„μ΄λΌκ³ μš”.
13:11
to remember, like, the footnotes of history,
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13:13
which is that the dude who came up with the phrase "sex chromosome,"
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'μ„± 염색체'λž€ 이름을 λ“€κ³  온 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄
13:18
actually was like, "Hey, everyone, just remember, this is just,"
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” μ΄λž¬λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μš”. "자 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ„Έμš”, 이건 단지"
13:22
and I quote, "a form of shorthand."
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μ €λŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ“°κ² μ–΄μš”. "νŽΈμ˜μƒ κΈ°λ‘ν•˜λŠ” λ°©μ‹μ΄μ—μš”."
13:25
We should not take it literally.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ„± 염색체λ₯Ό κ·Έ 말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λ°›μ•„λ“€μ—¬μ„œλŠ” μ•ˆ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:28
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:29
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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