The weird history of the "sex chromosomes" | Molly Webster

213,422 views ใƒป 2020-04-21

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Transcriber: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Joy Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
OK.
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์ข‹์•„์š”.
00:14
So we are going to start in 1891,
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1891๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด๋ณด์ง€์š”.
00:17
when a German scientist was looking through a microscope
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ํ•œ ๋…์ผ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ
00:20
at insect cells.
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๊ณค์ถฉ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:22
And he saw something kind of funny.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
At the center of the cells, there was this dark stuff.
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์„ธํฌ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์–ด๋‘์šด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:28
No one had ever seen it before.
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์ „์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:29
And he noticed that as the cells would multiply and divide,
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์ œ์™€ ๋ถ„์—ด์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ
00:33
it would go into some of the new cells
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์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
but not the others.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ์—๋Š” ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์š”.
00:37
He didn't know what it was, so he gave it a really great name.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ญ”์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ •๋ง ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ง€์–ด์คฌ์–ด์š”.
00:40
He called it the "X element."
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'X ์š”์†Œ'๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
00:42
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:43
And he was like, "We'll just fill in that X later."
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"X์— ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ• ์ง€๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ •ํ•˜์ž"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
00:46
And then, fast-forward 10 years later,
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ 10๋…„ ๋’ค๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด ์™€์„œ
00:50
and there is an American scientist,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ณผํ•™์ž ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด
00:52
and she is looking through her microscope,
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์—ญ์‹œ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ
00:54
also at insect cells.
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๊ณค์ถฉ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:56
And she sees something funny.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋‚œ ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:58
There's more of this dark stuff.
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์–ด๋‘์šด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
01:00
And it's kind of tiny,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์•˜๊ณ 
01:01
it's hanging out near the X element.
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X ์š”์†Œ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:04
And eventually, someone was like,
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:06
"Well, if that one thing's called X,
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"์ €๊ฑธ X๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฉด
01:07
should we call this other thing Y?"
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์ด๊ฑฐ๋Š” Y๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜?"
01:10
And like that, (Snaps fingers)
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ
01:11
the sex chromosomes had been discovered.
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์„ฑ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:14
So chromosomes,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ž€
01:15
you probably all know what they are,
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์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ”์ง€ ์•„์‹ค ํ…Œ์ง€๋งŒ
01:17
but I will tell you anyways.
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์–ด์จŒ๋“  ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋งํ•ด๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
01:19
They're made up of DNA --
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์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ž€ DNA๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์กŒ๊ณ 
01:20
everything has it, it's the blueprint of life,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์— ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์ฒญ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด์ฃ .
01:23
we've got rats, we've got trees,
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์ฅ, ๋‚˜๋ฌด, ๊ณค์ถฉ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ,
01:24
we've got insects, we've got humans.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
01:27
And in the case of human chromosomes,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—
01:30
geneticist Melissa Wilson broke it down for me like this.
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์œ ์ „ํ•™์ž ๋ฉœ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ ์œŒ์Šจ์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์คฌ์ฃ .
01:34
(Audio) Melissa Wilson: Typically, you'll get one copy of every chromosome
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'๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์œ ์ „ํ•™์  ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
01:37
from your genetic mom
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๋ชจ๋“  ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์”ฉ์„
01:38
and one copy of every chromosome from your genetic dad,
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์œ ์ „ํ•™์  ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์”ฉ์„ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์ฃ .
01:41
and we have 22 of these
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด 22์Œ์€
01:43
that you get one copy from mom and one copy from dad.
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์—„๋งˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์•„๋น ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
01:46
And then there's a 23rd pair, X and Y.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  23๋ฒˆ์งธ ์Œ์ธ X์™€ Y๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
01:50
Molly Webster: So while all the other chromosomes are numbered,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋Š” 1๋ฒˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 22๋ฒˆ๊นŒ์ง€
01:53
one through 22,
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๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋งค๊ฒจ์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ
01:55
we do not call X and Y 23.
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X์™€ Y๋Š” 23๋ฒˆ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
I like to think that they are waiting for, like, a LeBron James to come along.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฅด๋ธŒ๋ก  ์ œ์ž„์Šค ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด๋ผ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
02:02
But in this instance, they were like,
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ๋‹น์‹œ๋กœ์„  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:04
"We're just going to keep the letters,
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"์ผ๋‹จ X์™€ Y๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ 
02:06
and then we'll give them a title."
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋œ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ฃผ์ž."
02:08
They called them the sex chromosomes.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ฑ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ €์ฃ .
02:10
Now I would wager that in the United States,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์ผ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ
02:13
these are the most well-known chromosomes
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ํ™•์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
02:16
for one simple fact:
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X๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž,
02:17
that we say X equals "girl," and Y equals "boy" --
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Y๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„์š”.
02:20
that they are responsible for sex.
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X์™€ Y๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ง“๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:23
And -- and I had to learn this --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:25
but when I'm talking about "sex" here,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ
02:27
I'm talking about the way biology gives us gonads,
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ป์€ ์ƒ์‹์„ 
02:30
which are our ovaries and our testes --
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋กœ ๋‚œ์†Œ์™€ ๊ณ ํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€
02:32
I'm not talking about gender, which is how we identify.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์  ๋”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
02:35
And so, as a reporter at the show --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ '๋ผ๋””์˜ค๋žฉ'์ด๋ผ๋Š”
02:38
"Radiolab," the audio documentary program I work for --
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์˜ค๋””์˜ค ๋‹คํ๋ฉ˜ํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ž๋กœ์„œ
02:43
I was like, what's up with these sex chromosomes?
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋žฌ์ฃ . "์ด ์„ฑ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋“ค์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ์•ผ?"
02:46
You know, that's kind of my job, I think things are weird,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒŒ ์ œ ์ผ์ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ 
02:49
and then I get to call people about them
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“คํ•œํ…Œ ์ „ํ™”๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ , ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ ์š”.
02:51
and ask questions, and then hopefully they answer.
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ํฌ๋ง์ปจ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ ์š”.
02:53
And in this case, a lot of people answered.
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์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ต์„ ์ฃผ์…จ์–ด์š”.
02:55
And in the two years I had of reporting on X and Y,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ X์™€ Y์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์“ด 2๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ
02:59
as part of "Gonads," the series on sex and gender
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ '๊ณ ๋‚˜์ฆˆ'
03:01
I ended up doing for "Radiolab,"
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์„ฑ๊ณผ ์  ๋”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค๋žฉ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์—์„œ
03:03
I found out that these two chromosomes live in a world that is unexpected,
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์ €๋Š” ๋‘ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„, ์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋์ฃ .
03:09
a little unsettling;
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03:10
where things that I thought were facts
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
03:12
were, like, twisted in ways I hadn't seen before.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์™œ๊ณก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:15
And the world goes so far beyond the boundaries of sex,
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์„ฑ์—์„œ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋จผ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋ป—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜€์–ด์š”.
03:20
I was like,
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์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:21
"Maybe we should all talk about this."
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'์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด๋ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์–ด.'
03:23
So, you're you all,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:25
we're all going to talk about it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
03:28
And for me,
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์ œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—
03:30
the true story of X and Y starts with their name.
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X์™€ Y์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„์งœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:34
So within years of being discovered,
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์ด ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์—
03:37
these two little chromosomes had acquired more than 10 different names.
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋“ค์€ 10๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋„˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฆ„๋“ค์„ ๋” ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
There was diplosome and heterochromosome
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๋””ํ”Œ๋กœ์†œ๊ณผ ํ—คํ…Œ๋กœํฌ๋กœ๋ชจ์†œ
03:44
and idiochromosome,
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์ด๋””์˜คํฌ๋กœ๋ชจ์†œ์ด๋ž€ ์ด๋ฆ„๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:46
and most of the names had to do with their structure, their shape,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๊ทธ ๋ชจ์–‘๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:49
their size.
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03:51
And then there was "sex chromosome,"
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  '์„ฑ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด'๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:53
which they had been given because of the fact
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์ด ์ด๋ฆ„์€ X๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ,
03:55
that we had started seeing that the X would go with the females,
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Y๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:58
and the Y would often go with the males.
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04:01
But scientists were like,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
04:03
"Do we really want to call them sex chromosomes?"
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'์ •๋ง ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์„ฑ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜?'
04:06
And science historian Sarah Richardson is the one who told me this story.
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๊ณผํ•™์‚ฌํ•™์ž ์‚ฌ๋ผ ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ์Šจ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์คฌ์–ด์š”.
04:11
(Audio) Sarah Richardson: For three decades, scientists were like,
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'30๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:14
"You should not call them the sex chromosomes.
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"์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์„ฑ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์„  ์•ˆ ๋ผ.
04:17
The X and Y have many functions,
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'X์™€ Y๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ .
04:19
and you wouldn't assume that a single chromosome
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ํ•œ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์„ฑ๋งŒ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ •ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ผ.
04:23
controls a single trait.
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04:25
Imagine calling one chromosome the 'urogenital chromosome,'
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ํ•œ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋น„๋‡จ ์ƒ์‹ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด.
04:29
or the 'liver chromosome.'"
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ฐ„ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ผ๋“ ์ง€."
04:33
MW: Scientists, if you dig into the history --
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€, ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด
04:35
it's really cool, you should --
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์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์›Œ์š”.
04:37
were hesitant to, like, commit to such a specific name
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํ•จ์ถ•์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฆ„์„
04:42
and such a powerfully connotated name.
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์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ง์„ค์—ฌ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
04:44
There was a fear that it would actually be really limiting --
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์—
04:47
maybe to science, maybe to society --
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์ œํ•œ์„ ๊ฑธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
but the fear was in the room.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜์ง„ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
04:52
And you can see they ended up getting "sex chromosome" --
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์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—” '์„ฑ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด'๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:56
it's like a pretty juicy title,
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ฝค ํฅ๋ฏธ ๋‹์šฐ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์ด์ฃ .
04:58
it popularized genetics, you know?
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์ด ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์œ ์ „ํ•™์„ ๋Œ€์ค‘ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
But in the 100-year history since we settled on that name,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฆ„์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•œ ํ›„ 100๋…„์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„
05:07
you can see it starts to get a little complicated.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:11
So around 1960 --
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1960๋…„ ์ฆˆ์Œ์ด์ฃ .
05:13
this is going to be our first stop
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฝ์œ ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋  ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
05:15
on the complicated world of the sex chromosomes --
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์„ฑ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:17
so around 1960,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 1960๋…„์ฏค์—
05:19
we had discovered that you could be XYY.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ XYY์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์–ด์š”.
05:22
They discovered an XYY man.
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด XYY ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:25
And to digress a little here,
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์ž ๊น ์˜†๊ธธ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋ณด์ž๋ฉด
05:27
it turns out that the model of "X equals girl and Y equals boy"
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'X๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž์™€ Y๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž์™€ ์ƒ์‘ํ•œ๋‹ค' ๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์€
05:32
is really simplistic.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์–ด์š”.
05:34
You can actually be a whole bunch of different combinations of X and Y,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ X์™€ Y์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
05:38
giving you, like, different types of biological sex.
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์ด๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
05:42
You could be two Xs and two Ys together.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ X 2๊ฐœ์™€ Y 2๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
05:44
You could be four Xs, you could be five Xs,
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4๊ฐœ์˜ X ํ˜น์€ 5๊ฐœ์˜ X๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
05:46
you could be XO.
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XO์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:47
And so I thought that was pretty crazy,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์ผ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
05:50
because I was like,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋žฌ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
05:51
"Wow, this really upends a model of biological sex
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'์™€ ์ด๊ฑฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐฐ์› ๋˜
05:54
I think most of us in this room have been taught."
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋’ค์—Ž๋Š”๊ตฐ.'
05:56
So a few years after they realized that you can be XYY,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด XYY์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ํ›„
06:00
researchers go to a prison in Scotland,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๊ต๋„์†Œ์— ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
06:02
and they do genetic analysis of a bunch of the male prisoners.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ž ์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:06
And they find a number of people who are XYY.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด XYY๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:10
And according to Sarah:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ผ์˜ ๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
06:13
(Audio) SR: They just rushed to publish a theory
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'์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:15
suggesting that this extra Y chromosome
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๋ถ€๊ฐ€์ ์ธ Y ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด
06:19
could explain criminality in some men.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„์š”.'
06:23
MW: Yeah.
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๋„ค.
06:24
So the logic goes like this:
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๊ทธ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ž€ ์ด๋žฌ์–ด์š”
06:26
By this point, we're thinking Y is male.
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์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” Y๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
06:29
We think male is aggressive,
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๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
06:31
so Y must be aggression.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ Y๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:33
If you've got an extra Y, you must be crazy.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ Y๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํฌ์•…ํ•  ๊ฒŒ ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†์–ด์š”.
06:37
And like, we went nuts with this theory.
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์„ค๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ฌ์•„์˜ฌ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
We called it the supermale,
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XYY ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์ดˆ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ €์ฃ .
06:41
they started scanning more prisoners,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:43
serial killers, boys.
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์—ฐ์‡„์‚ด์ธ๋งˆ, ์†Œ๋…„๋ฒ”๋„์š”.
06:47
And in all seriousness,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„
06:48
there was actually a suggestion that we consider aborting XYY fetuses.
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XYY ํƒœ์•„๋Š” ๋‚™ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ž๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:55
So in 1980,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1980๋…„์—
06:57
this theory pretty much toppled, for a number of reasons.
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๊ฐ€์„ค์€ ์—Ž์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:00
One,
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์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ
07:02
there had been this really large study
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์ •๋ง ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:04
that basically showed there was no connection
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์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” Y ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์™€ ํญ๋ ฅ์„ฑ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
07:06
between Y and violence,
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์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ์ฃ .
07:08
I think we all saw that coming.
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์ €ํฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
And then, there was one other thing.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:13
(Audio) SR: Going back and looking at those original findings
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'๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ณด์•ˆ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ๋†’์€ ์ •์‹  ๋ณ‘๋™์—์„œ
07:16
in that high-security psychiatric institution,
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์ฒ˜์Œ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
07:18
they had also found a high number of individuals
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๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด
07:23
with an extra X chromosome.
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์ถ”๊ฐ€ X ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:25
So these are XXY, as opposed to XYY.
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XYY๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” XXY๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.'
07:29
(Audio) MW: Really?
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์ •๋ง์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
07:30
(Audio) SR: Yeah. Now, they never claimed
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'๋„ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€
07:32
that the individuals with an extra X chromosome
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์ถ”๊ฐ€ X ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์ด
07:34
were superfemales.
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์ดˆ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
07:36
They never investigated whether they had higher rates of violence.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋†’์€ ํญ๋ ฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .'
07:41
MW: Seems like kind of an oversight.
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋„ค์š”.
07:43
I don't know.
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
07:44
But I think it's interesting,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์›Œ์š”.
07:46
because what you see is if you start looking at these chromosomes
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋“ค์„
์„ฑ๋ณ„์˜ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด
07:51
through the lens of sex,
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07:52
what naturally falls in place behind
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๊ทธ ๋’ค์— ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋“ค์„
07:54
is we look at them through the lens of gender,
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์„ฑ ๊ด€๋…์˜ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:57
and the traits that we associate with gender.
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์„ฑ ๊ด€๋…๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„์š”.
07:59
So men were violent,
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๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ด๋‹ˆ
08:00
and Y explained why they were in prison.
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Y๋Š” ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ž๋“ค์ด ์™œ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:03
The X did not do that,
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X๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์š”.
08:04
because like, you know, what's X?
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด X๋ž€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€์š”?
08:06
We don't associate it with violence.
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ํญ๋ ฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€ ์ง“์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:08
And while we don't believe in supermales today --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ดˆ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฑธ ๋ฏฟ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
08:12
God, I hope we don't --
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๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ์š”.
08:13
we don't believe in supermales today,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ดˆ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฑธ ๋ฏฟ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
08:15
there is a very similar conversation that's still happening
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
around inherent violence in boys and biology.
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๋‚จ์ž์• ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ํญ๋ ฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์—์„œ์š”.
08:24
So my next stop on the weird world of X and Y,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ X์™€ Y์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ
08:27
or things feeling a little topsy-turvy, is 1985.
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ํ˜น์€ ์ข€ ๋’ค์„ž์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฒฝ์œ ์ง€๋Š” 1985๋…„์ด ๋  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:31
The World University Games were set to happen in Japan,
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์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ์œ ๋‹ˆ๋ฒ„์‹œ์•„๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฆด ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
08:35
and the Spanish hurdler Marรญa Josรฉ Martรญnez-Patiรฑo was scheduled to run.
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์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์ธ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ˜ธ์„ธ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํ‹ฐ๋„ค์ฆˆ-ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋‡จ๊ฐ€ ๋›ธ ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:41
She was like a hot shot, a rising superstar.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ณ„์ด์ž ์Šˆํผ์Šคํƒ€์˜€์ฃ .
08:45
And the night before her race, they had her DNA scanned.
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๊ฒฝ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „๋‚  ๋ฐค ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” DNA ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
Now at the time, this was a thing that they were doing,
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๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ˆ์—๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
08:52
because they were like,
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
08:53
"OK, we don't want men covertly racing as women,
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'์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ชฐ๋ž˜ ์—ฌ์ž ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋›ฐ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„.
08:57
so we're going to scan the women
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด์„œ
08:59
and make sure all their Xs line up."
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X๋งŒ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•  ๊ฑฐ์•ผ.'
09:03
And so I heard this story from Ruth Padawer
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฃจ์Šค ํŒŒ๋‹ค์›Œํ•œํ…Œ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:06
who was a New York Times Magazine reporter
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‰ด์š• ํƒ€์ž„์Šค ๋งค๊ฑฐ์ง„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ž์˜€๊ณ 
09:08
and she reported on Marรญa.
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๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ฃ .
09:12
(Audio) Ruth Padawer: So they tell her the chromosome test results were abnormal.
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'๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
Although on the outside, she was fully female,
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๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
09:18
she had XY chromosomes and these internal testes.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” XY ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์™€ ์ž ๋ณต๊ณ ํ™˜์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .'
09:22
MW: They were like,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:23
"We hate to break it to you, Marรญa, but you're actually a dude.
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"์ด ์†Œ์‹์„ ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์œ ๊ฐ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‚จ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
You can't race with the ladies."
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์—ฌ์ž ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”."
09:30
(Audio) RP: And so she's thrown off the national team,
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'๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๋‹นํ–ˆ๊ณ 
09:33
she's expelled from the athletics residence,
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์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ˆ™์†Œ์—์„œ๋„ ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ
09:36
she's denied her scholarship,
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์žฅํ•™๊ธˆ๋„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ๋‹นํ–ˆ๊ณ 
09:37
a bunch of her friends dump her,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ ˆ๊ต๋‹นํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:39
fellow athletes abandon her,
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๋™๋ฃŒ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆผ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ ์š”.
09:41
she loses her medals, her records are revoked.
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๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋„ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๋‹นํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์šด ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์‚ญ์ œ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
09:46
MW: So it turns out --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š”
09:48
remember when I told you
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด X์™€ Y์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”.
09:49
you can be a bunch of different combinations of X and Y --
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09:52
you can also be XY and be female.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ XY์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์—ฌ์ž์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
You can be XX and male.
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XX์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚จ์ž์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:56
In Marรญa's case, she was something called androgen insensitive.
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๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ์   ๋ฌด๊ฐ๊ฐ์ฆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:00
Which means that she did have some sort of internal testes --
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๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ž€ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ž ๋ณต ๊ณ ํ™˜์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:04
they were making testosterone --
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๊ทธ ๊ณ ํ™˜์ด ํ…Œ์Šคํ† ์Šคํ…Œ๋ก ์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
10:06
but her body couldn't use it.
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๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ชธ์€ ๊ทธ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:08
And so if you thought of testosterone as, like, a superpower,
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ํ…Œ์Šคํ† ์Šคํ…Œ๋ก ์„ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ŠˆํผํŒŒ์›Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:11
she was not benefiting from it.
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๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋•์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:14
And so eventually,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—
10:15
sports authorities, like, let her back in,
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์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋‹น๊ตญ์€ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€์ฃ .
10:17
but her career was done.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์€ ๋๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
And in this instance you see how,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
if you assign sex to a specific place in the body,
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์„ฑ๋ณ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ชธ์˜ ์–ด๋Š ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋‘”๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:27
or at least, like, this is what I saw, right?
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๋ญ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๋ž˜์š”
10:30
If you assign sex to a specific place in the body,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์„ฑ๋ณ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ชธ์˜ ์–ด๋Š ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋‘”๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:34
it somehow makes us think that we can go into a body,
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์ด๊ฑด ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ
10:37
look at a specific place
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š”
10:39
and tell someone we know something more about them
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
10:41
than they know about themselves.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์ž˜ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
10:44
And that feels terrifying to me.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ฐธ ๋‘๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ปด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
And we don't genetically test female athletes anymore,
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์—ฌ์„ฑ ์šด๋™ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ ๋”๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
10:51
but you can see very similar conversations happening
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:55
when we talk about testosterone in sports,
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์Šคํฌ์ธ ์—์„œ ํ…Œ์Šคํ† ์Šคํ…Œ๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ๋‚˜
10:57
you can also see it in suggestions that we take transgender individuals
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ํŠธ๋ Œ์Šค์  ๋” ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ ์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด์„œ
11:01
and we genetically analyze them and we tell them who they are.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ์ง€ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
11:06
That is real,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
that is a conversation that has happened recently.
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
11:11
The last place that I'll share with you
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ฒฝ์œ ์ง€๋Š”
11:13
where these chromosomes got complicated for me
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์ œ๊ฒŒ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ณณ์ธ๋ฐ
11:16
is this one thing that Melissa told me.
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๋ฉœ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
11:18
(Audio) Wilson: You can't survive without an X chromosome.
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'์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ X ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ์—†์ด๋Š” ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
No matter your gonads, no matter your identity,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ๋“ , ์„ฑ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด ๋ญ๋“ 
11:23
every single human being has to have an X chromosome,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์€ X ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
11:26
because without one, the rest of your body doesn't develop.
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X ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ์—†์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ชธ์€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.'
11:29
MW: Why do we call this the female chromosome?
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
11:31
OK, this is something I had never though about,
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์ด๊ฑด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณธ ์  ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
11:33
but literally, every single person in this audience has an X chromosome,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์™€ ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ X ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฑฐ์ง“์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
11:37
I'm not lying.
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์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ X ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
11:38
Every single person on the planet has an X chromosome,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ฃ .
11:40
but no one is going around like, "This is the every-person chromosome."
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"์ด ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์•ผ."
11:44
You know?
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๋งˆ์น˜ X๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๊ณ  Y๋Š” ์ €๊ธฐ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ
11:45
Like, somehow it's over here, the Y is over there,
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11:47
and they must be really different,
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๋‘˜์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ, ์ด๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:49
and I'm just like, it would be so much better
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์ด ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€
11:51
if it was the every-person chromosome.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋” ๋‚˜์•˜์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ .
11:53
And not just because I'm like, love you all and I want you all in,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:56
but because of what we're overlooking by the fact that we consider it female.
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์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—์š”.
12:02
Because I'm going to tell you one of the craziest things I found out.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
12:05
Which is, when you think about the X chromosome,
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X ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
12:09
of the almost 1,100 genes on the X chromosome,
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X ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์— ์žˆ๋Š” 1,100๊ฐœ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ์ค‘์—
12:12
how many do you think have to do with sex and reproduction?
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์„ฑ๋ณ„๊ณผ ์ƒ์‹์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒŒ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”?
12:15
Like, get a number in your head.
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๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์— ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ค ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
12:19
Four percent.
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4%์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
That means 96 percent of the rest of that chromosome
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๊ทธ ๋ง์€ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 96%๋Š”
12:24
is doing something that has nothing to do with your gonads.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ์™€ ์•„๋ฌด ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ฃ .
12:28
And I guess as all of these,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด
12:30
sort of, some of them social stories,
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์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ณ 
12:32
some of them scientific stories, some of these facts,
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์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ง€๋งŒ
12:35
started to add up, I just thought, like,
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งž์•„๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
12:38
why are we calling these the sex chromosomes?
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋“ค์„ ์„ฑ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€?
12:41
Or if we are, like, maybe we all like that name,
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์•„๋‹ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋ฉด
12:44
should we just allow ourselves to think about them
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ทธ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก
12:48
a little more broadly?
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ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ?
12:49
Because if we do,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:50
like, what insights would we gain, as people, as scientists?
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋กœ์„œ, ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ํ†ต์ฐฐ์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ?
12:55
And we're at this point where we're thinking about, like,
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์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ž–์•„์š”.
12:58
how do we want to teach science,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น ์ง€,
12:59
what do we want to fund,
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๋ฌด์—‡์— ์žฌ์ •์  ์ง€์›์„ ํ• ์ง€,
13:01
like, who do we want to be as a society, you know?
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€์ง€.
13:03
And I just wondered if it wasn't a moment to rethink the biology of X and Y,
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์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ , ์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ์•„๋‹๊นŒ.
์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ X์™€ Y์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
13:08
and at the very least,
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฑ…์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ฃผ๋ผ๋„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
13:11
to remember, like, the footnotes of history,
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13:13
which is that the dude who came up with the phrase "sex chromosome,"
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'์„ฑ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด'๋ž€ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
13:18
actually was like, "Hey, everyone, just remember, this is just,"
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๋žฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์š”. "์ž ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ์ด๊ฑด ๋‹จ์ง€"
13:22
and I quote, "a form of shorthand."
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”. "ํŽธ์˜์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์—์š”."
13:25
We should not take it literally.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ฑ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ทธ ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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