Architecture that's built to heal | Michael Murphy

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

Every weekend for as long as I can remember,

Svakog vikenda otkad pamtim,

my father would get up on a Saturday,

moj otac bi ustao u nedelju,

put on a worn sweatshirt

obukao iznošenu majicu

and he'd scrape away

i strugao bi

at the squeaky old wheel of a house that we lived in.

škripavu straćaru u kojoj smo živeli.

I wouldn't even call it restoration;

Ne bih to čak nazvao ni renoviranjem;

it was a ritual, catharsis.

to je bio ritual, katarza.

He would spend all year scraping paint with this old heat gun

Proveo bi čitavu godinu skidajući farbu tim starim toplotnim pištoljem

and a spackle knife,

i dletom,

and then he would repaint where he scraped,

a potom bi nanovo farbao gde je sastrugao,

only to begin again the following year.

samo da bi sve ponovio sledeće godine.

Scraping and re-scraping, painting and repainting:

Struganje i sastrugavanje, farbanje i prefarbavanje;

the work of an old house is never meant to be done.

radu na staroj kući nikad nema kraja.

The day my father turned 52, I got a phone call.

Kad je moj otac napunio 52 godine, dobio sam telefonski poziv.

My mother was on the line

Majka je bila na vezi

to tell me that doctors had found a lump in his stomach --

kako bi mi rekla da su doktori otkrili izraslinu u njegovom stomaku -

terminal cancer, she told me,

zloćudni rak, kako mi je rekla,

and he had been given only three weeks to live.

i predviđali su mu svega tri nedelje života.

I immediately moved home to Poughkeepsie, New York,

Odmah sam se preselio kući u Pokipsi u Njujorku,

to sit with my father on death watch,

kako bi sedeo uz oca na smrtnoj postelji,

not knowing what the next days would bring us.

ne znajući šta će dani koji slede da nam donesu.

To keep myself distracted,

Da bih odvratio pažnju ocu,

I rolled up my sleeves,

zasukao bih rukave

and I went about finishing what he could now no longer complete --

i otišao bih da dovršim ono što on više nije mogao -

the restoration of our old home.

obnovu naše stare kuće.

When that looming three-week deadline came

Kad je taj zloslutni tronedeljni rok istekao

and then went,

i prošao,

he was still alive.

i dalje je bio živ.

And at three months,

A za tri meseca

he joined me.

mi se pridružio.

We gutted and repainted the interior.

Očistili smo i prefarbali unutrašnjost.

At six months, the old windows were refinished,

Za šest meseci su stari prozori završeni,

and at 18 months,

a za 18 meseci,

the rotted porch was finally replaced.

truli trem je konačno zamenjen.

And there was my father,

A moj otac je bio tu,

standing with me outside, admiring a day's work,

stajao je sa mnom napolju, diveći se dnevnom radu,

hair on his head, fully in remission,

s kosom na glavi, imao je potpunu remisiju,

when he turned to me and he said,

kad se okrenuo meni i rekao:

"You know, Michael,

"Znaš, Majkl,

this house saved my life."

ova kuća mi je spasila život."

So the following year, I decided to go to architecture school.

Pa sam sledeće godine odlučio da upišem arhitekturu.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But there, I learned something different about buildings.

Ali tu sam naučio nešto drugo o građevinama.

Recognition seemed to come

Priznanja su dolazila

to those who prioritized novel and sculptural forms,

onima kojima su prioritet bili novi i izvajani oblici,

like ribbons, or ...

poput trakica ili...

pickles?

kornišona?

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And I think this is supposed to be a snail.

I mislim da bi ovo trebalo da bude puž.

Something about this bothered me.

Nešto u vezi s ovim me uznemirava.

Why was it that the best architects, the greatest architecture --

Zašto su najbolje arhitekte, najznačajnija arhitektura -

all beautiful and visionary and innovative --

sve što je lepo i vizionarsko i inovativno -

is also so rare,

je i tako retko,

and seems to serve so very few?

i čini se da služi samo retkima?

And more to the point:

I da dodam još:

With all of this creative talent, what more could we do?

šta bismo još mogli da postignemo sa svim tim kreativnim talentima?

Just as I was about to start my final exams,

Baš dok sam se spremao za završne ispite,

I decided to take a break from an all-nighter

odlučio sam da napravim pauzu od neprospavanih noći

and go to a lecture by Dr. Paul Farmer,

i odem na predavanje dr Pola Farmera,

a leading health activist for the global poor.

vodećeg zdravstvenog aktiviste za siromašne širom sveta.

I was surprised to hear a doctor talking about architecture.

Bio sam iznenađen da čujem doktora kako govori o arhitekturi.

Buildings are making people sicker, he said,

Zbog zgrada se ljudi osećaju gore, rekao je,

and for the poorest in the world,

a najsiromašnijima u svetu

this is causing epidemic-level problems.

ovo uzrokuje probleme epidemijskih razmera.

In this hospital in South Africa,

U ovoj bolnici u Južnoj Africi,

patients that came in with, say, a broken leg,

pacijenti koji dolaze, recimo, slomljene noge,

to wait in this unventilated hallway,

kako bi čekali u ovom neprozračenom hodniku,

walked out with a multidrug-resistant strand of tuberculosis.

izlaze sa simptomima tuberkuloze otporne na većinu lekova.

Simple designs for infection control had not been thought about,

Jednostavan dizajn za kontrolu infekcija se ne podučava

and people had died because of it.

i ljudi umiru zbog toga.

"Where are the architects?" Paul said.

"Gde su arhitekte?" pitao se Pol.

If hospitals are making people sicker,

Ako je zbog bolnica ljudima gore,

where are the architects and designers

gde su arhitekte i dizajneri

to help us build and design hospitals that allow us to heal?

da nam pomognu da sagradimo i dizajniramo bolnice koje nam omogućavaju lečenje?

That following summer,

Narednog leta

I was in the back of a Land Rover with a few classmates,

sam bio na zadnjem sedištu džipa sa nekoliko kolega,

bumping over the mountainous hillside of Rwanda.

truckali smo preko planinskih padina Ruande.

For the next year, I'd be living in Butaro in this old guesthouse,

Naredne godine ću da živim u Butaru u ovoj staroj gostinskoj kući,

which was a jail after the genocide.

koja je nakon genocida bila zatvor.

I was there to design and build a new type of hospital

Tu sam bio kako bih dizajnirao i sagradio novi tip bolnice

with Dr. Farmer and his team.

sa dr Farmerom i njegovom ekipom.

If hallways are making patients sicker,

Ako su pacijenti bolesniji zbog hodnika,

what if we could design a hospital that flips the hallways on the outside,

šta ako bismo mogli da dizajniramo bolnicu u kojoj su hodnici izmešteni napolje

and makes people walk in the exterior?

i zbog kojih se ljudi kreću po eksterijeru?

If mechanical systems rarely work,

Ako mehanički sistemi retko funkcionišu,

what if we could design a hospital that could breathe

šta ako bismo dizajnirali bolnicu koja bi mogla da diše

through natural ventilation,

putem prirodne ventilacije,

and meanwhile reduce its environmental footprint?

i da istovremeno umanjuje sopstvenu štetu po okoliš?

And what about the patients' experience?

A šta je sa iskustvom pacijenata?

Evidence shows that a simple view of nature

Pokazano je da sami pogled na prirodu

can radically improve health outcomes,

može drastično da poboljša zdravstveno stanje.

So why couldn't we design a hospital

Stoga, zašto ne bismo dizajnirali bolnicu

where every patient had a window with a view?

u kojoj svaki pacijent ima pogled kroz prozor?

Simple, site-specific designs can make a hospital that heals.

Jednostavnim dizajnom karakterističnim za dato mesto, bolnice mogu da leče.

Designing it is one thing;

Dizajnirati ga je jedno,

getting it built, we learned, is quite another.

sagraditi ga, kako smo otkrili, je nešto drugo.

We worked with Bruce Nizeye,

Radili smo sa Brusom Nizejom,

a brilliant engineer,

briljantnim inženjerom,

and he thought about construction differently

a on je razmišljao o gradnji različito

than I had been taught in school.

od onog što su me učili u školi.

When we had to excavate this enormous hilltop

Kad smo morali da kopamo ovaj ogromni vrh brega,

and a bulldozer was expensive and hard to get to site,

a buldožer je bo skup i teško ga je bilo dovesti na to mesto,

Bruce suggested doing it by hand,

Brus je predložio da to ručno radimo,

using a method in Rwanda called "Ubudehe,"

služeći se metodom koji se u Ruandi naziva "ubudehe",

which means "community works for the community."

što znači "zajednica u službi zajednice".

Hundreds of people came with shovels and hoes,

Na stotine ljudi je došlo sa lopatama i motikama

and we excavated that hill

i iskopali smo taj breg

in half the time and half the cost of that bulldozer.

za duplo manje vremena i po duplo nižoj ceni od buldožera.

Instead of importing furniture, Bruce started a guild,

Umesto uvoza nameštaja, Brus je osnovao esnaf

and he brought in master carpenters to train others

i doveo je majstore stolare da bi podučavali druge

in how to make furniture by hand.

kako da ručno prave nameštaj.

And on this job site,

A na ovom radnom mestu,

15 years after the Rwandan genocide,

15 godina nakon genocida u Ruandi,

Bruce insisted that we bring on labor from all backgrounds,

Brus je insistirao da dovedemo radnike raznih profila,

and that half of them be women.

i da polovina njih budu žene.

Bruce was using the process of building to heal,

Brus je koristio proces izgradnje kao lek,

not just for those who were sick,

ne samo za bolesne,

but for the entire community as a whole.

već za celokupnu zajednicu.

We call this the locally fabricated way of building, or "lo-fab,"

Nazivamo to lokalno fabrikovanim načinom izgradnje iliti "lo-fab",

and it has four pillars:

i on ima četiri oslonca:

hire locally,

upošljavanje lokalaca,

source regionally,

regionalno snabdevanje,

train where you can

obuka gde god je moguće

and most importantly,

i najvažnije od svega

think about every design decision as an opportunity

razmišljajte o svakoj dizajnerskoj odluci kao o mogućnosti

to invest in the dignity of the places where you serve.

ulaganja u dostojanstvo mesta na kom vršite službu.

Think of it like the local food movement,

Razmišljajte o tome kao o lokalnom pokretu za hranu,

but for architecture.

ali za arhitekturu.

And we're convinced that this way of building

I ubeđeni smo da ovakav vid gradnje

can be replicated across the world,

može da bude preslikan širom sveta

and change the way we talk about and evaluate architecture.

i da može da promeni način na koji govorimo i ocenjujemo arhitekturu.

Using the lo-fab way of building,

Upotrebom lo-fab načina izgradnje,

even aesthetic decisions can be designed to impact people's lives.

čak i estetske odluke mogu da budu dizajnirane da utiču na živote ljudi.

In Butaro, we chose to use a local volcanic stone

U Butaru smo odlučili da koristimo lokalni vulkanski kamen

found in abundance within the area,

koga ima u izobilju u toj oblasti,

but often considered a nuisance by farmers,

a koga zemljoradnici smatraju za smetnju

and piled on the side of the road.

i gomilaju ga pored puteva.

We worked with these masons to cut these stones

Radili smo sa zidarima kako bismo izrezali to kamenje

and form them into the walls of the hospital.

i oblikovali ga u zidove bolnice.

And when they began on this corner

A kad su krenuli od ovog ugla

and wrapped around the entire hospital,

i obmotali čitavu bolnicu,

they were so good at putting these stones together,

toliko su bili dobri u slaganju ovog kamenja,

they asked us if they could take down the original wall and rebuild it.

da su nas upitali da li bi mogli da sruše prvobitni zid i izgrade ga nanovo.

And you see what is possible.

I vidite šta je moguće.

It's beautiful.

Prelepo je.

And the beauty, to me,

A njegova lepota za mene

comes from the fact that I know that hands cut these stones,

potiče iz činjenice da znam da su ruke rezale ovo kamenje

and they formed them into this thick wall,

i da su ga oblikovale u ovaj debeli zid,

made only in this place with rocks from this soil.

napravljen samo na ovom mestu kamenjem iz ovog tla.

When you go outside today and you look at your built world,

Kada krenete napolje danas i osvrnete se na svoj svet građevina,

ask not only:

ne pitajte se samo:

"What is the environmental footprint?" -- an important question --

"Kolika je šteta po okolinu?" - to je važno pitanje -

but what if we also asked,

no kad bismo takođe pitali:

"What is the human handprint of those who made it?"

"Gde je ljudski otisak onih koji su ga gradili?"

We started a new practice based around these questions,

Započeli smo novu praksu zasnovanu na ovim pitanjima,

and we tested it around the world.

i testirali smo je širom sveta.

Like in Haiti,

Na primer na Haitiju,

where we asked if a new hospital could help end the epidemic of cholera.

gde smo se zapitali da li bi nova bolnica pomogla da se okonča epidemija kolere.

In this 100-bed hospital,

U ovoj bolnici sa 100 kreveta

we designed a simple strategy

osmislili smo prostu strategiju

to clean contaminated medical waste before it enters the water table,

da se zaraženi medicinski otpad prečišćava pre nego što dođe do podzemnih voda

and our partners at Les Centres GHESKIO

i naši partneri iz Les Centres GHESKIO

are already saving lives because of it.

već spašavaju živote zahvaljujući tome.

Or Malawi:

Ili na Malaviju:

we asked if a birthing center could radically reduce

zapitali smo se da li bi akušerski centar mogao radikalno da umanji

maternal and infant mortality.

smrtnost majki i novorođenčadi.

Malawi has one of the highest rates of maternal and infant death

Malavi ima jednu od najvećih stopa smrtnosti majki i novorođenčadi

in the world.

u svetu.

Using a simple strategy to be replicated nationally,

Upotrebom proste strategije koja bi se preslikavala nacionalno,

we designed a birthing center

dizajnirali smo akušerski centar

that would attract women and their attendants

koji bi privlačio žene i njihove pazitelje

to come to the hospital earlier and therefore have safer births.

da ranije dođu u bolnicu i time imaju bezbedniji porođaj.

Or in the Congo, where we asked

Ili u Kongu, gde smo se zapitali

if an educational center could also be used

da li bi obrazovni centar mogao da služi

to protect endangered wildlife.

i kao zaštita ugrožene divljači.

Poaching for ivory and bushmeat

Krivolov slonovače i divljači

is leading to global epidemic, disease transfer and war.

uzrokuje globalnu epidemiju, širi bolesti i rat.

In one of the hardest-to-reach places in the world,

U jednom od najnepristupačnijih mesta na svetu,

we used the mud and the dirt and the wood around us

koristili smo blato i prašinu i šumu oko nas

to construct a center

da bismo izgradili centar

that would show us ways to protect and conserve our rich biodiversity.

koji bi nam ukazao na vidove zaštite i očuvanja našeg bogatog biodiverziteta.

Even here in the US,

Čak i ovde u SAD-u,

we were asked to rethink

tražili su nam da osmislimo

the largest university for the deaf and hard of hearing in the world.

najveći univerzitet na svetu za gluve i nagluve.

The deaf community, through sign language,

Zajednica gluvih, preko znakovnog jezika,

shows us the power of visual communication.

nam pokazuje moć vizuelne komunikacije.

We designed a campus that would awaken the ways

Dizajnirali smo kampus koji bi oživeo vidove

in which we as humans all communicate,

na koje svi mi ljudi komuniciramo,

both verbally and nonverbally.

i verbalno i neverbalno.

And even in Poughkeepsie, my hometown,

Čak i u Pokipsiju, mom rodnom gradu,

we thought about old industrial infrastructure.

razmišljali smo o staroj industrijskoj infrastrukturi.

We wondered:

Pitali smo se:

Could we use arts and culture and design to revitalize this city

da li bismo mogli preko umetnosti, kulture i dizajna da oživimo ovaj grad

and other Rust Belt cities across our nation,

i druge bivše industrijske gigante širom naše nacije,

and turn them into centers for innovation and growth?

i da ih pretvorimo u centre za inovaciju i razvoj?

In each of these projects, we asked a simple question:

Prilikom svakog od ovih projekata, postavili smo jednostavno pitanje:

What more can architecture do?

kako da dodatno arhitekte doprinesu?

And by asking that question,

A postavljanjem tog pitanja

we were forced to consider how we could create jobs,

bili smo primorani da razmotrimo kako da stvorimo poslove,

how we could source regionally

kako da se snabdevamo regionalno

and how we could invest in the dignity of the communities

i kako da uložimo u dostojanstvo zajednica

in which we serve.

kojima služimo.

I have learned

Naučio sam

that architecture can be a transformative engine for change.

da arhitektura može da bude preobražajni pokretač promene.

About a year ago, I read an article

Pre oko godinu dana, pročitao sam članak

about a tireless and intrepid civil rights leader

o neumornom i neustrašivom vođi za građanska prava,

named Bryan Stevenson.

po imenu Brajan Stivenson.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

And Bryan had a bold architectural vision.

A Brajan je imao odvažnu arhitektonsku viziju.

He and his team had been documenting

On i njegova ekipa su dokumentovali

the over 4,000 lynchings of African-Americans

preko 4 000 linčovanja Afroamerikanaca

that have happened in the American South.

koja su se desila na američkom Jugu.

And they had a plan to mark every county where these lynchings occurred,

I planirali su da obeleže svaki okrug u kom su se ova linčovanja desila

and build a national memorial to the victims of lynching

i da sagrade nacionalni spomenik žrtvama linčovanja

in Montgomery, Alabama.

u Montgomeriju u Alabami.

Countries like Germany and South Africa

Države, poput Nemačke i Južne Afrike

and, of course, Rwanda,

i, naravno, Ruande,

have found it necessary to build memorials

smatrale su za nužno da sagrade spomenike

to reflect on the atrocities of their past,

koji se osvrću na užase iz njihove prošlosti,

in order to heal their national psyche.

kako bi izlečili psihu njihovih nacija.

We have yet to do this in the United States.

Mi tek treba to da uradimo u SAD-u.

So I sent a cold email to [email protected]:

Pa sam poslao bezličan imejl na [email protected]:

"Dear Bryan," it said,

"Dragi Brajane", glasio je,

"I think your building project

"Smatram Vaš građevinski projekat

is maybe the most important project we could do in America

za možda najvažniji projekat koji može da se ostvari u Americi

and could change the way we think about racial injustice.

i koji može da promeni to kako razmišljamo o rasnoj nepravdi.

By any chance,

Znate li slučajno

do you know who will design it?"

ko će da ga dizajnira?"

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Surprisingly, shockingly,

Na moje iznenađenje i zapanjenost,

Bryan got right back to me,

Brajan je odmah odgovorio

and invited me down to meet with his team and talk to them.

i pozvao me je da dođem, upoznam njegovu ekipu i da razgovaramo.

Needless to say, I canceled all my meetings

Suvišno je reći da sam otkazao sve sastanke

and I jumped on a plane to Montgomery, Alabama.

i uskočio na avion za Montgomeri u Alabami.

When I got there,

Kad sam stigao tamo,

Bryan and his team picked me up, and we walked around the city.

Brajan i njegova ekipa su me pokupili i šetali smo gradom.

And they took the time to point out

I odvojili su vreme da istaknu

the many markers that have been placed all over the city

mnoge oznake postavljene širom grada

to the history of the Confederacy,

u vezi sa storijom Konfederacije

and the very few that mark the history of slavery.

i svega nekoliko kojima je obeležena istorija robovlasništva.

And then he walked me to a hill.

A potom me je ispratio do brda.

It overlooked the whole city.

Odatle se pruža pogled na grad.

He pointed out the river and the train tracks

Pokazao je prstom reku i železničku prugu

where the largest domestic slave-trading port in America

gde je nekad cvetala najveća domaća luka za trgovinu robovima u Americi.

had once prospered.

And then to the Capitol rotunda,

Zatim smo pošli do kruga Kapitola,

where George Wallace had stood on its steps

gde je Džordž Volas stojeći na tim stepenicama

and proclaimed, "Segregation forever."

objavio: "Nek je večna segregacija".

And then to the very hill below us.

A potom do brda tik ispod nas.

He said, "Here we will build a new memorial

Rekao je: "Ovde ćemo sagraditi novi spomenik,

that will change the identity of this city and of this nation."

koji će izmeniti identitet ovog grada i ove nacije."

Our two teams have worked together over the last year

Naše dve ekipe su radile zajedno tokom prošle godine

to design this memorial.

kako bismo dizajnirali spomenik.

The memorial will take us on a journey

Spomenik će nas povesti na putovanje

through a classical, almost familiar building type,

putem klasičnog, gotovo poznatog stila gradnje,

like the Parthenon or the colonnade at the Vatican.

poput Partenona ili kolonade u Vatikanu.

But as we enter,

No kako budemo ulazili,

the ground drops below us and our perception shifts,

zemlja će da nam izmakne ispod nogu i promeniće se naša percepcija,

where we realize that these columns evoke the lynchings,

gde ćemo da shvatimo da ovi stubovi evociraju linčovanja,

which happened in the public square.

koja su se dešavala na javnom trgu.

And as we continue,

I kako budemo išli dalje,

we begin to understand the vast number

počećemo da shvatamo ogroman broj

of those who have yet to be put to rest.

onih koji tek treba da se upokoje.

Their names will be engraved on the markers that hang above us.

Njihova imena će da budu ugravirana na oznake koje vise iznad nas.

And just outside will be a field of identical columns.

A odmah napolju će da bude poljana sa identičnim stubovima.

But these are temporary columns, waiting in purgatory,

Ali to su privremeni stubovi, koji čekaju u čistilištu,

to be placed in the very counties where these lynchings occurred.

da budu smešteni u one okruge u kojima su se ta linčovanja desila.

Over the next few years,

Tokom narednih nekoliko godina,

this site will bear witness,

ovo mesto će da bude svedok,

as each of these markers is claimed

kako svako od ovih obeležja dobija svoje mesto

and visibly placed in those counties.

i smešta se na vidljivo mesto u ove okruge.

Our nation will begin to heal from over a century of silence.

Naša nacija će početi da se leči od tišine duže od jednog veka.

When we think about how it should be built,

Kada smo razmišljali o načinu izgradnje,

we were reminded of Ubudehe,

podsetili smo se ubudehe-ija,

the building process we learned about in Rwanda.

procesa izgradnje za koji smo saznali u Ruandi.

We wondered if we could fill those very columns

Zapitali smo se da li bismo mogli da ispunimo stubove

with the soil from the sites of where these killings occurred.

zemljištem sa mesta na kojima su se ova ubistva desila.

Brian and his team have begun collecting that soil

Brajan i njegova ekipa su počeli da sakupljaju zemlju

and preserving it in individual jars

i da je čuvaju u pojedinačnim teglama

with family members, community leaders and descendants.

zajedno sa članovima porodice, zajednicom, vođama i potomcima.

The act of collecting soil itself

Sami čin prikupljanja zemlje

has lead to a type of spiritual healing.

je doveo do nekog vida duhovnog izlečenja.

It's an act of restorative justice.

To je čin okrepljujuće pravde.

As one EJI team member noted

Kako je jedan član Inicijative za jednaka prava primetio

in the collection of the soil from where Will McBride was lynched,

sakupljajući zemlju sa mesta na kom je Vil Mekbrajd linčovan:

"If Will McBride left one drop of sweat,

"Ako je Vil Mekbrajd ostavio kap znoja,

one drop of blood,

jednu kap krvi,

one hair follicle --

jednu vlas kose -

I pray that I dug it up,

molim se da ću je iskopati

and that his whole body would be at peace."

i da će celo njegovo telo počivati u miru."

We plan to break ground on this memorial later this year,

Planiramo da iskopamo temelje za ovaj spomenik kasnije ove godine

and it will be a place to finally speak of the unspeakable acts

i to će da bude mesto da se konačno govori o neizrecivim delima

that have scarred this nation.

koja su ostavila ožiljke na ovoj naciji.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

When my father told me that day that this house --

Kad mi je otac rekao tog dana da mu je ova kuća -

our house --

naša kuća -

had saved his life,

spasila život,

what I didn't know

nisam znao

was that he was referring to a much deeper relationship

da misli na daleko dublji odnos

between architecture and ourselves.

između arhitekture i nas.

Buildings are not simply expressive sculptures.

Građevine nisu samo puke ekspresivne skulpture.

They make visible our personal and our collective aspirations

One otelotvoravaju naše lične i naše kolektivne težnje,

as a society.

nas kao društva.

Great architecture can give us hope.

Sjajna arhitektura nam može pružiti nadu.

Great architecture can heal.

Sjajna arhitektura može da leči.

Thank you very much.

Mnogo vam hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)