Architecture that's built to heal | Michael Murphy

譯者: Wen-Kuang Liu 審譯者: Conway Ye

Every weekend for as long as I can remember,

在我記憶中的每一個週末，

my father would get up on a Saturday,

我父親會在週六起床後，

put on a worn sweatshirt

穿上他的舊運動衫，

and he'd scrape away

並且著手刮除

at the squeaky old wheel of a house that we lived in.

我們老房子外的油漆。

I wouldn't even call it restoration;

我不會稱之整修，

it was a ritual, catharsis.

這是一種儀式，一種淨化。

He would spend all year scraping paint with this old heat gun

他一整年不斷用他的熱噴槍及刮刀

and a spackle knife,

去刮除掉油漆，

and then he would repaint where he scraped,

並且重新粉刷他刮掉的部分，

only to begin again the following year.

年復一年日復一日。

Scraping and re-scraping, painting and repainting:

無數次的刮漆及重漆，

the work of an old house is never meant to be done.

老房子的打理工作永遠不會結束。

The day my father turned 52, I got a phone call.

在我父親52歲時， 我接到了一通電話，

My mother was on the line

我母親在電話另一頭，

to tell me that doctors had found a lump in his stomach --

告訴我說醫生在父親的 胃中發現了一個腫塊，

terminal cancer, she told me,

是癌症末期，

and he had been given only three weeks to live.

父親可能活不過三週。

I immediately moved home to Poughkeepsie, New York,

我立刻搬回在紐約波啟浦夕市，

to sit with my father on death watch,

陪伴父親過完最後的日子，

not knowing what the next days would bring us.

而我們不知道離別會在何時到來。

To keep myself distracted,

為了分散自己的注意力，

I rolled up my sleeves,

我捲起了袖管，

and I went about finishing what he could now no longer complete --

接手了父親再也無法完成的工作－－

the restoration of our old home.

老房子的整修

When that looming three-week deadline came

慢慢地就快要到醫生宣布的三週，

and then went,

接著．三週過去了，

he was still alive.

父親依然活著。

And at three months,

而後又過了三個月，

he joined me.

父親加入了我。

We gutted and repainted the interior.

我們重新改造並粉刷了房子內部。

At six months, the old windows were refinished,

六個月後，我們把老舊的窗戶換新，

and at 18 months,

十八個月後，

the rotted porch was finally replaced.

腐舊的走廊也完全換新了。

And there was my father,

我跟父親一起

standing with me outside, admiring a day's work,

站在房子外欣賞我們所完成的工作，

hair on his head, fully in remission,

父親癌症時掉落的頭髮 也開始重新生長，

when he turned to me and he said,

父親轉過頭看著我，並說：

"You know, Michael,

「麥克。

this house saved my life."

這房子拯救了我的生命。」

So the following year, I decided to go to architecture school.

所以隔年，我決定進入建築專科學校。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But there, I learned something different about buildings.

但在那裡，我學到一些 跟建築物不太一樣的東西。

Recognition seemed to come

比較有名的像是

to those who prioritized novel and sculptural forms,

一些新穎的雕塑形式，

like ribbons, or ...

例如緞帶造型或...

pickles?

醃黃瓜樣式？

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

And I think this is supposed to be a snail.

然後我想這個應該是蝸牛。

Something about this bothered me.

這類東西令我困惑。

Why was it that the best architects, the greatest architecture --

為什麼這些最好的建築、偉大的建築

all beautiful and visionary and innovative --

全都是漂亮、充滿幻想且標新立異的，

is also so rare,

卻很稀少，

and seems to serve so very few?

似乎只有少數人能夠享受到？

And more to the point:

此外還有一點：

With all of this creative talent, what more could we do?

在這些有天分的創造之上， 我們還能做什麼？

Just as I was about to start my final exams,

正當逼近我期末考試時，

I decided to take a break from an all-nighter

我決定從徹夜苦讀之中偷個閒，

and go to a lecture by Dr. Paul Farmer,

去聽 Paul Farmer 醫生的演講，

a leading health activist for the global poor.

他是一位抵抗世界飢荒的 健康活動家領袖。

I was surprised to hear a doctor talking about architecture.

聽到一位醫生討論建築 讓我非常驚訝。

Buildings are making people sicker, he said,

他說：「建築物會讓人病得更嚴重。

and for the poorest in the world,

在世界上最貧窮的地方，

this is causing epidemic-level problems.

這甚至會達到流行病的程度。」

In this hospital in South Africa,

在南非的醫院裡，

patients that came in with, say, a broken leg,

一位腿骨折的病人進到醫院，

to wait in this unventilated hallway,

在通風不好的大廳等待看診，

walked out with a multidrug-resistant strand of tuberculosis.

便會帶著具多種抗藥性的 結核病菌離開醫院。

Simple designs for infection control had not been thought about,

沒有考量到感染控管的設計，

and people had died because of it.

可能會讓人喪命。

"Where are the architects?" Paul said.

「建築師在哪裡？」Paul 問道。

If hospitals are making people sicker,

如果醫院會讓人生病，

where are the architects and designers

那麼有能力建造一座 助人恢復健康的醫院的

to help us build and design hospitals that allow us to heal?

建築師及設計師們在哪裡呢？

That following summer,

在下一個暑假，

I was in the back of a Land Rover with a few classmates,

我與幾個同學坐在越野車上，

bumping over the mountainous hillside of Rwanda.

在盧安達的山岳間翻山越嶺。

For the next year, I'd be living in Butaro in this old guesthouse,

次年，我住在 Butaro 醫院的老客房內，

which was a jail after the genocide.

這原本是一座種族屠殺後使用的監獄。

I was there to design and build a new type of hospital

我在那與Farmer醫生及其團隊

with Dr. Farmer and his team.

一同設計並建造一種新形式的醫院。

If hallways are making patients sicker,

如果醫院大廳會讓病人生病，

what if we could design a hospital that flips the hallways on the outside,

那我們是否可以設計一個大廳在外面的醫院，

and makes people walk in the exterior?

讓人們走在外側？

If mechanical systems rarely work,

如果機械系統幾乎無法運作，

what if we could design a hospital that could breathe

那我們是否能設計一個

through natural ventilation,

透過自然通風而呼吸，

and meanwhile reduce its environmental footprint?

並且減少生態足跡的醫院？

And what about the patients' experience?

而病人的體驗會如何呢？

Evidence shows that a simple view of nature

證據顯示簡單的自然景觀

can radically improve health outcomes,

能從根本上促進人的健康。

So why couldn't we design a hospital

所以我們何不就設計一間醫院，

where every patient had a window with a view?

讓每位病人都有能看見風景的窗戶。

Simple, site-specific designs can make a hospital that heals.

簡單獨特的設計能讓醫院治癒病人。

Designing it is one thing;

設計是一回事，

getting it built, we learned, is quite another.

而建造又是另一回事。

We worked with Bruce Nizeye,

我們和工程師 Bruce Nizeye一起工作，

a brilliant engineer,

一個傑出的工程師，

and he thought about construction differently

他對建築的思考方式

than I had been taught in school.

與我以前在學校所學完全不同。

When we had to excavate this enormous hilltop

當我們想要挖掘巨大的山頂，

and a bulldozer was expensive and hard to get to site,

發現挖土機太昂貴， 並且難以攀登上頂點，

Bruce suggested doing it by hand,

Bruce建議我們用手挖掘，

using a method in Rwanda called "Ubudehe,"

使用盧安達一個叫做「Ubedehe」方法，

which means "community works for the community."

意思即是為了社區的社區工作。

Hundreds of people came with shovels and hoes,

數百人帶著鏟子及鋤頭過來，

and we excavated that hill

我們一同挖掘山丘。

in half the time and half the cost of that bulldozer.

只用了挖土機一半的時間和金錢。

Instead of importing furniture, Bruce started a guild,

Bruce帶來了木匠大師，並訓練其他人

and he brought in master carpenters to train others

自己手工製作家具

in how to make furniture by hand.

取代進口家具。

And on this job site,

在工作場地，

15 years after the Rwandan genocide,

經歷15年前的盧安達大屠殺後，

Bruce insisted that we bring on labor from all backgrounds,

Bruce堅持我們要 雇用各種背景的勞工，

and that half of them be women.

而其中有一半以上是女人。

Bruce was using the process of building to heal,

Bruce利用建築的過程去治療人們，

not just for those who were sick,

不僅僅為了治療病人，

but for the entire community as a whole.

同時也是為了團結整個社區。

We call this the locally fabricated way of building, or "lo-fab,"

我們把這些建造方式稱作本地製造，

and it has four pillars:

其具有四個支柱：

hire locally,

雇用當地人、

source regionally,

就地取材、

train where you can

訓練當地人，

and most importantly,

並且，最重要的，

think about every design decision as an opportunity

將每一個設計當作一個機會

to invest in the dignity of the places where you serve.

投資到你服務的這個地區。

Think of it like the local food movement,

想像這有如當地食物生產過程，

but for architecture.

但是這是建築版本的。

And we're convinced that this way of building

而我們相信此種建築方法

can be replicated across the world,

能被複製到世界各地，

and change the way we talk about and evaluate architecture.

並且改變我們討論、評估建築的方式。

Using the lo-fab way of building,

利用本地生產的方式建築，

even aesthetic decisions can be designed to impact people's lives.

即使是從審美觀點來設計， 也能改變人們的生活。

In Butaro, we chose to use a local volcanic stone

在Butaro，我們選擇用當地火山岩，

found in abundance within the area,

它在當地很豐富，

but often considered a nuisance by farmers,

但它卻被認為是麻煩事，

and piled on the side of the road.

推擠在路邊。

We worked with these masons to cut these stones

我們與瓦泥匠們一起切割這些石塊，

and form them into the walls of the hospital.

並切做成醫院的牆。

And when they began on this corner

他們從這個角落開始

and wrapped around the entire hospital,

環繞整座醫院，

they were so good at putting these stones together,

這些石塊排列後看起來棒極了，

they asked us if they could take down the original wall and rebuild it.

居民還問我們是否能 把原本的的舊牆也都重新建造

And you see what is possible.

你可以看見這是可行的。

It's beautiful.

非常的漂亮。

And the beauty, to me,

對我來說，之所以美，

comes from the fact that I know that hands cut these stones,

是因為我了解這是手工切割的石塊，

and they formed them into this thick wall,

由人工打造成厚牆，

made only in this place with rocks from this soil.

原料都是當地獨特的石材及土壤。

When you go outside today and you look at your built world,

今日，當你走出戶外 看看人們建構出的世界

ask not only:

你不但要問說

"What is the environmental footprint?" -- an important question --

什麼是環境足跡？

but what if we also asked,

還應該要問

"What is the human handprint of those who made it?"

建造了它們的人類足跡是什麼？

We started a new practice based around these questions,

我們依據這些問題開始了新的試驗，

and we tested it around the world.

並且在世界各地嘗試。

Like in Haiti,

像在海地

where we asked if a new hospital could help end the epidemic of cholera.

我們想知道新型的醫院 是否能改善霍亂的流行，

In this 100-bed hospital,

在一個具百張病床規模的醫院，

we designed a simple strategy

我們設計了一個簡單的策略，

to clean contaminated medical waste before it enters the water table,

在醫療廢棄物進入水源之前， 能夠初步清潔它們，

and our partners at Les Centres GHESKIO

我們在Les Centres GHESKIO的夥伴

are already saving lives because of it.

已經因此拯救不少性命。

Or Malawi:

或在馬拉威，

we asked if a birthing center could radically reduce

我們會問接生中心是否能從根本上

maternal and infant mortality.

減少母親與嬰兒的死亡率。

Malawi has one of the highest rates of maternal and infant death

馬拉威有著世界最高的母嬰死亡率。

in the world.

Using a simple strategy to be replicated nationally,

我們使用一個簡單、可重複執行的策略，

we designed a birthing center

設計一個生育中心

that would attract women and their attendants

並且吸引女性同胞們

to come to the hospital earlier and therefore have safer births.

提早來到醫院， 如此可以安全的分娩。

Or in the Congo, where we asked

在剛果，我們想知道

if an educational center could also be used

教育中心是否也能發揮作用，

to protect endangered wildlife.

去保護瀕危的野生動物。

Poaching for ivory and bushmeat

象牙或肉品的盜獵

is leading to global epidemic, disease transfer and war.

將可能導致流行疾病及戰爭的蔓延。

In one of the hardest-to-reach places in the world,

在世界上最遙遠的地方，

we used the mud and the dirt and the wood around us

我們使用身邊的泥巴、土及木頭

to construct a center

去建造保育中心。

that would show us ways to protect and conserve our rich biodiversity.

這是一個保護生物多樣性的方法。

Even here in the US,

即使在美國本土，

we were asked to rethink

我們也要被要求重新思考

the largest university for the deaf and hard of hearing in the world.

在世界上最大的聾啞大學。

The deaf community, through sign language,

在聽障社區內，透過一些手語動作，

shows us the power of visual communication.

我們了解到了視覺溝通的力量。

We designed a campus that would awaken the ways

我們設計的校園將會啟發

in which we as humans all communicate,

人類溝通方式，

both verbally and nonverbally.

包含了語言及非語言的溝通。

And even in Poughkeepsie, my hometown,

在我的家鄉，波啟浦夕市，

we thought about old industrial infrastructure.

我們想到了工業的基礎建設。

We wondered:

我們想知道：

Could we use arts and culture and design to revitalize this city

是否能透過藝術及文化設計

使國家內的沒落都市再度繁榮呢？

and other Rust Belt cities across our nation,

and turn them into centers for innovation and growth?

是否能將它們變成 創新及成長的中心呢？

In each of these projects, we asked a simple question:

在這些計畫中， 我們問了一個簡單的問題

What more can architecture do?

建築還能夠多做些什麼？

And by asking that question,

透過這些問題，

we were forced to consider how we could create jobs,

我們被強迫思考如何創造工作、

how we could source regionally

如何就地取材、

and how we could invest in the dignity of the communities

如何投資在我們服務的社區。

in which we serve.

I have learned

我已經學到

that architecture can be a transformative engine for change.

建築可以成為改變契機的引擎。

About a year ago, I read an article

大約一年前，我讀到一篇文章，

about a tireless and intrepid civil rights leader

有關於不屈不撓、 勇敢無畏的民權領袖，

named Bryan Stevenson.

布萊恩·史蒂文森。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

And Bryan had a bold architectural vision.

布萊恩有一個大膽的建築想法。

He and his team had been documenting

他及他的團隊紀錄了

the over 4,000 lynchings of African-Americans

在美國南部發生的

超過4000件對非裔美國人的私刑案件。

that have happened in the American South.

And they had a plan to mark every county where these lynchings occurred,

他們決定在阿拉巴馬州的蒙哥馬利，

標記每個發生過私刑的地區，

and build a national memorial to the victims of lynching

並建造國家紀念館哀悼這些受害者。

in Montgomery, Alabama.

Countries like Germany and South Africa

像是德國或南非這樣的國家，

and, of course, Rwanda,

當然還有盧安達，

have found it necessary to build memorials

都發現建造這樣的紀念館是必要的，

to reflect on the atrocities of their past,

讓他們反思過去的暴行，

in order to heal their national psyche.

並撫平全體國民的傷痛。

We have yet to do this in the United States.

我們尚未在美國做這樣的事。

So I sent a cold email to [email protected]:

所以我寄了一封郵件給公平正義組織

"Dear Bryan," it said,

寫道：「敬愛的布萊恩，

"I think your building project

我認為你的建築計畫

is maybe the most important project we could do in America

說不定是美國最重要的計畫，

and could change the way we think about racial injustice.

這將能改變我們對於種族不平等的看法。

By any chance,

順帶一提，

do you know who will design it?"

你知道由誰來設計這個建築嗎？」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Surprisingly, shockingly,

令人吃驚地，

Bryan got right back to me,

布萊恩馬上回信給我，

and invited me down to meet with his team and talk to them.

並且邀請我去與他的團隊見面。

Needless to say, I canceled all my meetings

不由分說，我馬上取消所有會議

and I jumped on a plane to Montgomery, Alabama.

跳上飛機前往阿拉巴馬州的蒙哥馬利。

When I got there,

當我到達時，

Bryan and his team picked me up, and we walked around the city.

布萊恩及其團隊帶我在城市參觀。

And they took the time to point out

他們花了一番時間，

the many markers that have been placed all over the city

去指出放置於城市各處，

to the history of the Confederacy,

關於南部聯邦政府的歷史標記，

and the very few that mark the history of slavery.

但對於奴隸相關歷史的標記很少。

And then he walked me to a hill.

接著他們帶我到一座山坡上，

It overlooked the whole city.

讓我們可以俯瞰整個城市。

He pointed out the river and the train tracks

他指出一些河及鐵軌的位置，

where the largest domestic slave-trading port in America

和那些曾經是美國最大的奴隸交易地點。

had once prospered.

And then to the Capitol rotunda,

然後我們到了國會圓頂大廈，

where George Wallace had stood on its steps

喬治·華萊士曾經站在這裡，

and proclaimed, "Segregation forever."

宣稱「永遠隔離。」

And then to the very hill below us.

我們到了山丘下方，

He said, "Here we will build a new memorial

布萊恩說：「我們將在這建立新的紀念館，

that will change the identity of this city and of this nation."

這將會改變這座城市及國家的面貌。」

Our two teams have worked together over the last year

我們的兩支隊伍去年一起工作，

to design this memorial.

並建造了這座紀念館。

The memorial will take us on a journey

此紀念館將會帶我們踏上一趟旅程，

through a classical, almost familiar building type,

透過一個古典的、熟知的建築型態，

like the Parthenon or the colonnade at the Vatican.

就像帕德嫩神廟或是梵蒂岡的柱子。

But as we enter,

但我們進入後，

the ground drops below us and our perception shifts,

地板傾斜向下，我們看到的景象改變，

where we realize that these columns evoke the lynchings,

我們了解到，這些柱子點醒了我們

which happened in the public square.

曾經在公共廣場發生的私刑。

And as we continue,

我們繼續走下去，

we begin to understand the vast number

我們開始了解到無數

of those who have yet to be put to rest.

未安息的人們。

Their names will be engraved on the markers that hang above us.

他的名字會深深地刻在 掛於我們頭上方的標誌裡。

And just outside will be a field of identical columns.

而在外面也會擺放相同的柱子。

But these are temporary columns, waiting in purgatory,

這些柱子放在曾經發生私刑的地點，

to be placed in the very counties where these lynchings occurred.

記載了那些曾在煉獄中受苦的人們。

Over the next few years,

往後幾年，

this site will bear witness,

這些景點是大家有目共睹的，

as each of these markers is claimed

每一個景點都會在醒目的地方

and visibly placed in those counties.

述說著曾經發生在這個地區的事情。

Our nation will begin to heal from over a century of silence.

在一個世紀的沉默之後， 這個國家的傷痕終於開始復原。

When we think about how it should be built,

當我們思考著如何建築，

we were reminded of Ubudehe,

我們想起了Ubudehe，

the building process we learned about in Rwanda.

從盧安達學到的建築方式。

We wondered if we could fill those very columns

我們思考著是否 能用當年私刑地點的泥土

with the soil from the sites of where these killings occurred.

去填充這些柱子。

Brian and his team have begun collecting that soil

布萊恩及其團隊開始收集這些土壤，

and preserving it in individual jars

並將之保存於瓶罐中，

with family members, community leaders and descendants.

讓他們和家人，領導人及後代子孫們在一起。

The act of collecting soil itself

這個蒐集土壤的舉動本身

has lead to a type of spiritual healing.

能帶來某種形式的精神慰藉。

It's an act of restorative justice.

這是一種修復式正義。

As one EJI team member noted

就像一位EJI隊員

in the collection of the soil from where Will McBride was lynched,

在蒐集Will McBride受私刑處的土壤時寫下：

"If Will McBride left one drop of sweat,

「如果Will McBride曾落下一滴汗、

one drop of blood,

一滴血

one hair follicle --

或是一根頭髮

I pray that I dug it up,

我希望我能將它挖出來，

and that his whole body would be at peace."

那麼他也將能安息了吧。」

We plan to break ground on this memorial later this year,

我們計畫在今年動土建造紀念館，

and it will be a place to finally speak of the unspeakable acts

這將會是一個具敘事力的地方，

that have scarred this nation.

訴說著這個國家無法言喻的傷痕。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

When my father told me that day that this house --

那天，當我爸爸告訴我，這間房子－－

our house --

我們的房子－－

had saved his life,

曾經拯救他的生命，

what I didn't know

而我卻不知道

was that he was referring to a much deeper relationship

他所要表達的是更深層的意義

between architecture and ourselves.

是我們與建築物之間的關係。

Buildings are not simply expressive sculptures.

建築物不僅僅是表達性的雕塑品。

They make visible our personal and our collective aspirations

它使我們個人或群體的志向

as a society.

浮現於社會。

Great architecture can give us hope.

偉大的建築能給人們希望。

Great architecture can heal.

偉大的建築能治癒人們。

Thank you very much.

謝謝。

(Applause)

(掌聲)