Architecture that's built to heal | Michael Murphy

翻译人员: Yuanqing Edberg 校对人员: Jiawei Ni

Every weekend for as long as I can remember,

在我能够记住的每个周末

my father would get up on a Saturday,

我的父亲在周六起床后

put on a worn sweatshirt

会穿上一件旧T恤衫

and he'd scrape away

他会刮掉

at the squeaky old wheel of a house that we lived in.

我们所住的老房子的油漆

I wouldn't even call it restoration;

我不能把它叫做修整

it was a ritual, catharsis.

那是一种仪式 一种净化

He would spend all year scraping paint with this old heat gun

他会用整整一年的时间来 用他的热风枪

and a spackle knife,

以及抹墙粉刀来刮掉油漆

and then he would repaint where he scraped,

然后他会重新油漆他刮掉的部分

only to begin again the following year.

这只是为了能在来年重新开始

Scraping and re-scraping, painting and repainting:

刮漆和再次刮漆 油漆和再次油漆

the work of an old house is never meant to be done.

这所老房子的工作永远不会结束

The day my father turned 52, I got a phone call.

当我父亲52岁的时候 我接到一通电话

My mother was on the line

我母亲在线上

to tell me that doctors had found a lump in his stomach --

告诉我说医生在他的腹腔发现一个肿块儿

terminal cancer, she told me,

癌症晚期 她这么跟我说

and he had been given only three weeks to live.

他只能活三周

I immediately moved home to Poughkeepsie, New York,

我立即搬家到纽约 Poughkeepsie,

to sit with my father on death watch,

守护我父亲的临终死亡

not knowing what the next days would bring us.

不知道第二天我们会发生些什么

To keep myself distracted,

为了让自己分散注意力

I rolled up my sleeves,

我卷起了袖子

and I went about finishing what he could now no longer complete --

我去做他再也无法完成的事情

the restoration of our old home.

修整我们的老房子

When that looming three-week deadline came

当那个无形的三周期限来到了

and then went,

又过去后

he was still alive.

他还是活着

And at three months,

三个月后

he joined me.

他开始跟我一起

We gutted and repainted the interior.

我们重新粉刷了内部

At six months, the old windows were refinished,

六个月后 老窗户完成了

and at 18 months,

18个月的时候

the rotted porch was finally replaced.

破败的阳台也翻新了

And there was my father,

而我的父亲

standing with me outside, admiring a day's work,

和我一起站在外面 欣赏着一天的工作

hair on his head, fully in remission,

他头上的发 重新长了出来

when he turned to me and he said,

他走向我 对我说

"You know, Michael,

你知道 迈克

this house saved my life."

这栋房子救了我

So the following year, I decided to go to architecture school.

所以 第二年 我去了建筑学院

(Laughter)

（笑声）

But there, I learned something different about buildings.

在那儿 我学到了 关于楼房的很多不同的东西

Recognition seemed to come

成名似乎都是

to those who prioritized novel and sculptural forms,

给那些最先革新和雕塑的形式

like ribbons, or ...

比方说缎带 或者是

pickles?

腌黄瓜条？

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And I think this is supposed to be a snail.

但我认为这应该是一个蜗牛

Something about this bothered me.

这很让我烦恼

Why was it that the best architects, the greatest architecture --

为什么最好的建筑 最伟大的建筑

all beautiful and visionary and innovative --

全是美丽、创新和标新立异的－－

is also so rare,

而且极其罕见

and seems to serve so very few?

并且只有少数人能够享受

And more to the point:

再加上一点

With all of this creative talent, what more could we do?

在这些创造性的天分之上 我们还能做些什么呢？

Just as I was about to start my final exams,

就在我要我开始我期末考试的时候

I decided to take a break from an all-nighter

我决定从通宵的学习中偷个懒

and go to a lecture by Dr. Paul Farmer,

我去了 Paul Farmer医生的一个演讲

a leading health activist for the global poor.

他是一个健康活动家领袖 为了全球的贫困而努力

I was surprised to hear a doctor talking about architecture.

我很惊奇地听到一个医生

Buildings are making people sicker, he said,

谈论到关于楼房令人生病的事情

and for the poorest in the world,

他说在全世界最贫困的地方

this is causing epidemic-level problems.

这引起了流行病程度上的问题

In this hospital in South Africa,

在南非的医院

patients that came in with, say, a broken leg,

比如说 一个腿骨折的病人来到医院

to wait in this unventilated hallway,

在通风不好的大厅等候

walked out with a multidrug-resistant strand of tuberculosis.

就会带着几种抗药性的结核病菌种走出医院

Simple designs for infection control had not been thought about,

根本没有想到为控制感染的简单设计

and people had died because of it.

人们因此而死亡

"Where are the architects?" Paul said.

“建筑师在哪儿呢？”Paul说道

If hospitals are making people sicker,

如果一个医院令人们生病

where are the architects and designers

那么帮助建筑和设计 那些可以让人痊愈的医院

to help us build and design hospitals that allow us to heal?

的设计师和建筑师又在哪儿呢

That following summer,

那个接下来的暑期

I was in the back of a Land Rover with a few classmates,

我和几个同学一起开着路虎

bumping over the mountainous hillside of Rwanda.

在卢旺达的山岭间穿越颠簸

For the next year, I'd be living in Butaro in this old guesthouse,

因为来年 我将居住在Butaro 这所老客房内

which was a jail after the genocide.

这是种族屠杀后的一座监狱

I was there to design and build a new type of hospital

我在那里与Farmer医生和他的团队

with Dr. Farmer and his team.

一起设计和建造一种新型的医院

If hallways are making patients sicker,

如果大厅会使病人病情加重

what if we could design a hospital that flips the hallways on the outside,

那么我们能够设计一种医院可以 把大厅向露天敞开

and makes people walk in the exterior?

使人们在外面走动

If mechanical systems rarely work,

如果机械系统不工作

what if we could design a hospital that could breathe

那么我们是否可以设计一种医院

through natural ventilation,

能通过自然通风而呼吸

and meanwhile reduce its environmental footprint?

同时减少它的环境足迹

And what about the patients' experience?

还有病人的体验将会怎样呢？

Evidence shows that a simple view of nature

证据显示简单的自然景象

can radically improve health outcomes,

能够从根本上提高总体健康

So why couldn't we design a hospital

所以为什么我们不能设计一种医院

where every patient had a window with a view?

使每位病人有一面窗户

Simple, site-specific designs can make a hospital that heals.

简单、特定的设计能建造一个治愈的医院

Designing it is one thing;

设计是一件事

getting it built, we learned, is quite another.

建造它 是另一件事

We worked with Bruce Nizeye,

我们跟Bruce Nizeye一起工作

a brilliant engineer,

他是一个非常了不起的工程师

and he thought about construction differently

对于建筑 他对我从学校学来的那一套

than I had been taught in school.

有不同的看法

When we had to excavate this enormous hilltop

当我们必须在这个巨大的山顶挖掘的时候

and a bulldozer was expensive and hard to get to site,

推土机的消费昂贵而且难以到达那里

Bruce suggested doing it by hand,

Bruce建议用双手来解决

using a method in Rwanda called "Ubudehe,"

借助在卢旺达叫做“Ubedehe（愚公移山）”的方法

which means "community works for the community."

叫做“社区工作为社区服务”

Hundreds of people came with shovels and hoes,

几百人带着铁锹和锄头来到现场

and we excavated that hill

我们用了一半的时间

in half the time and half the cost of that bulldozer.

和一半的推土机的费用而挖掘了山顶

Instead of importing furniture, Bruce started a guild,

Bruce带来了木匠大师

and he brought in master carpenters to train others

让他们来给其他人面授机宜

in how to make furniture by hand.

教导如何在现场手工做家具

And on this job site,

所以 我们就不用进口家具了

15 years after the Rwandan genocide,

在卢旺达人的种族灭绝15年后

Bruce insisted that we bring on labor from all backgrounds,

Bruce坚持我们需要各种背景的劳动者

and that half of them be women.

其中一半是女人

Bruce was using the process of building to heal,

Bruce利用建筑来治疗

not just for those who were sick,

不仅是为那些病人

but for the entire community as a whole.

而且是把整个社区团结起来

We call this the locally fabricated way of building, or "lo-fab,"

我们把这个叫做 当地人赤手空拳的建筑

and it has four pillars:

或者是“当地－奇迹“ 它有四根立柱

hire locally,

从当地雇佣的工人

source regionally,

就地取材

train where you can

训练学徒

and most importantly,

而最重要的

think about every design decision as an opportunity

想想每个设计的决策是一个机会

to invest in the dignity of the places where you serve.

给你所服务的地方高贵的投资

Think of it like the local food movement,

把它作为当地的食品运动

but for architecture.

对建筑来说

And we're convinced that this way of building

我们有理由认为这种建筑

can be replicated across the world,

可以在全世界翻版再建

and change the way we talk about and evaluate architecture.

改变我们所说的评估构架

Using the lo-fab way of building,

利用“当地奇迹”的办法来建造楼房

even aesthetic decisions can be designed to impact people's lives.

即使审美决定的设计 也能对人们的生活产生影响

In Butaro, we chose to use a local volcanic stone

在Butaro 我们选择利用当地的火山石

found in abundance within the area,

在那个区域里资源非常充足

but often considered a nuisance by farmers,

而且通常被当地农人看作是很讨厌的

and piled on the side of the road.

堆砌在路边

We worked with these masons to cut these stones

我们跟这些泥瓦匠切割这些石块

and form them into the walls of the hospital.

让它们做医院的墙

And when they began on this corner

当它们从这里开始

and wrapped around the entire hospital,

环绕了整个医院

they were so good at putting these stones together,

这些石块放在一起非常好

they asked us if they could take down the original wall and rebuild it.

他们问我们是否能够拆掉原来的 重新建立一个

And you see what is possible.

你可以看见什么是可能的

It's beautiful.

它很美

And the beauty, to me,

对我来说 这个美人

comes from the fact that I know that hands cut these stones,

是来自手工切割的那些石块儿

and they formed them into this thick wall,

他们把它们嵌进了这堵厚墙

made only in this place with rocks from this soil.

只是在此地利用了来自这片土壤的石块儿

When you go outside today and you look at your built world,

现在 当你到了外面 看看你建造的这个世界

ask not only:

不仅要问

"What is the environmental footprint?" -- an important question --

一个重要的问题 “什么是环境的足迹“

but what if we also asked,

我们同时也会问

"What is the human handprint of those who made it?"

”建造它的人类的手印又是什么呢？“

We started a new practice based around these questions,

我们根据这些问题开始了一个新的练习

and we tested it around the world.

我们在全世界做了试验

Like in Haiti,

像在海地

where we asked if a new hospital could help end the epidemic of cholera.

我们在问一坐新医院 是否会给霍乱的流行划上句号

In this 100-bed hospital,

在这个100张床位的病房里

we designed a simple strategy

我们设计了一个简单的策略

to clean contaminated medical waste before it enters the water table,

来清除污染的医疗废品 在它进入水源之前

and our partners at Les Centres GHESKIO

而我们在 Les Centres GHESKIO的合作伙伴

are already saving lives because of it.

已经为此拯救了不少的生命

Or Malawi:

或者在Malawi:

we asked if a birthing center could radically reduce

我们会问是否接生中心会从根本上

maternal and infant mortality.

减少母婴的死亡率

Malawi has one of the highest rates of maternal and infant death

Malawi有着世界上

in the world.

最高的母婴死亡率

Using a simple strategy to be replicated nationally,

利用一个简单的策略来做到

we designed a birthing center

我们设计了一个接生中心

that would attract women and their attendants

吸引女人和她们的同伴

to come to the hospital earlier and therefore have safer births.

早些来到医院 因此而有着较为安全的分娩

Or in the Congo, where we asked

或者在Congo，我们会问

if an educational center could also be used

是否可以有一个教育中心

to protect endangered wildlife.

来用以保护处于灭绝的野生动物

Poaching for ivory and bushmeat

偷猎象牙和野兽肉

is leading to global epidemic, disease transfer and war.

会导致全球流行病的传染和战争

In one of the hardest-to-reach places in the world,

在这个世界上最难以企及的一个地方

we used the mud and the dirt and the wood around us

我们利用了泥巴 尘土和周围的木头

to construct a center

建造了一个中心

that would show us ways to protect and conserve our rich biodiversity.

像我们显示了 保留我们丰富的生物多样性的方法

Even here in the US,

即便是在美国

we were asked to rethink

我们被要求重新思考

the largest university for the deaf and hard of hearing in the world.

世界上最大的聋哑大学

The deaf community, through sign language,

聋人社区 通过手势语言

shows us the power of visual communication.

像我们展示视觉交流的力量

We designed a campus that would awaken the ways

我们设计了一个校园

in which we as humans all communicate,

可以唤醒人们作为一个整体而交流

both verbally and nonverbally.

以语言或非语言的方式

And even in Poughkeepsie, my hometown,

即使在我的家乡Poughkeepsie

we thought about old industrial infrastructure.

我们想到古老的工业基础设施

We wondered:

我们疑惑

Could we use arts and culture and design to revitalize this city

我们能用艺术文化和设计来振兴这个城市吗

and other Rust Belt cities across our nation,

还有全国其它一些老旧的条带式城市

and turn them into centers for innovation and growth?

能把她们变成革新和成长的中心吗？

In each of these projects, we asked a simple question:

我们在每个项目上都询问一个简单的问题

What more can architecture do?

建筑师还能够多做些什么？

And by asking that question,

通过这个问题

we were forced to consider how we could create jobs,

我们被迫地考虑到我们怎样来完成工作

how we could source regionally

怎样就地取材

and how we could invest in the dignity of the communities

怎样在我们所服务的社区

in which we serve.

有尊严地投资

I have learned

我已经学到了

that architecture can be a transformative engine for change.

建筑可成为变化的转变性引擎

About a year ago, I read an article

一年以前 我读过一篇文章

about a tireless and intrepid civil rights leader

是关于一位孜孜不倦的勇敢的民运领袖

named Bryan Stevenson.

他叫Bryan Stevenson

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

And Bryan had a bold architectural vision.

Bryan有一个大胆的建筑观点

He and his team had been documenting

他和他的队友们已经记录了

the over 4,000 lynchings of African-Americans

在南美发生的

that have happened in the American South.

超过4000例的美国非裔的私刑案例

And they had a plan to mark every county where these lynchings occurred,

他们计划标记下这些私刑发生的每一个区县

and build a national memorial to the victims of lynching

他们在阿拉巴马的蒙哥马利

in Montgomery, Alabama.

为私刑的牺牲者建立了一个国家纪念馆

Countries like Germany and South Africa

像德国和南非

and, of course, Rwanda,

当然还有卢旺达

have found it necessary to build memorials

我们发现有必要建立一个纪念馆

to reflect on the atrocities of their past,

来折射他们过去的暴行

in order to heal their national psyche.

以便从心理上获得全国性的治愈

We have yet to do this in the United States.

我们在美国也要这样做

So I sent a cold email to [email protected]:

所以我发出了一个邮件到 [email protected]:

"Dear Bryan," it said,

邮件上说：“亲爱的Bryan“

"I think your building project

“我以为你的建筑项目

is maybe the most important project we could do in America

也许是我们在美国能做到的最好的

and could change the way we think about racial injustice.

而且它能改变我们所认为的种族不平等

By any chance,

顺便问一句

do you know who will design it?"

你知道谁去设计这个建筑呢？“

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Surprisingly, shockingly,

令人吃惊的是

Bryan got right back to me,

Bryan马上回了我的邮件

and invited me down to meet with his team and talk to them.

并且邀请我去跟他的团队见面和谈话

Needless to say, I canceled all my meetings

不用说 我取消了自己所有的会议

and I jumped on a plane to Montgomery, Alabama.

直飞阿拉巴马的蒙哥马利

When I got there,

当我到达那里以后

Bryan and his team picked me up, and we walked around the city.

Bryan和他的团队接我去参观了城市

And they took the time to point out

他们花了一番时间指出

the many markers that have been placed all over the city

在全市所置放的

to the history of the Confederacy,

很多关于南部联邦历史的标记

and the very few that mark the history of slavery.

没有几个标记是关于奴隶的

And then he walked me to a hill.

然后他带我走上一个山坡

It overlooked the whole city.

可以俯瞰整个城市

He pointed out the river and the train tracks

他指给我看一条河和某些火车道

where the largest domestic slave-trading port in America

曾经是美国国内最大的奴隶交易港口

had once prospered.

一度非常繁荣

And then to the Capitol rotunda,

然后我们到了国会圆顶大厦

where George Wallace had stood on its steps

乔治华莱士曾经站在它的阶梯上宣称

and proclaimed, "Segregation forever."

“永远隔离”

And then to the very hill below us.

然后我们到了丘陵下面

He said, "Here we will build a new memorial

他说 “我们会建立一个新的纪念馆

that will change the identity of this city and of this nation."

这将改变这座城市和这个国家的面目

Our two teams have worked together over the last year

我们两个团队去年在一起工作

to design this memorial.

并设计了这个纪念馆

The memorial will take us on a journey

这个纪念馆会带领我们走上一个旅途

through a classical, almost familiar building type,

通过一个古典的 几近熟悉的建筑类型

like the Parthenon or the colonnade at the Vatican.

像帕台农神庙或在梵蒂冈的柱廊

But as we enter,

但当我们进入的时候

the ground drops below us and our perception shifts,

地面下降，我们的视界更换了

where we realize that these columns evoke the lynchings,

我们意识到这些柱子唤起

which happened in the public square.

在公共广场发生的私刑

And as we continue,

当我们继续的时候

we begin to understand the vast number

我们开始明白数目巨大的这一部分人

of those who have yet to be put to rest.

已经置于安息

Their names will be engraved on the markers that hang above us.

他们的名字会刻在我们上面的这些标记

And just outside will be a field of identical columns.

而在外面 也会有相同的柱子

But these are temporary columns, waiting in purgatory,

但这些是临时的 等候着

to be placed in the very counties where these lynchings occurred.

今后几年

Over the next few years,

在那些私刑发生的区县

this site will bear witness,

尚在炼狱中的未明之人

as each of these markers is claimed

就像每个标记宣称的

and visibly placed in those counties.

在这些国家有目共睹的

Our nation will begin to heal from over a century of silence.

我们的国家将开始从世纪的沉默得到疗愈

When we think about how it should be built,

当我们考虑怎样来建造它

we were reminded of Ubudehe,

我们想起了“卢旺达人的愚公移山”

the building process we learned about in Rwanda.

我们开始了在卢旺达的那种建筑程序

We wondered if we could fill those very columns

我们疑惑是否我们能够

with the soil from the sites of where these killings occurred.

用私刑发生的当地的泥土来填充这些柱子

Brian and his team have begun collecting that soil

Bryan和他的团队已经开始搜集了那些泥土

and preserving it in individual jars

并且保存在瓶罐之中

with family members, community leaders and descendants.

和他们的家庭成员 社区领袖和子孙后代们在一起

The act of collecting soil itself

搜集泥土的行为本身

has lead to a type of spiritual healing.

就带来了某种精神的疗愈

It's an act of restorative justice.

这是某种回顾性的司法

As one EJI team member noted

就像一个Eji队员

in the collection of the soil from where Will McBride was lynched,

在 Will McBride 的私刑处 的泥土搜集过程中记下来的

"If Will McBride left one drop of sweat,

“如果Will McBride留下了一滴汗

one drop of blood,

一滴血

one hair follicle --

一根头发

I pray that I dug it up,

我祈祷我会将它挖掘出来

and that his whole body would be at peace."

那么他的整个身体将会安息

We plan to break ground on this memorial later this year,

我们计划在今年后半年将纪念馆破土动工

and it will be a place to finally speak of the unspeakable acts

它将是一个最终能够诉说不可说的行为

that have scarred this nation.

而这个行为使这个国家伤痕累累

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

When my father told me that day that this house --

当我的父亲在那天告诉我这座房子

our house --

我们的房子－－

had saved his life,

挽救了他的生命

what I didn't know

那时我还不知道

was that he was referring to a much deeper relationship

他指的是我们和建筑之间

between architecture and ourselves.

有着深深的联系

Buildings are not simply expressive sculptures.

建筑不仅仅是一座表达性的雕像

They make visible our personal and our collective aspirations

它让我们个人和集体的愿望

as a society.

浮现于社会

Great architecture can give us hope.

伟大的建筑能给我们希望

Great architecture can heal.

伟大的建筑能够疗愈创伤

Thank you very much.

非常感谢大家

(Applause)

（鼓掌）