Philip Howard: Four ways to fix a broken legal system

Prevodilac: Bane Krajisnik Lektor: Mile Živković

I've always been interested in

Uvek me je zanimala

the relationship of formal structures and human behavior.

veza između formalnih struktura i ponašanja ljudi.

If you build a wide road out to the outskirts of town, people will move there.

Ako izgradiš dobar put ka predgrađu nekog grada, ljudi će se tamo naseliti.

Well, law is also a powerful driver

Isto tako je i zakon jedno moćno sredstvo

of human behavior.

za usmeravanje ponašanja ljudi.

And what I'd like to discuss today

Danas bih voleo da pričam

is the need to overhaul and simplify the law

o potrebi da se preurede i pojednostave zakoni

to release the energy and passion

da bi se usmerila energija i strast

of Americans, so that we can begin

Amerikanaca, da bi se

to address the challenges of our society.

bavili problemima našeg društva.

You might have noticed that law has grown

Primetili ste da je zakon postajao sve opsežniji

progressively denser in your lives over the last decade or two.

tokom našeg života u poslednjih jednu do dve decenije.

If you run a business, it's hard to do much of anything

Ako imate privatnu firmu, teško je da se bilo šta uradi

without calling your general counsel.

a da se ne pozove pravni savetnik.

Indeed, there is this phenomenon now

Štaviše, tu je pojava

where the general counsels are becoming the CEOs.

da se pravni savetnici postavljaju za direktore firmi.

It's a little bit like the Invasion Of The Body Snatchers.

Zvuči pomalo kao "Invazija kradljivaca tela".

You need a lawyer to run the company,

Potreban je advokat da vodi kompaniju,

because there's so much law.

zato što ima toliko zakona i propisa.

But it's not just business that's affected by this,

Međutim, ovo ne utiče samo na poslovno okruženje,

it's actually pressed down into the daily activities

veće se može preneti i na svakodnevne

of ordinary people.

aktivnosti običnih ljudi.

A couple of years ago I was hiking near Cody, Wyoming.

Pre nekoliko godina ja sam planinario blizu Kodija u Vajomingu.

It was in a grizzly bear preserve,

U pitanju je bio rezervat grizlija,

although no one told me that before we went.

mada mi to niko nije rekao pre polaska.

And our guide was a local science teacher.

Naš vodič je slučajno bila tamošnja nastavnica fizike.

She was wholly unconcerned about the bears,

Nju medvedi nisu ni malo brinuli,

but she was terrified of lawyers.

ali se advokata smrtno plašila.

The stories started pouring out.

I tako je počela da priča. Upravo je bila

She'd just been involved in an episode where a parent

umešana u jednu nepriliku u kojoj

had threatened to sue the school

su roditelji pretili da će da tuže školu

because she lowered the grade of the student by 10 percent

zato što je smanjila ocenu jednog učenika

when he turned the paper in late.

za 10% jer nije na vreme predao svoj rad.

The principal didn't want to stand up to the parent

Direktor nije hteo da dolazi u sukob sa

because he didn't want to get dragged into some legal proceedings.

roditeljima jer nije hteo da bude uvučen u zakonsku proceduru.

So, she had to go to meeting after meeting, same arguments made

I tako je morala da ide na sastanke,

over and over again.

gde su iznošeni isti argumenti iznova.

After 30 days of sleepless nights, she finally capitulated

Nakon 30 dana neprospavanih noći, konačno se predala

and raised the grade.

i povisila ocenu.

She said, "Life's too short, I just can't keep going with this."

Rekla je: "Život je previše kratak da bih se i dalje borila."

About the same time, she was going to take two students to a leadership conference

Negde u isto vreme, trebalo je da odvede dva učenika

in Laramie, which is a couple of hours away,

na đački parlament u Lerami, koji je udaljen nekoliko sati vožnje,

and she was going to drive them in her car,

i htela je da ih vozi svojim kolima,

but the school said, "No, you can't drive them in the car

ali su joj rekli: "Ne možeš da ih voziš

for liability reasons.

kolima jer je to previše odgovornosti.

You have to go in a school bus."

Morate da idete školskim autobusom."

So, they provided a bus that held 60 people

I tako je škola dala autobus za 60 ljudi

and drove the three of them back and forth

da bi se prevezlo njih troje

several hours to Laramie.

za tih nekoliko sati do Leramija i nazad.

Her husband is also a science teacher,

Njen muž je takođe nastavnik u školi,

and he takes his biology class on a hike

te je jednom poveo decu na čas biologije

in the nearby national park.

u obližnji nacionalni park.

Međutim, rečeno mu je da ne može ove godine

But he was told he couldn't go on the hike this year

because one of the students in the class was disabled,

da ide jer je jedan od učenika invalid,

so the other 25 students didn't get to go on the hike either.

tako da ni ostalih 25 učenika nije moglo na izlet.

Do kraja dana bih mogao da pričam o zakonima

At the end of this day I could have filled a book

just with stories about law

i popunio bih čitavu jednu knjigu

from this one teacher.

samo o slučajevima ovog jednog nastavnika.

Now, we've been taught to believe that law

Učili su nas da je pravo

is the foundation of freedom.

temelj slobode.

But somehow or another, in the last couple of decades,

Ali nekako, u poslednjih nekoliko decenija,

the land of the free has become a legal minefield.

zemlja slobodnih je postala pravno minsko polje.

It's really changed our lives in ways

Ovo je zaista promenilo naše živote

that are sort of imperceptible;

na skoro neprimetan način;

and yet, when you pull back, you see it all the time.

pa ipak, kad se osvrneš, vidiš to posvuda.

It's changed the way we talk. I was talking to a

Promenio se način obraćanja. Pričao sam

pediatrician friend

sa prijateljem pedijatrom

in North Carolina. He said,

iz Severne Karoline. Rekao je:

"Well you know, I don't deal with patients the same way anymore.

"Znaš, ne postupam više sa pacijentima na isti način.

You wouldn't want to say something off-the-cuff

Ne želim da kažem nešto neodmereno

that might be used against you."

što bi moglo da me dovede u problem."

U pitanju je doktor, koji treba da brine

This is a doctor, whose life is caring for people.

o ljudima. Moja firma ima listu pitanja

My own law firm has a list of questions

that I'm not allowed to ask

koja ja ne smem da postavim

when interviewing candidates,

kandidatima pri intervjuu za posao,

such as the sinister question,

kao što je zlokobno pitanje,

bulging with hidden motives and innuendo,

puno skrivenih motiva i nagoveštaja

"Odakle ste?"

"Where are you from?"

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Now for 20 years, tort reformers have been sounding the alarm

Već 20 godina, odštetni reformatori

upozoravaju da su parnice otišle van kontrole.

that lawsuits are out of control.

And we read every once in while

S vremena na vreme čitamo

about these crazy lawsuits, like the guy

o tim bizarnim slučajima, kao kad je jedan

in the District of Columbia who sued his dry cleaners for 54 million dollars

u Vašingtonu tužio radnju za hemijsko

čišćenje za 54 milliona dolara jer je izgubila njegove pantalone.

because they lost his pair of pants.

The case went on for two years; I think he's still appealing the case.

Slučaj je trajao dve godine; Mislim da još

But the reality is, these crazy cases

uvek ulaže žalbe. U stvarnosti, međutim, ovakvi slučajevi

are relatively rare. They don't usually win.

su relativno retki. I obično ne dobijaju.

Ukupni troškovi direktnih parnica

And the total of direct tort cost

in this country is about two percent,

u ovoj zemlji iznose oko 2%,

which is twice as much as in other countries

što je duplo više od ostalih država,

but, as taxes go, hardly crippling.

ali, kad sagledaš čitav porez, nije to mnogo značajno.

But the direct costs are really only the tip of the iceberg.

Međutim, direktni troškovi su samo vrh ledenog brega.

Ono što se ovde desilo, ponavljam,

What's happened here, again,

almost without our knowing,

skoro bez našeg znanja,

is our culture has changed.

je promena čitave kulture.

People no longer feel free

Ljudi se ne osećaju slobodnim

to act on their best judgment.

da postupaju kako im rasuđivanje nalaže.

So, what do we do about it?

Dakle, šta nam je činiti?

We certainly don't want to give up the rights,

Svakako ne želimo sebi da uskratimo prava,

when people do something wrong, to seek redress in the courts.

da kad neko pogreši tražimo pravdu na sudu.

We need regulation to make sure

Propisi nam trebaju kako ljudi

people don't pollute and such.

ne bi zagađivali okolinu itd.

We lack even a vocabulary to deal with

Nama čak nedostaje vokabular

this problem,

da bi se bavili ovim problemom,

sve to jer imamo pogrešan skup kriterijuma.

and that's because we have the wrong frame of reference.

We've been trained to think that the way to look at every dispute,

Nas su učili da gledamo na bilo koji spor, na bilo koje pitanje,

every issue, is a matter of kind of individual rights.

kao na neki način borbe za individualna prava.

And so we peer through a legal microscope, and look at everything.

I tako piljimo kroz pravni mikroskop, analiziramo sve.

Is it possible that there are extenuating circumstances

Da li možda postoje olakšavajuće okolnosti

koje objašnjavaju zašto mali Džoni

that explain why Johnny

turned his paper in late in Cody, Wyoming?

nije na vreme predao svoj rad u Vajomingu?

Da li je doktor mogao da uradi nešto drugačije kada se

Is it possible that the doctor

might have done something differently when the sick person gets sicker?

stanje neke obolele osobe pogoršalo?

And of course the hindsight bias is perfect.

I naravno, pristrasnost kada se gleda unazad je savršena.

There's always a different scenario that you can sketch out

Uvek možeš da izradiš drugačiji scenario

kako je moglo nešto drugačije da se uradi.

where it's possible that something could have been done differently.

And yet, we've been trained to squint into this legal microscope,

A opet, učili su nas da buljimo u pravni

mikroskop, u nadi da ćemo rešiti bilo koji spor

hoping that we can judge any dispute

against the standard of a perfect society,

uzimajući za merilo savršeno društvo,

where everyone will agree what's fair,

gde se svi slažu šta je fer,

and where accidents will be extinct,

i gde će nesreće biti prošlost,

gde rizika više neće biti.

risk will be no more.

Ovo je, naravno, utopija;

Of course, this is Utopia;

To je formula za paralizu, a ne slobodu.

it's a formula for paralysis, not freedom.

To nije osnova za vladavinu prava,

It's not the basis of the rule of law,

it's not the basis of a free society.

i nije osnova za slobodno društvo.

Sada ću vam predstaviti prvo

So, now I have the first of four propositions

od četiri predloga o tome kako da pojednostavimo zakone:

I'm going to leave with you about how you simplify the law:

Moramo da sudimo o zakonu prevashodno

You've got to judge law mainly

by its effect on the broader society,

u smislu njegovog uticaja na šire društvo,

not individual disputes.

a ne na individualne sporove.

Absolutely vital.

To je od vitalnog značaja.

Hajde da se udaljimo od anegdota na minut

So, let's pull back from the anecdotes for a second

and look at our society from high above.

i sagledamo naše društvo odozgo.

Is it working?

Da li funkcioniše?

What does the macro-data show us?

Šta nam pokazuju podaci na makro planu?

Well, the healthcare system has been transformed:

Pa, zdravstveni sistem je transformisan:

a culture pervaded with defensiveness,

stvorena je jedna odbrambena kultura,

sveopšte nepoverenje u pravni sistem,

universal distrust of the system of justice,

universal practice of defensive medicine.

sveopšta praksa pasivne, odbrambene medicine.

It's very hard to measure

Sve je teško izmeriti

because there are mixed motives.

pošto postoje pomešani motivi.

Doctors can make more on ordering tests sometimes,

Doktori zarade više ako naruče analize,

and also they no longer even know what's right or wrong.

i ne znaju više šta je pravično a šta nije.

Ali pouzdane procene

But reliable estimates

range between 60 billion and

idu od 60 milijardi

200 billion dollars per year.

do 200 milijardi dolara godišnje.

That's enough to provide care to all the people

To je dovoljno da se pruži pomoć svima

koji je nemaju.

in America who don't have it.

The trial lawyers say, "Well, this legal fear

Advokati kažu: "Zar ovaj strah od zakona

makes doctors practice better medicine."

primorava doktore da rade bolje?"

Well that's been studied too, by the Institute of Medicine

I to se proučavalo na Medicinskom institutu

and others. Turns out that's not the case.

i drugim ustanovama. Ispostavilo se da to nije tačno.

The fear has chilled professional interaction

Strah je zamrzao profesionalne odnose

so thousands of tragic errors occur

tako da hiljade tragičnih grešaka nastane

because doctors are afraid

zato što se doktori plaše

to speak up: "Are you sure that's the right dosage?"

da pitaju: "Da li si siguran da je to prava doza?"

Because they're not sure,

Jer nisu sigurni,

i ne žele da snose odgovornost.

and they don't want to take legal responsibility.

Let's go to schools.

Vratimo se na školu.

Kako smo videli na primeru nastavnika,

As we saw with the teacher in Cody, Wyoming,

na nju pravo ovde utiče.

she seems to be affected by the law.

Well it turns out the schools are literally drowning in law.

Škole se bukvalno dave u zakonima.

Možete da imate posebne odeljke pravne biblioteke

You could have a separate section of a law library

around each of the following legal concepts:

za svaki od sledećih pravnih koncepta:

due process, special education,

pravne garancije, specijalno obrazovanje,

no child left behind,

inkluzija,

nulta tolerancija, radni propisi...

zero tolerance, work rules ...

it goes on. We did a study

i tako dalje. Radili smo studiju

of all the rules that affect one school

o svim propisima koji se tiču jedne škole

in New York. The Board of Ed. had no idea.

u Njujorku. Odbor obrazovanja uopšte nije bio upućen.

Tens of thousands of discreet rules,

Desetine hiljada diskrecionih pravila,

60 steps to suspend a student from school:

60 koraka za suspendovanje đaka iz škole:

To je formula za paralizu.

It's a formula for paralysis.

What's the effect of that? One is a decline in order.

Koje su posledice? Jedna je opadanje reda.

Again, studies have shown

Studije opet pokazuju

it's directly attributable

da je ovo direktno povezano

to the rise of due process.

sa porastom pravnih garancija.

Public agenda did a survey for us a couple of years ago

Napravljena je anketa za nas pre par godina

gde su pronašli da 43% srednjoškolskih nastavnika u SAD

where they found that 43 percent of the high school teachers in America

kažu da provode barem polovinu vremena

say that they spend at least half of their time

na održavanje reda u učionici.

maintaining order in the classroom.

To znači da ti učenici dobijaju polovinu obrazovanja

That means those students are getting half the learning

they're supposed to, because if one child is disrupting the class

koje je za njih određeno, jer kad jedno dete ometa čas

no one can learn.

niko ne može da uči.

And what happens when the teacher tries to assert order?

A kad nastavnik pokuša da uspostavi red?

They're threatened with a legal claim.

Preti im se pravnim postupcima.

I to smo anketirali. 78% srednjoškolskih nastavnika

We also surveyed that. Seventy-eight percent of the middle and high school teachers

in America have been threatened by their students

u SAD dobijalo je pretnje od svojih učenika

with violating their rights, with lawsuits

vezano za povrede prava, uz pretnju tužbom.

by their students. They are threatening, their students.

Učenici im, dakle, prete.

It's not that they usually sue,

Retko kad ih i tuže,

it's not that they would win, but it's an

nije kao da će dobiti slučaj, ali to ukazuje

indication of the corrosion of authority.

na nagrizanje autoriteta.

And how has this system of law worked for government?

A kako vladi odgovara ovakav pravni sistem?

It doesn't seem to be working very well does it?

Nije kao da sve teče u najboljem redu, zar ne?

Neither in Sacramento nor in Washington.

Ni u jednom kraju Amerike.

The other day at the State of the Union speech,

U svom obraćanju naciji pre neki dan,

predsednik Obama je rekao,

President Obama said,

and I think we could all agree with this goal,

i mislim da se svi slažemo sa ovim ciljem:

"From the first railroads to the interstate highway system,

"Od prve lokomotive do autoputne mreže,

our nation has always been the first to compete.

naša nacija se uvek takmičila u prvim redovima.

There is no reason Europe or China should have the fastest trains."

Nema razloga da Evropa ili Kina imaju najbrže vozove."

Pa, u stvari, postoji razlog:

Well, actually there is a reason:

Environmental review has evolved into a process

Ekološka ispitivanja su prerasla u proces

of no pebble left unturned

"pretražiti svaki ćošak"

for any major project taking the better part of a decade,

za bilo koji veliki projekat ove decenije,

iza čega slede godine parničenja

then followed by years of litigation

od strane bilo koga kome se ne sviđa projekat.

by anybody who doesn't like the project.

Then, just staying above the Earth for one more second,

A onda, ako ostaneš samo jedan sekund iznad Zemlje,

people are acting like idiots,

ponašaš se kao idiot,

(Smeh)

(Laughter)

all across the country.

u čitavoj državi.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Idioti. Pre nekoliko godina,

Idiots. A couple of years ago,

Broward County, Florida, banned running at recess.

okrug Brauard u Floridi je zabranio trčanje tokom odmora

u školama. (Smeh)

(Laughter)

That means all the boys are going to be ADD.

Što znači da će svi dečaci

postati hiperaktivni. Mislim, to je jednostavno

I mean it's just absolutely

formula za neuspeh.

a formula for failure.

Meni su omiljeni natpisi upozorenja.

My favorite, though, are all the warning labels.

"Caution: Contents are hot,"

"Upozorenje: Sadržaj je vreo",

on billions of coffee cups.

na milijardama papirnih čaša za kafu.

Archeologists will dig us up in a thousand years

Arheolozi će nas iskopati za hiljadu godina

i neće znati za odbrambenu medicinu i tako to,

and they won't know about defensive medicine and stuff,

but they'll see all these labels, "Contents are extremely hot."

ali će videti sve oznake, "Sadržaj je krajnje vreo".

They'll think it was some kind of aphrodisiac.

Misliće da je u pitanju afrodizijak.

To je jedino objašnjenje. Zašto bi inače

That's the only explanation. Because why

nekome morao da objasniš da je nešto vrelo?

would you have to tell people that something was actually hot?

Moje omiljeno upozorenje je na jednoj varalici za pecanje.

My favorite warning was one on a five-inch fishing lure.

I grew up in the South and whiled away the summers fishing.

Odrastao sam na Jugu i provodio dosta vremena pecajući.

Five-inch fishing lure, it's a big fishing lure,

Varalica od 13 cm je prilično velika varalica

with a three pronged hook in the back,

sa trostrukom kukom na donjem delu,

and outside it said, "Harmful if swallowed."

a spolja je pisalo: "Škodi ako se proguta".

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Dakle, niko od ovih ljudi

So, none of these people

ne radi ono što misli da je ispravno.

are doing what they think is right.

A zašto? Ne veruju u pravo. Zašto?

And why not? They don't trust the law. Why don't they trust the law?

Jer predstavlja najgore od dva sveta:

Because it gives us the worst of both worlds:

Nasumično je - svako može da tuži za skoro sve

It's random -- anybody can sue for almost anything

i obrati se sudu, bez doslednosti,

and take it to a jury, not even an effort at consistency --

a i previše je detaljno.

and it's also too detailed.

U oblastima koje imaju propise, postoji toliko pravila,

In the areas that are regulated, there are so many rules

da ni jedan čovek ne može da ima sve u glavi.

no human could possibly know it.

Well how do you fix it? We could spend 10,000 lifetimes

Pa kako to da rešimo? Mogli bismo da provedemo

trying to prune this legal jungle.

10.000 života u potkresivanju ove pravne džungle

But the challenge here is not one of just

Ali izazov sad nije samo vezan

amending the law,

za izmene zakona,

because the hurdle for success is trust.

jer je prepreka za uspeh poverenje.

People -- for law to be the platform for freedom,

Da bi pravo bilo platforma slobode,

people have to trust it.

ljudi moraju da mu veruju.

So, that's my second proposition:

To je moj drugi predlog:

Trust is an essential condition

Poverenje je suštinski uslov

to a free society.

za slobodno društvo.

Life is complicated enough without legal fear.

Život je komplikovan i bez pravnog straha.

But law is different than other kinds of uncertainties,

Ali pravo je različito od ostalih vrsta nesigurnosti,

because it carries with it the power of state.

zato što nosi moć države.

And so the state can come in.

Tako da država može da uskoči.

It actually changes the way people think.

To u stvari menja način razmišljanja ljudi.

It's like having a little lawyer on your shoulders

To je kao da imaš malog advokata na ramenu

all day long, whispering in your ear,

čitav dan, koji ti šapuće u uho:

"Da li ovo može da pođe po zlu?"

"Could that go wrong? Might that go wrong?"

To udaljava ljude od pametnog dela mozga -

It drives people from the smart part of the brain --

onog tamnog, dubokog bunara podsvesti,

that dark, deep well of the subconscious,

gde se nalaze instinkti i iskustvo,

where instincts and experience,

i svi ostali faktori kreativnosti

and all the other factors of creativity

i zdravog rasuđivanja -

and good judgment are --

it drives us to the thin veneer of conscious logic.

i vuče ka tankoj fasadi svesne logike.

Čim bi doktor rekao, "Pa, sumnjam

Pretty soon the doctor's saying, "Well, I doubt

da je ta glavobolja znak tumora,

if that headache could be a tumor, but who would protect me

if it were? So maybe I'll just order the MRI."

ali ko će da me odbrani ako jeste? Ma, da ja naručim magnetnu rezonancu."

Then you've wasted 200 billion dollars in unnecessary tests.

Tako ste potrošili 200 milijardi na bespotrebne testove.

If you make people self-conscious

Ako su ljudi previše svesni svog rasuđivanja,

studije pokazuju da će onda

about their judgments, studies show

you will make them make worse judgments.

lošije rasuđivati.

Ako pijanisti kažete da razmišlja o tome kako udara note

If you tell the pianist to think about how she's hitting the notes

dok svira neko delo, ne bi mogao da ga izvede.

when she's playing the piece, she can't play the piece.

Self-consciousness is the enemy of accomplishment.

Svesnost je neprijatelj uspeha.

Edison je to najbolje izrazio. Rekao je:

Edison stated it best. He said,

"Hell, we ain't got no rules around here,

"Naravno da ovde nemamo pravila, mi pokušavamo

we're trying to accomplish something."

da ostvarimo nešto, dođavola"

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So, how do you restore trust?

Kako onda povratiti poverenje?

Tweaking the law's clearly not good enough,

Unapređenje zakona

and tort reform, which is a great idea,

očigledno nije dovoljno, a odštetna reforma,

kao super ideja, smanjuje troškove kompanijama,

lowers your cost if you're a businessperson,

but it's like a Band-Aid on this gaping wound of distrust.

ali je samo flaster za otvorenu ranu nepoverenja.

States with extensive tort reform

Države sa razvijenom odštetnom reformom

still suffer all these pathologies.

još uvek pate od ovih devijacija.

So, what's needed is not just to limit claims,

Dakle, potrebno je ne samo da se ograniči

odšteta, već da se stvori okosnica za slobodu.

but actually create a dry ground of freedom.

It turns out that freedom actually has a formal structure.

Možemo reći da sloboda ima formalnu strukturu.

And it is this:

A to je ovo:

Zakoni postavljaju granice,

Law sets boundaries,

te su na jednoj strani tih granica ono što

and on one side of those boundaries are all the things

you can't do or must do --

ne možeš ili ne smeš da radiš -

you can't steal, you've got to pay your taxes --

da ne kradeš, da moraš da plaćaš porez -

but those same boundaries are supposed to define

ali te granice bi

trebalo da definišu i štite okosnicu slobode.

and protect a dry ground of freedom.

Ajzaja Berlin je ovako to rekao:

Isaiah Berlin put it this way:

"Pravo postavlja granice koje nisu veštački

"Law sets frontiers, not artificially drawn,

within which men shall be inviolable."

iscrtane, u okviru kojih će čovek biti nepovrediv."

Zaboravili smo taj drugi deo.

We've forgotten that second part.

Taj nasip je probijen, i ljudi su

Those dikes have burst. People wade through law

all day long.

preplavljeni zakonima konstantno.

So, what's needed now

Ono što nam sad treba

is to rebuild these boundaries.

je da izgradimo te granice.

And it's especially important to rebuild them

Naročito je to bitno

for lawsuits.

za parnice.

Because what people can sue for establishes the boundaries

Jer sve ono zbog čega ljudi mogu da tuže,

uspostavlja granice za slobodu svih ostalih.

for everybody else's freedom.

If someone brings a lawsuit over, "A kid fell off the seesaw,"

Ako neko tuži jer: "Dete je palo sa

klackalice", nije bitan ishod parnice,

it doesn't matter what happens in the lawsuit,

all the seesaws will disappear.

jer će sve klackalice biti uklonjene.

Jer niko ne želi da rizikuje takvu parnicu.

Because no one will want to take the risk of a lawsuit.

And that's what's happened. There are no seesaws, jungle gyms,

To se i desilo. Nema klackalica, pentralica

merry-go-rounds, climbing ropes,

vrteški, konopaca za penjanje,

nothing that would interest a kid over the age of four,

svega onoga što zanima starije od 4 godine,

te nema rizika koji oni povlače.

because there's no risk associated with it.

So, how do we rebuild it?

Dakle, kako da ponovo sve izgradimo?

Life is too complex for...

Život je previše složen...

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

...previše složen da bi pomogao softver program.

Life is too complex for a software program.

All these choices involve value judgments

Svi ovi izbori uključuju vrednovanje

and social norms, not objective facts.

i društvene norme a ne objektivne činjenice

And so here is the fourth proposition.

I evo četvrtog predloga.

This is what we have, the philosophy we have to change to.

Moramo da promenimo i filozofiju.

And there are two essential elements of it:

Tu postoje dva suštinska elementa:

We have to simplify the law.

Moramo da uprostimo zakone.

We have to migrate from all this complexity

Moramo da se izmestimo iz zamršenosti

ka opštim principima i ciljevima.

towards general principles and goals.

The constitution is only 16 pages long.

Ustav je dug 16 stranica.

Dobro je funkcionisao više od 200 godina.

Worked pretty well for 200 years.

Zakoni moraju da budu dovoljno prosti

Law has to be simple enough

kako bi ih ljudi personalizovali

so that people can internalize it

in their daily choices.

u svojim svakodnevnim izborima.

If they can't internalize it, they won't trust it.

Ako ne mogu da ih ugrade, neće im verovati.

Kako da ih uprostimo?

And how do you make it simple?

Because life is complex,

Jer, život je složen,

and here is the hardest and biggest change:

i tu je najteža i najveća promena:

Moramo da vratimo autoritet

We have to restore the authority

sudijama i službenicima

to judges and officials

to interpret and apply the law.

da tumače i primenjuju zakone.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

We have to rehumanize the law.

Moramo da ih pišemo za ljude,

Da ih uprostimo tako da se osećate slobodnim,

To make law simple so that you feel free,

the people in charge have to be free

i odgovorni ljudi da se osećaju slobodnim

to use their judgment to interpret and apply the law

da koriste svoje rasuđivanje i tumače

in accord with reasonable social norms.

i primenjuju zakone u skladu sa razumnim društvenim normama.

As you're going down, and walking down the sidewalk during the day,

Kada se šetate trotoarom tokom dana,

you have to think that if there is a dispute,

morate da mislite da ako postoji neki spor,

postoji neko u društvu čiji je posao

there's somebody in society who sees it as their job

da vas zaštiti

to affirmatively protect you

ako ste vi postupili zdravorazumski.

if you're acting reasonably.

Ta osoba danas ne postoji.

That person doesn't exist today.

This is the hardest hurdle.

Ovo je najveća prepreka.

It's actually not very hard. Ninety-eight percent of cases, this is a piece of cake.

U stvari i nije. U 98% slučaja, ovo je prosto k'o pasulj.

Maybe you've got a claim in small claims court

Na sudu nižeg ranga ćete tražiti

for your lost pair of pants for $100,

100 dolara za izgubljene pantalone,

but not in a court of general jurisdiction for millions of dollars.

ali ne i na višem sudu za milione.

Case dismissed without prejudice or refiling in small claims court.

Slučaj se odbacuje bez posledica ili ponovnog pokretanja.

Takes five minutes. That's it,

Traje pet minuta, i kraj.

it's not that hard.

Nije toliko teško.

But it's a hard hurdle because we got into this legal quicksand

Ali nama je i to teško jer smo u pravnoj kolotečini,

jer smo se 60-ih probudili i odjednom ugledali

because we woke up in the 1960s

sve negativne vrednosti: rasizam, polna diskriminacija,

to all these really bad values: racism,

gender discrimination, pollution --

zagađivanje, sve negativne vrednosti -

they were bad values. And we wanted to create a legal system

i hteli smo da stvorimo pravni sistem

where no one could have bad values anymore.

u kom ih više neće biti.

Problem je što smo stvorili sistem

The problem is, we created a system

where we eliminated the right to have good values.

u kom smo eliminisali pravo na dobre vrednosti.

It doesn't mean that people in authority

To ne znači da će ljudi sa autoritetom

can do whatever they want.

moći da rade kako im se hoće.

They're still bounded by legal goals and principles:

I dalje su vezani za pravne ciljeve i principe:

The teacher is accountable to the principal,

Nastavnik polaže račune direktoru,

the judge is accountable to an appellate court,

sudija polaže račune apelacionom sudu,

the president is accountable to voters.

predstednik polaže račune glasačima.

But the accountability's up the line

Ali odgovornost se penje, odluka se donosi

judging the decision against the effect on everybody,

tako da rešenje obuhvata svakoga,

not just on the disgruntled person.

ne samo osobu koja je nezadovoljna.

You can't run a society by the lowest common denominator.

Ne može se upravljati društvom pomoću najmanjeg zajedničkog imenioca.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Ono što je potrebno je fundamentalna promena u razmišljanju.

So, what's needed is a basic shift in philosophy.

We can pull the plug on a lot of this stuff if we shift our philosophy.

Možemo otkloniti dosta ovih stvari ako promenimo razmišljanje.

We've been taught that authority is the enemy of freedom.

Učeni smo da je autoritet neprijatelj slobode.

It's not true. Authority, in fact,

To nije istina. Naprotiv, autoritet je neophodan

is essential to freedom.

za slobodu.

Law is a human institution;

Zakoni su ljudska institucija;

responsibility is a human institution.

odgovornost je ljudska institucija.

If teachers don't have authority to run the classroom,

Ako nastavnici nemaju autoritet da vode čas

to maintain order, everybody's learning suffers.

da održe red, niko ne uči.

If the judge doesn't have the authority to toss out unreasonable claims,

Ako sudija nema autoritet da odbaci

nerazumne zahteve, svi ćemo se obazirati oko ramena.

then all of us go through the day looking over our shoulders.

If the environmental agency can't decide

Ako agencije za ekologiju ne mogu da odluče

that the power lines are good for the environment,

da su strujovodi dobri za okolinu,

onda nema načina da se struja sprovede

then there's no way to bring the power from the wind farms

to the city.

od električnih vetrenjača do grada.

Slobodno društvo zahteva crvena i zelena svetla

A free society requires red lights and green lights,

ili brzo nastaje zakrčenje.

otherwise it soon descends into gridlock.

To se desilo u SAD. Pogledajte unaokolo.

That's what's happened to America. Look around.

What the world needs now

Ono što svetu sad treba

is to restore the authority to make common choices.

je uspostavljanje autoriteta da bi se doneli zajednički izbori.

It's the only way to get our freedom back,

To je jedini način da se povrati sloboda,

and it's the only way to release the energy and passion

i to je jedini način da se usmeri energija i strast

needed so that we can meet the challenges

potrebna da se uhvati u koštac sa izazovima našeg vremena.

of our time. Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)