Philip Howard: Four ways to fix a broken legal system

65,303 views ใƒป 2010-02-22

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Zyi Ryong Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : HyeRyeong Son
00:15
I've always been interested in
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์ €๋Š” ๋Š˜ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋™ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—
00:18
the relationship of formal structures and human behavior.
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๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
If you build a wide road out to the outskirts of town, people will move there.
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์‹œ์™ธ๊ณฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋„๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๋‹ฆ์—ฌ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์น˜์ฃ .
00:26
Well, law is also a powerful driver
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์ž, ๋ฒ•์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋™์˜
00:30
of human behavior.
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๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์กฐ์ •์ž์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
And what I'd like to discuss today
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
00:34
is the need to overhaul and simplify the law
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ์—ด์ •์„
00:37
to release the energy and passion
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ํ•ด๋ฐฉ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋”
00:40
of Americans, so that we can begin
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๋ฒ• ์ •๋น„์™€ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ,
00:42
to address the challenges of our society.
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์ด๋กœ์จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋‹น๋ฉด๊ณผ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
You might have noticed that law has grown
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ ๊ณ„์‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ์š”,
00:48
progressively denser in your lives over the last decade or two.
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์ง€๋‚œ 10~20๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฒ•์ด ์‚ถ์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ค‘์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์ปค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
If you run a business, it's hard to do much of anything
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์‚ฌ์—…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๊ณ ๋ฌธ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ƒ๋‹ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
00:55
without calling your general counsel.
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
Indeed, there is this phenomenon now
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์‹ค์ƒ์€
00:59
where the general counsels are becoming the CEOs.
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๊ณ ๋ฌธ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž๋กœ ํƒˆ๋ฐ”๊ฟˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
It's a little bit like the Invasion Of The Body Snatchers.
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์˜ํ™” '์‹ ์ฒด ๊ฐ•ํƒˆ์ž์˜ ์นจ์ž…'์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ๋ฒ•ํ•œ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
01:05
You need a lawyer to run the company,
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ์˜์—๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
because there's so much law.
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๋ฒ•์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์˜ˆ์š”.
01:09
But it's not just business that's affected by this,
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๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์‚ฌ์—…์—๋งŒ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
it's actually pressed down into the daily activities
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ๋„
01:14
of ordinary people.
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์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:16
A couple of years ago I was hiking near Cody, Wyoming.
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2๋…„ ์ „, ์ €๋Š” ์™€์ด์˜ค๋ฐ ์ฃผ ์ฝ”๋”” ๊ทผ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ดํ‚นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
It was in a grizzly bear preserve,
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ํšŒ์ƒ‰๊ณฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
01:22
although no one told me that before we went.
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๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์ „์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌํ•œํ…Œ ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
And our guide was a local science teacher.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
She was wholly unconcerned about the bears,
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์ด ์—ฌ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ํšŒ์ƒ‰๊ณฐ์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
01:30
but she was terrified of lawyers.
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๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ž”๋œฉ ๊ฒ์— ์งˆ๋ ค์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
The stories started pouring out.
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๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฌต์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์Ÿ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
She'd just been involved in an episode where a parent
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์ด ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ํ•™๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ 
01:37
had threatened to sue the school
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์œผ๋ฆ„์žฅ์„ ๋†“๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
01:40
because she lowered the grade of the student by 10 percent
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹น ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์„ฑ์ ์„
01:42
when he turned the paper in late.
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10% ๊นŽ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
The principal didn't want to stand up to the parent
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๊ต์žฅ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ํ•™๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ๋งž์„œ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:46
because he didn't want to get dragged into some legal proceedings.
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฒ•์  ์†Œ์†ก์— ํœ˜๋ง๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
So, she had to go to meeting after meeting, same arguments made
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์—ฌ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ์—ฐ์ด์€ ํšŒ์˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•ด์„œ, ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„
01:51
over and over again.
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๊ณ„์† ๋˜ํ’€์ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
After 30 days of sleepless nights, she finally capitulated
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30์ผ์„ ์ž  ๋ชป์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ๋œป์„ ๊ตฝํžˆ๊ณ 
01:56
and raised the grade.
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์„ฑ์ ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ฒŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
She said, "Life's too short, I just can't keep going with this."
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์ด ๋ถ„์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ "์ธ์ƒ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์งง์ž–์•„์š”. ์ด ์ง“๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ฃ ."
02:01
About the same time, she was going to take two students to a leadership conference
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ ต, ์ด ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ๋‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ •๋„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๋ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜๋Š”
02:04
in Laramie, which is a couple of hours away,
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์ง€๋„๋ถ€ ํšŒ์˜์— ๋‘ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
and she was going to drive them in her car,
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์ž๊ธฐ ์ฐจ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ์šด์ „ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ ค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
02:09
but the school said, "No, you can't drive them in the car
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ํ•™๊ต ์ธก์—์„œ "์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฑ…์ž„์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ
02:11
for liability reasons.
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์šด์ „์„ ํ•˜์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
You have to go in a school bus."
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ํ†ตํ•™๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์…”์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
So, they provided a bus that held 60 people
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ค€ 60๋ช… ์ •์›์˜ ๋ฒ„์Šค 1๋Œ€์—
02:18
and drove the three of them back and forth
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์„ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งŒ ํƒ€๊ณ ์„œ ๋ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๊นŒ์ง€
02:20
several hours to Laramie.
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๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑธ๋ ค ๋‹ค๋…€์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
Her husband is also a science teacher,
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์ด ๋ถ„ ๋‚จํŽธ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์‚ฌ์ธ๋ฐ,
02:25
and he takes his biology class on a hike
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๋‚จํŽธ ๋ถ„์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
02:28
in the nearby national park.
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๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณต์›์—์„œ ํ•˜์ดํ‚น์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
But he was told he couldn't go on the hike this year
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ํ—Œ๋ฐ ์˜ฌํ•ด๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ํ†ต๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:33
because one of the students in the class was disabled,
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ํ•™์ƒ ์ค‘ 1๋ช…์ด ์žฅ์• ์šฐ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
02:36
so the other 25 students didn't get to go on the hike either.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 25๋ช…๋„ ํ•˜์ดํ‚นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์œ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
At the end of this day I could have filled a book
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ข…์ผ, ์ €๋Š” ์ด ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ๋“ค์€
02:43
just with stories about law
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๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋“ค๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ
02:45
from this one teacher.
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์ฑ… ํ•œ๊ถŒ์„ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
Now, we've been taught to believe that law
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์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ด ์ž์œ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
02:49
is the foundation of freedom.
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๋ฏฟ๊ฒŒ๋” ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
But somehow or another, in the last couple of decades,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ง€๋‚œ 20๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
02:54
the land of the free has become a legal minefield.
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์ž์œ ์˜ ๋•…์ด ๋ฒ•์  ์ง€๋ขฐ๋ฐญ์ด ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์…ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
It's really changed our lives in ways
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ,
03:01
that are sort of imperceptible;
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
and yet, when you pull back, you see it all the time.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋Š˜ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
It's changed the way we talk. I was talking to a
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š”
03:07
pediatrician friend
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๋…ธ์Šค ์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์†Œ์•„๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€
03:09
in North Carolina. He said,
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์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘ ๊ทธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
"Well you know, I don't deal with patients the same way anymore.
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"์ž๋„ค ์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์š”์ฆ˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์˜ˆ์ „์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด.
03:14
You wouldn't want to say something off-the-cuff
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๊ณค๋ž€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ง์€
03:17
that might be used against you."
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ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฑฐ์•ผ."
03:20
This is a doctor, whose life is caring for people.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์‚ดํ”ผ๋Š” ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
My own law firm has a list of questions
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋กœํŽŒ์—๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
03:26
that I'm not allowed to ask
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์ฑ„์šฉํ›„๋ณด์ž ๋ฉด์ ‘์‹œ์—
03:28
when interviewing candidates,
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๋ฌผ์–ด๋ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
such as the sinister question,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์€
03:32
bulging with hidden motives and innuendo,
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์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋‚˜ ์•”์‹œ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์ง™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
"Where are you from?"
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"์–ด๋”” ์ถœ์‹ ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?"
03:38
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:40
Now for 20 years, tort reformers have been sounding the alarm
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ 20๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ, ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„๊ทœ์ •๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ์ฃผ์ฐฝ์ž๋“ค์€
03:44
that lawsuits are out of control.
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๋ฒ•์ ์†Œ์†ก์ด ํ†ต์ œ๋ถˆ๋Šฅ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
And we read every once in while
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋งค์ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ์†ก์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
about these crazy lawsuits, like the guy
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด 5,400๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์†Œ์†ก์„
03:50
in the District of Columbia who sued his dry cleaners for 54 million dollars
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์„ธํƒ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ ์ฝœ๋Ÿผ๋น„์•„ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์–˜๊ธฐ์ธ๋ฐ,
03:54
because they lost his pair of pants.
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”์ง€ ํ•œ ๋ฒŒ์ด ๋ถ„์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
The case went on for two years; I think he's still appealing the case.
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2๋…„์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ„์†๋œ ์ด ์†Œ์†ก์€, ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ํ•ญ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
But the reality is, these crazy cases
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€
04:02
are relatively rare. They don't usually win.
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์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์Šน์†Œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
And the total of direct tort cost
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ง์ ‘์†Œ์†ก๋น„์šฉ์ด
04:07
in this country is about two percent,
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์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ค‘์€ ์•ฝ 2%๋กœ,
04:09
which is twice as much as in other countries
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ 2๋ฐฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
but, as taxes go, hardly crippling.
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์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ, ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
But the direct costs are really only the tip of the iceberg.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์ง์ ‘๋น„์šฉ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋น™์‚ฐ์˜ ์ผ๊ฐ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
What's happened here, again,
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์‹ค์ƒ์€ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
04:22
almost without our knowing,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด์—
04:24
is our culture has changed.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
People no longer feel free
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ
04:29
to act on their best judgment.
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ํ–‰๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
So, what do we do about it?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:33
We certainly don't want to give up the rights,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป์„ ์ €์งˆ๋ €์„ ๋•Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ
04:35
when people do something wrong, to seek redress in the courts.
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๊ทธ ๊ต์ •์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ๋ฒ•์ •์—์„œ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
04:38
We need regulation to make sure
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€๋ฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ๋”
04:40
people don't pollute and such.
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทœ์ •์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
We lack even a vocabulary to deal with
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
04:44
this problem,
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์šฉ์–ด์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
and that's because we have the wrong frame of reference.
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ฐธ์กฐ์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
We've been trained to think that the way to look at every dispute,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์Ÿ, ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ 
04:52
every issue, is a matter of kind of individual rights.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋” ๊ธธ๋“ค์—ฌ์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
And so we peer through a legal microscope, and look at everything.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ์žฃ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
Is it possible that there are extenuating circumstances
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์™€์ด์˜ค๋ฐ ์ฃผ ์ฝ”๋””์—์„œ ์ฃ ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ
05:02
that explain why Johnny
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๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ์ค„ ์ •์ƒ์ฐธ์ž‘์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ •ํ™ฉ์ด
05:04
turned his paper in late in Cody, Wyoming?
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์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ผ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
05:08
Is it possible that the doctor
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ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ์•…ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
05:10
might have done something differently when the sick person gets sicker?
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์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:13
And of course the hindsight bias is perfect.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‚ฌํ›„์ธ์ง€ํŽธํ–ฅ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:16
There's always a different scenario that you can sketch out
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
05:19
where it's possible that something could have been done differently.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
And yet, we've been trained to squint into this legal microscope,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์  ์žฃ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ด๋Œ€๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋„๋ก ๋ฐฐ์› ๊ณ ,
05:26
hoping that we can judge any dispute
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:29
against the standard of a perfect society,
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์‚ฌ๊ฑด์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ , ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
05:32
where everyone will agree what's fair,
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด
05:34
and where accidents will be extinct,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
05:37
risk will be no more.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
05:40
Of course, this is Utopia;
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๋Š” ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
it's a formula for paralysis, not freedom.
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์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด์ฃ .
05:45
It's not the basis of the rule of law,
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์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋ฒ•๊ทœ์ •์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ,
05:47
it's not the basis of a free society.
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์ž์œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
So, now I have the first of four propositions
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ œ์•ˆ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋‚ด๋†“๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
I'm going to leave with you about how you simplify the law:
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
You've got to judge law mainly
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๋ฒ•์€ ์šฐ์„  ํญ๋„“์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”
05:58
by its effect on the broader society,
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๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
not individual disputes.
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๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
Absolutely vital.
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์ด ์ ์ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
So, let's pull back from the anecdotes for a second
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์ž ์‹œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์ผํ™”์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ,
06:07
and look at our society from high above.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
06:09
Is it working?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
06:11
What does the macro-data show us?
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๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
06:13
Well, the healthcare system has been transformed:
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์ด์ œ, ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
a culture pervaded with defensiveness,
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์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋กœ ์ถฉ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์ฃ .
06:19
universal distrust of the system of justice,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ •์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ด๋ฉฐ,
06:22
universal practice of defensive medicine.
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์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
It's very hard to measure
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์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Š ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ž€ ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
because there are mixed motives.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
Doctors can make more on ordering tests sometimes,
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
and also they no longer even know what's right or wrong.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์˜ณ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฅธ์ง€ ์กฐ์ฐจ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
But reliable estimates
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏฟ์„๋งŒํ•œ ์ถ”์ •์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
06:37
range between 60 billion and
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์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 600์–ต์—์„œ 2,000์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ
06:39
200 billion dollars per year.
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์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
That's enough to provide care to all the people
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์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ
06:46
in America who don't have it.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณดํ—˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
The trial lawyers say, "Well, this legal fear
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๋ฒ•์ • ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ, "๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฒ•์  ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด
06:50
makes doctors practice better medicine."
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:52
Well that's been studied too, by the Institute of Medicine
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์ž, ์ด๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์˜ํ•™ํšŒ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์ฒด์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๊ณ ,
06:54
and others. Turns out that's not the case.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
The fear has chilled professional interaction
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๋ฒ•์ ์†Œ์†ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ์ง์—… ์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์ง์‹œ์ผœ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ณ ,
07:00
so thousands of tragic errors occur
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ณผ์‹ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
because doctors are afraid
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด "์ด๊ฒŒ ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ํˆฌ์•ฝ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?"
07:06
to speak up: "Are you sure that's the right dosage?"
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๋ผ๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋†’์—ฌ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
Because they're not sure,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ฉฐ,
07:11
and they don't want to take legal responsibility.
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๋ฒ•์  ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ง€๊ณ ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
Let's go to schools.
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์ด์ œ ํ•™๊ต ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
As we saw with the teacher in Cody, Wyoming,
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์™€์ด์˜ค๋ฐ ์ฃผ ์ฝ”๋””์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ ๋ณด๋“ฏ,
07:19
she seems to be affected by the law.
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์ด ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ๋ฒ•์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
Well it turns out the schools are literally drowning in law.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ…Œ๋‘๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ–ํ˜€์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:25
You could have a separate section of a law library
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์  ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
07:28
around each of the following legal concepts:
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๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๊ตฌํš์„ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๋„์„œ๊ด€์— ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
due process, special education,
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์ •๋‹นํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ ˆ์ฐจ, ํŠน์ˆ˜๊ต์œก,
07:33
no child left behind,
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๊ต์œก๊ฐœํ˜,
07:36
zero tolerance, work rules ...
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๋ฌด๊ด€์šฉ์ •์ฑ…, ์ทจ์—…๊ทœ์น™ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
it goes on. We did a study
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๋ชฉ๋ก์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ . ๋‰ด์š• ์ฃผ ํ•™๊ต์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”
07:40
of all the rules that affect one school
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
in New York. The Board of Ed. had no idea.
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๊ต์œก์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
Tens of thousands of discreet rules,
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ํ—ค์•„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
07:48
60 steps to suspend a student from school:
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ์ •ํ•™์กฐ์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š” 60๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
It's a formula for paralysis.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
What's the effect of that? One is a decline in order.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
Again, studies have shown
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
07:59
it's directly attributable
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์ •๋‹นํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์—
08:01
to the rise of due process.
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์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์›์ธ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
Public agenda did a survey for us a couple of years ago
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'๊ณต๊ณต ์–ด์  ๋‹ค'๋Š” 2๋…„ ์ „ ํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
08:06
where they found that 43 percent of the high school teachers in America
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ 43%๊ฐ€
08:09
say that they spend at least half of their time
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์—…๋ฌด์‹œ๊ฐ„์„
08:12
maintaining order in the classroom.
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๊ต์‹ค ๋‚ด ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์“ด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
That means those students are getting half the learning
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์ด๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•  ํ•™์Šต๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜๋งŒ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ธ๋ฐ,
08:18
they're supposed to, because if one child is disrupting the class
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋Š ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
08:21
no one can learn.
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
And what happens when the teacher tries to assert order?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ์ˆ˜์—… ๋‚ด ์ •์ˆ™์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ๊นŒ์š”?
08:27
They're threatened with a legal claim.
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๋ฒ•์ ์†Œ์†ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
We also surveyed that. Seventy-eight percent of the middle and high school teachers
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์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ค‘ 78%๊ฐ€
08:32
in America have been threatened by their students
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ํ•™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋‹นํ•ด๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ
08:35
with violating their rights, with lawsuits
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ์†ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์นจํ•ด๋‹นํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
by their students. They are threatening, their students.
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:40
It's not that they usually sue,
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๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
it's not that they would win, but it's an
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์Šน์†Œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ . ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€
08:45
indication of the corrosion of authority.
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๊ถŒ์œ„์†์ƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
And how has this system of law worked for government?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฒ•์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์šด์˜๋˜๋„๋ก ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
08:52
It doesn't seem to be working very well does it?
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์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
08:54
Neither in Sacramento nor in Washington.
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์ƒˆํฌ๋ผ๋ฉ˜ํ† ๋‚˜ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
The other day at the State of the Union speech,
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์ง€๋‚œ๋ฒˆ ์—ฐ๋‘๊ต์„œ์—์„œ
08:59
President Obama said,
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์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
and I think we could all agree with this goal,
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ๋™์˜ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
"From the first railroads to the interstate highway system,
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"์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ฒ ๋กœ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ž‡๋Š” ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€,
09:06
our nation has always been the first to compete.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋Š˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์˜ ์„ ๋‘์— ์žˆ์–ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
There is no reason Europe or China should have the fastest trains."
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ฒ ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
09:14
Well, actually there is a reason:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:16
Environmental review has evolved into a process
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์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ํ–ฅํ‰๊ฐ€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ์š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
09:19
of no pebble left unturned
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋™์›ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ์„œ
09:21
for any major project taking the better part of a decade,
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10๋…„ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์กฑํžˆ ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋ฉฐ,
09:25
then followed by years of litigation
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ํ•ด๋‹น ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“  ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š”
09:27
by anybody who doesn't like the project.
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์†Œ์†ก ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
Then, just staying above the Earth for one more second,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ๋‹จ 1์ดˆ๋ผ๋„ ๋” ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ,
09:33
people are acting like idiots,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•œ ์ง“์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:36
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:37
all across the country.
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์ „๊ตญ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ์š”.
09:39
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
09:41
Idiots. A couple of years ago,
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๋ฐ”๋ณด ๋ฉ์ฒญ์ด๊ฐ™์€ ์ง“์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2๋…„ ์ „,
09:43
Broward County, Florida, banned running at recess.
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ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ์ฃผ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šฐ์›Œ๋“œ ์นด์šดํ‹ฐ๋Š” ์‰ฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:48
That means all the boys are going to be ADD.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ์˜๋ ฅ๊ฒฐํ•์žฅ์• (ADD; Attention Deficit Disorder)๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์–˜๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
I mean it's just absolutely
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์ด๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…
09:53
a formula for failure.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:55
My favorite, though, are all the warning labels.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ œ์ผ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ฃผ์˜๋ฌธ๊ตฌ ๋ผ๋ฒจ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
"Caution: Contents are hot,"
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์œ„ํ—˜, ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์ด ๋œจ๊ฒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
09:59
on billions of coffee cups.
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๋ผ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ปคํ”ผ์ž”์— ์จ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:01
Archeologists will dig us up in a thousand years
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๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฒœ๋…„์ฏค ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•ด๋‚ด๋ฉด,
10:04
and they won't know about defensive medicine and stuff,
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์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ์–ด์  ์˜๋ฃŒ์กฐ์น˜๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
but they'll see all these labels, "Contents are extremely hot."
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๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œจ๊ฒ๋‹ค๋Š”, ๋ผ๋ฒจ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
They'll think it was some kind of aphrodisiac.
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ตœ์Œ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
That's the only explanation. Because why
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”. ์™œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“คํ•œํ…Œ
10:15
would you have to tell people that something was actually hot?
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋œจ๊ฒ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด์ค˜์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:18
My favorite warning was one on a five-inch fishing lure.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” 5์ธ์น˜์งœ๋ฆฌ ๋‚š์‹œ์šฉ ๋ฏธ๋ผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
10:21
I grew up in the South and whiled away the summers fishing.
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์ €๋Š” ๋‚จ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ž๋ž๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ฒ ์€ ๋‚š์‹œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
Five-inch fishing lure, it's a big fishing lure,
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5์ธ์น˜์งœ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
10:26
with a three pronged hook in the back,
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๋’ท์ชฝ์— 3๊ฐˆ๋ž˜๋กœ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ง„ ๊ฐˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฐ ๋ฏธ๋ผ์ธ๋ฐ,
10:28
and outside it said, "Harmful if swallowed."
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์— ์จ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ, "์‚ผํ‚ค๋ฉด ์œ„ํ—™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:38
So, none of these people
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๋ณด์„ธ์š”, ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ์•„๋ฌด๋„
10:40
are doing what they think is right.
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์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งž๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
And why not? They don't trust the law. Why don't they trust the law?
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์™œ์ฃ ? ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”. ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?
10:44
Because it gives us the worst of both worlds:
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฒ•์ด ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
It's random -- anybody can sue for almost anything
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์ œ๋ฉ‹๋Œ€๋กœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“ ์ง€ ๋ฌด์—‡์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋“  ์†Œ์†ก์„ ๊ฑธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
10:49
and take it to a jury, not even an effort at consistency --
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์žฌํŒ์ •์— ์„ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์กฐ์ฐจ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
and it's also too detailed.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:54
In the areas that are regulated, there are so many rules
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๊ทœ์ œ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ทœ์น™๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
no human could possibly know it.
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์˜ˆ์š”.
10:59
Well how do you fix it? We could spend 10,000 lifetimes
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋กœ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฒ•์  ์ •๊ธ€์˜
11:01
trying to prune this legal jungle.
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๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ณ๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ 1๋งŒ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์จ์•ผ ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
But the challenge here is not one of just
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ฒ•์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋Š”
11:06
amending the law,
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๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
because the hurdle for success is trust.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
People -- for law to be the platform for freedom,
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๋ฒ•์ด ์ž์œ ์˜ ์žฅ์ด ๋˜๋ ค๋ฉด
11:16
people have to trust it.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
So, that's my second proposition:
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์ž, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ œ์•ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
Trust is an essential condition
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์‹ ๋ขฐ๋Š” ์ž์œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜
11:24
to a free society.
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๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
Life is complicated enough without legal fear.
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์‚ถ์€ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ณตํฌ ์—†์ด๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
But law is different than other kinds of uncertainties,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
because it carries with it the power of state.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
And so the state can come in.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
It actually changes the way people think.
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์ด ์ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
It's like having a little lawyer on your shoulders
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์–ด๋–ค ์‹์ด๋ƒ๋ฉด, ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ข…์ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์–ด๊นจ ์œ„์—
11:42
all day long, whispering in your ear,
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์†Œ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผํƒ€์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ์†์‚ญ์—ฌ๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
"Could that go wrong? Might that go wrong?"
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"์ด๊ฒŒ ์ž˜๋ชป๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? ์ €๊ฒŒ ์ž˜๋ชป๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ ?"
11:46
It drives people from the smart part of the brain --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ,
11:50
that dark, deep well of the subconscious,
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๋ณธ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜,
11:53
where instincts and experience,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฐฝ์กฐ์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๊ณผ
11:55
and all the other factors of creativity
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์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ํŒ๋‹จ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
11:58
and good judgment are --
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์ž ์žฌ์˜์‹์˜ ๊นŠ๊ณ  ์–ด๋‘์šด ์ƒ˜์—์„œ ๋ชฐ์•„๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
12:00
it drives us to the thin veneer of conscious logic.
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์ด๋กœ์„œ ์–„ํŒํ•œ ์˜์‹์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
Pretty soon the doctor's saying, "Well, I doubt
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์กฐ๋งŒ๊ฐ„ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ "์ด ๋‘ํ†ต์ฆ์ƒ์ด,
12:05
if that headache could be a tumor, but who would protect me
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์ €๋ฅผ ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข…์–‘์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
12:07
if it were? So maybe I'll just order the MRI."
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์ „ ๊ทธ์ € MRI ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
Then you've wasted 200 billion dollars in unnecessary tests.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ํ™˜์ž์ธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— 2,000์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ญ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ์…ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
If you make people self-conscious
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€
12:17
about their judgments, studies show
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚จ์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ์˜์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
12:19
you will make them make worse judgments.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋‚˜์œ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:22
If you tell the pianist to think about how she's hitting the notes
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ํ”ผ์•„๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธํ•œํ…Œ ๊ณก์„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•  ๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์Œ๋“ค์„ ๊ฑด๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋Š”์ง€
12:26
when she's playing the piece, she can't play the piece.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ณก ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
Self-consciousness is the enemy of accomplishment.
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์‹œ์„ ์„ ์˜์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ฑ์ทจ์˜ ์ ์ธ ์…ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
Edison stated it best. He said,
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์—๋””์Šจ์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ,
12:35
"Hell, we ain't got no rules around here,
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"๋ฌด์Šจ์†Œ๋ฆฌ, ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๊ทœ์น™๋„ ์—†์–ด,
12:37
we're trying to accomplish something."
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€.
12:39
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:41
So, how do you restore trust?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ ?
12:42
Tweaking the law's clearly not good enough,
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๋ฒ•์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช… ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
and tort reform, which is a great idea,
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๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐœํ˜์€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‚ฌ์—…์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๋ฉด
12:47
lowers your cost if you're a businessperson,
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๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด๊ธด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
12:49
but it's like a Band-Aid on this gaping wound of distrust.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ํŒจ์ธ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์˜ ๊ณจ์— ๋ฐ˜์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ์ •๋„์— ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:52
States with extensive tort reform
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๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€
12:54
still suffer all these pathologies.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:56
So, what's needed is not just to limit claims,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
12:59
but actually create a dry ground of freedom.
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์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
It turns out that freedom actually has a formal structure.
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์ž์œ ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ˜•์‹์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
And it is this:
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”:
13:08
Law sets boundaries,
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๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ ,
13:10
and on one side of those boundaries are all the things
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
13:12
you can't do or must do --
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ํ•œ ํŽธ์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋†“์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
you can't steal, you've got to pay your taxes --
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๋„๋‘‘์งˆํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋˜์ฃ . ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋‚ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
but those same boundaries are supposed to define
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ž์œ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„
13:18
and protect a dry ground of freedom.
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์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
Isaiah Berlin put it this way:
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์ด์‚ฌ์•ผ ๋ฒŒ๋ฆฐ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
13:24
"Law sets frontiers, not artificially drawn,
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"๋ฒ•์ด ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ์œ„์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€,
13:27
within which men shall be inviolable."
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•ด์„œ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
13:31
We've forgotten that second part.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋’ท๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ง๊ฐํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์ฃ .
13:33
Those dikes have burst. People wade through law
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๋‘‘์ด ํ„ฐ์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฒ•์„ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์ข…์ผ
13:36
all day long.
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ํœ˜์ “๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:38
So, what's needed now
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
13:40
is to rebuild these boundaries.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
And it's especially important to rebuild them
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฒ•์ •์†Œ์†ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
13:45
for lawsuits.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
Because what people can sue for establishes the boundaries
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์†Œ์†กํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
13:50
for everybody else's freedom.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
If someone brings a lawsuit over, "A kid fell off the seesaw,"
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
13:55
it doesn't matter what happens in the lawsuit,
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์†Œ์†ก์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
all the seesaws will disappear.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ์†Œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
Because no one will want to take the risk of a lawsuit.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์†Œ์†ก์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์“ฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
14:01
And that's what's happened. There are no seesaws, jungle gyms,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์†Œ๋„, ์ •๊ธ€์ง๋„ ์—†๊ณ ,
14:03
merry-go-rounds, climbing ropes,
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ํšŒ์ „๋ชฉ๋งˆ๋„, ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ฐง์ค„๋„ ์—†์ฃ .
14:05
nothing that would interest a kid over the age of four,
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๋„ค ์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ž˜์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์ฃ .
14:08
because there's no risk associated with it.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:10
So, how do we rebuild it?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ•์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:12
Life is too complex for...
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์‚ถ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋„ ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค...
14:14
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:19
Life is too complex for a software program.
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์ผ๊ฐœ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์‚ถ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋„ ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
All these choices involve value judgments
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๋ชจ๋“  ์„ ํƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜ํŒ๋‹จ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
14:23
and social norms, not objective facts.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ „์ œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
And so here is the fourth proposition.
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์ด์ œ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ๋‚ด๋†“๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:29
This is what we have, the philosophy we have to change to.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒ ํ•™์ด์ฃ .
14:31
And there are two essential elements of it:
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
We have to simplify the law.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:37
We have to migrate from all this complexity
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณต์žกํ•จ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜
14:40
towards general principles and goals.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
The constitution is only 16 pages long.
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ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹จ 16ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:45
Worked pretty well for 200 years.
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200๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด์™”์ฃ .
14:47
Law has to be simple enough
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๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:49
so that people can internalize it
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด
14:52
in their daily choices.
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๋ฒ•์„ ๋‚ด์žฌํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
If they can't internalize it, they won't trust it.
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๋‚ด์žฌํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด, ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:58
And how do you make it simple?
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๋ฒ•์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
15:00
Because life is complex,
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์‚ถ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
15:02
and here is the hardest and biggest change:
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ  ํž˜๋“  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
We have to restore the authority
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ํŒ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
15:07
to judges and officials
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๋ฒ•์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
15:09
to interpret and apply the law.
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๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:11
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
15:14
We have to rehumanize the law.
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๋ฒ•์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์„ ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:17
To make law simple so that you feel free,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚„์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด,
15:20
the people in charge have to be free
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์ผ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
15:22
to use their judgment to interpret and apply the law
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๋ฒ•์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํŒ๋‹จ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
15:25
in accord with reasonable social norms.
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์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ ค์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:27
As you're going down, and walking down the sidewalk during the day,
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๋‚ฎ์— ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด๊ฐ€์‹œ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
15:31
you have to think that if there is a dispute,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—
15:34
there's somebody in society who sees it as their job
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:38
to affirmatively protect you
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
15:40
if you're acting reasonably.
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์—ญํ• ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์•ผ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:42
That person doesn't exist today.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:45
This is the hardest hurdle.
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์ด์ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:48
It's actually not very hard. Ninety-eight percent of cases, this is a piece of cake.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์†ก ์ค‘ 98%๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:51
Maybe you've got a claim in small claims court
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๋ถ„์‹คํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ง€ ํ•œ ๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋Š”
15:53
for your lost pair of pants for $100,
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์†Œ์•ก์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
15:55
but not in a court of general jurisdiction for millions of dollars.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ๋งก๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ด€ํ• ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:58
Case dismissed without prejudice or refiling in small claims court.
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์†Œ์•ก์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ์นจํ•ด๋‚˜ ์žฌ์‹ฌ์—†์ด ์ผ€์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š”
16:01
Takes five minutes. That's it,
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5๋ถ„์ด๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋์ด์ฃ .
16:03
it's not that hard.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
16:05
But it's a hard hurdle because we got into this legal quicksand
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ์œ„ํƒœ๋กœ์›€์„ ์ž์ฒ˜ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:09
because we woke up in the 1960s
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1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„,
16:11
to all these really bad values: racism,
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์„ฑ์ฐจ๋ณ„, ๊ณตํ•ด ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์˜
16:13
gender discrimination, pollution --
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์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
16:15
they were bad values. And we wanted to create a legal system
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์ด์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
16:18
where no one could have bad values anymore.
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๋ถ€์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:22
The problem is, we created a system
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ , ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ
16:24
where we eliminated the right to have good values.
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๋ฒ•์ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:26
It doesn't mean that people in authority
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š”๋Œ€๋กœ
16:30
can do whatever they want.
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:32
They're still bounded by legal goals and principles:
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฒ•์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ์›์น™๋“ค์— ๋ฉ”์—ฌ์žˆ์ฃ .
16:35
The teacher is accountable to the principal,
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ์›์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
16:38
the judge is accountable to an appellate court,
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ํŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์†Œ์‹ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
16:40
the president is accountable to voters.
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๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:43
But the accountability's up the line
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€,
16:45
judging the decision against the effect on everybody,
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๊ทธ์ € ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งŒ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š”
16:48
not just on the disgruntled person.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:51
You can't run a society by the lowest common denominator.
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์ตœ์†Œ๊ณต๋ถ„๋ชจ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:55
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
17:02
So, what's needed is a basic shift in philosophy.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:04
We can pull the plug on a lot of this stuff if we shift our philosophy.
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์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:07
We've been taught that authority is the enemy of freedom.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ถŒ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ž์œ ์˜ ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
17:10
It's not true. Authority, in fact,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ž€, ์‚ฌ์‹ค,
17:12
is essential to freedom.
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์ž์œ ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:14
Law is a human institution;
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๋ฒ•์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ์ œ๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:16
responsibility is a human institution.
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์ฑ…์ž„๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ œ๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:18
If teachers don't have authority to run the classroom,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ
17:20
to maintain order, everybody's learning suffers.
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๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•™์Šต์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:23
If the judge doesn't have the authority to toss out unreasonable claims,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ•  ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
17:26
then all of us go through the day looking over our shoulders.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ์–ด๊นจ๋„ˆ๋จธ๋งŒ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ณด๋Š” ๋‚ ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:28
If the environmental agency can't decide
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๋˜ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ‰๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ข‹์€์ง€๋ฅผ
17:30
that the power lines are good for the environment,
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๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด,
17:33
then there's no way to bring the power from the wind farms
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ํ’๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ์—์„œ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
17:35
to the city.
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์—†๋Š” ์…ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:37
A free society requires red lights and green lights,
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์ž์œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ •์ง€์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ์ง„ํ–‰์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:40
otherwise it soon descends into gridlock.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ณง ์ •์ฒด์ƒํƒœ์— ๋น ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:43
That's what's happened to America. Look around.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
17:46
What the world needs now
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
17:48
is to restore the authority to make common choices.
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๊ณต๋™์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:51
It's the only way to get our freedom back,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๋˜์ฐพ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:55
and it's the only way to release the energy and passion
404
1075260
3000
๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
17:58
needed so that we can meet the challenges
405
1078260
2000
์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ์ •์—ด์„ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”
18:00
of our time. Thank you.
406
1080260
2000
์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:02
(Applause)
407
1082260
14000
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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