Philip Howard: Four ways to fix a broken legal system

Philip Howard: Bozulmuş bir hukuk sistemini düzeltmenin dört yolu

65,303 views

2010-02-22 ・ TED


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Philip Howard: Four ways to fix a broken legal system

Philip Howard: Bozulmuş bir hukuk sistemini düzeltmenin dört yolu

65,303 views ・ 2010-02-22

TED


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Çeviri: Seyhan SIRTALAN Gözden geçirme: Sancak Gülgen
00:15
I've always been interested in
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Resmi kurumlar ve insan davranisi
00:18
the relationship of formal structures and human behavior.
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arasindaki iliski her zaman ilgimi cekmistir.
00:22
If you build a wide road out to the outskirts of town, people will move there.
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Eger bir kasabanin disina genis bir otoyol yaparsaniz insanlar oralara tasinacaktir.
00:26
Well, law is also a powerful driver
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Iste, hukuk da insan davranisi icin boyle
00:30
of human behavior.
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cekim gucu olan bir sey.
00:32
And what I'd like to discuss today
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Bugun tartismak istedigim konu;
00:34
is the need to overhaul and simplify the law
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hukuk sistemini nasil basitlestirelim ki
00:37
to release the energy and passion
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Amerikan vatandaslarinin icindeki istek ve enerji
00:40
of Americans, so that we can begin
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ortaya ciksin
00:42
to address the challenges of our society.
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ve toplumun sorunlarina egilmeye baslayalim.
00:45
You might have noticed that law has grown
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Hukukun son 15-20 yilda hayatimizda
00:48
progressively denser in your lives over the last decade or two.
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giderek yogun bir yer tuttugunun belki farkindasiniz.
00:51
If you run a business, it's hard to do much of anything
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Eger bir isverenseniz avukatiniza danismadan
00:55
without calling your general counsel.
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bir sey yapmanin ne kadar guc oldugunu bilirsiniz.
00:57
Indeed, there is this phenomenon now
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Aslinda gunumuzde yeni bir durum da su
00:59
where the general counsels are becoming the CEOs.
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avukatlar sirketlerde CEO olarak gorev almaya basladi.
01:02
It's a little bit like the Invasion Of The Body Snatchers.
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Biraz Beden Hirsizlarinin Istilasi gibi.
01:05
You need a lawyer to run the company,
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Sirtketi yonetmek icin bir avukat gerekli
01:07
because there's so much law.
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cunku kanunlar cok fazla.
01:09
But it's not just business that's affected by this,
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Fakat bundan etkilenen sadece isyerleri degil.
01:12
it's actually pressed down into the daily activities
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Siradan insanlarin
01:14
of ordinary people.
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gunluk faaliyetlerine de girmis durumda.
01:16
A couple of years ago I was hiking near Cody, Wyoming.
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Bir kac sene once Cody, Wyoming'te doga yuruyusu yapiyordum.
01:20
It was in a grizzly bear preserve,
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Burasi bir boz ayi koruma alaniymis
01:22
although no one told me that before we went.
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ama gitmeden once bunu bana kimse soylemedi.
01:24
And our guide was a local science teacher.
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Rehberimiz yerel bir fen bilgisi ogretmeniydi.
01:28
She was wholly unconcerned about the bears,
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Ayilari hic umursamiyor ama
01:30
but she was terrified of lawyers.
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avukatlardan ödü kopuyordu.
01:33
The stories started pouring out.
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Hikayesini anlatmaya basladi.
01:35
She'd just been involved in an episode where a parent
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Odevini gec teslim eden bir ogrencinin
01:37
had threatened to sue the school
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notunu yuzde 10 dusurdugu icin
01:40
because she lowered the grade of the student by 10 percent
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okulu dava etmekle tehdit eden
01:42
when he turned the paper in late.
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bir ebeveynle ilgiliydi olay.
01:44
The principal didn't want to stand up to the parent
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Okul muduru bir hukuk mucadelesine girmekten cekindigi icin
01:46
because he didn't want to get dragged into some legal proceedings.
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ebeveyne karsi gelmek istemiyordu.
01:49
So, she had to go to meeting after meeting, same arguments made
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Bu yuzden ogretmen birbiri ardina bir yigin toplantiya katilip
01:51
over and over again.
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ayni savunmada bulunmak zorunda kaldi.
01:53
After 30 days of sleepless nights, she finally capitulated
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30 uykusuz gecenin sonunda teslim oldu
01:56
and raised the grade.
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ve notu yukseltti.
01:58
She said, "Life's too short, I just can't keep going with this."
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Soyle dedi, " Hayat cok kisa, bu sekilde devam edemezdim."
02:01
About the same time, she was going to take two students to a leadership conference
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Yine o siralarda, iki ogrencisini bir kac saat mesafedeki Laramie'ye
02:04
in Laramie, which is a couple of hours away,
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liderlik konferansina goturecekti,
02:07
and she was going to drive them in her car,
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ve cocuklari kendi arabasinda goturmeyi planlarken
02:09
but the school said, "No, you can't drive them in the car
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okul, " Hayir, sorumluluk sebebleriyle
02:11
for liability reasons.
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bunu yapamazsin.", dedi.
02:13
You have to go in a school bus."
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Okul otobusu ile gitmeniz gerekiyor."
02:15
So, they provided a bus that held 60 people
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Boylece, 60 kisilik bir otobus ayarlandi
02:18
and drove the three of them back and forth
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ve 3 kisi birkac saatlik
02:20
several hours to Laramie.
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Laramie'ye otobusle gitti vr geldi.
02:22
Her husband is also a science teacher,
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Rehberimizin kocasi da fen bilgisi ogretmeni
02:25
and he takes his biology class on a hike
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ve ogrencilerini yakin bir milli parka
02:28
in the nearby national park.
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doga yuruyusune gotururmus hep.
02:31
But he was told he couldn't go on the hike this year
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Ama bu sene sinifindaki bir ogrenci ozurlu oldugu icin
02:33
because one of the students in the class was disabled,
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gezinin yapilmayacagi bildirilmis,
02:36
so the other 25 students didn't get to go on the hike either.
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boylece diger 25 ogrenci de doga yuruyusune gidememis.
02:40
At the end of this day I could have filled a book
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Gunun sonunda tek bir ogretmenin
02:43
just with stories about law
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hukuk sistemiyle ilgili hikayeleriyle bir kitap
02:45
from this one teacher.
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doldurabilirdim.
02:47
Now, we've been taught to believe that law
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Hukukun ozgurlugun temeli oldugu
02:49
is the foundation of freedom.
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ogretilmistir bizlere.
02:52
But somehow or another, in the last couple of decades,
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Ama her nasil olduysa, son 15-20 senede
02:54
the land of the free has become a legal minefield.
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ozgurlukler ulkesi bir hukuk mayin tarlasina donustu.
02:58
It's really changed our lives in ways
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Hayatimizi farkinda olmadan
03:01
that are sort of imperceptible;
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degistirdi.
03:03
and yet, when you pull back, you see it all the time.
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Geriye cekilip de baktiginizda goreceksiniz,
03:05
It's changed the way we talk. I was talking to a
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konusma seklimizi degistirdi. North Carolina'dan
03:07
pediatrician friend
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cocuk doktoru bir arkadasimla
03:09
in North Carolina. He said,
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konusuyordum. Dedi ki,
03:11
"Well you know, I don't deal with patients the same way anymore.
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"Hastalarimla iliskim eskisi gibi degil.
03:14
You wouldn't want to say something off-the-cuff
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Sonradan aleyhime kullanilabilir korkusuyla
03:17
that might be used against you."
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dogaclama bir seyler soylemekten kaciniyorum."
03:20
This is a doctor, whose life is caring for people.
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Bu hayati insanlarla ilgilenmek olan bir doktor.
03:23
My own law firm has a list of questions
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Benim hukuk firmamda adaylarla
03:26
that I'm not allowed to ask
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mulakat sirasinda sorulmasi yasak
03:28
when interviewing candidates,
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olan bazi sorular var.
03:30
such as the sinister question,
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Mesela art niyet yuklu
03:32
bulging with hidden motives and innuendo,
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sinsi soru,
03:36
"Where are you from?"
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"Nerelisiniz?"
03:38
(Laughter)
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(Gulusmeler)
03:40
Now for 20 years, tort reformers have been sounding the alarm
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20 yil kadardir, haksiz fiil reformu uzerine calisanlar
03:44
that lawsuits are out of control.
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davalarin cigirdan ciktigi sinyalini vermekteler.
03:46
And we read every once in while
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Zaman zaman cilgin dava haberlerini goruyoruz;
03:48
about these crazy lawsuits, like the guy
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mesela Washington DC'de pantolonunu
03:50
in the District of Columbia who sued his dry cleaners for 54 million dollars
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kaybettigi icin kuru temizlemecisi aleyhine
03:54
because they lost his pair of pants.
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54 milyon dolarlik dava acan adam gibi.
03:56
The case went on for two years; I think he's still appealing the case.
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Dava iki sene surdu. Sanirim hala temyizde.
03:59
But the reality is, these crazy cases
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Ama isin asli su,
04:02
are relatively rare. They don't usually win.
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bu cilgin davalar sayica az. Cogunlukla kazanmiyorlar.
04:05
And the total of direct tort cost
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Bu ulkede haksiz fiil davalarinin orani
04:07
in this country is about two percent,
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yuzde iki kadar ki bu oran
04:09
which is twice as much as in other countries
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diger ulkelerin iki kati kadar.
04:12
but, as taxes go, hardly crippling.
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Bu vergiler acisindan cok sarsici degil.
04:16
But the direct costs are really only the tip of the iceberg.
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Ama dogrudan maliyeti aslinda buz daginin ucu.
04:20
What's happened here, again,
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Burada olan su,
04:22
almost without our knowing,
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biz farkinda bile olmadan
04:24
is our culture has changed.
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kulturumuz degisiyor.
04:27
People no longer feel free
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Insanlar sagduyulari ile
04:29
to act on their best judgment.
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davranmaktan korkuyorlar.
04:31
So, what do we do about it?
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Bu konuda ne yapabiliriz?
04:33
We certainly don't want to give up the rights,
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Insanlar bize yanlis birsey yaptiginda mahkemeye basvurma
04:35
when people do something wrong, to seek redress in the courts.
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hakkimizdan vazgecmeyi kesinlikle istemiyoruz.
04:38
We need regulation to make sure
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Mesela insanlar cevreyi kirletmesin diye
04:40
people don't pollute and such.
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yasalar koyulsun istiyoruz.
04:42
We lack even a vocabulary to deal with
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Bu problemle ilgili sozcuklerimiz
04:44
this problem,
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bile yetersiz.
04:46
and that's because we have the wrong frame of reference.
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Cunku referans catimiz yanlis.
04:49
We've been trained to think that the way to look at every dispute,
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Her ihtilafa sanki bir kisisel hak ihlaliymis gibi
04:52
every issue, is a matter of kind of individual rights.
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bakmaya sartlandirilmisiz.
04:55
And so we peer through a legal microscope, and look at everything.
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Bu yuzden herseyi yasal bir mikroskopla inceliyoruz.
04:58
Is it possible that there are extenuating circumstances
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Acaba Cody, Wyoming'te yasayan Johnny'nin
05:02
that explain why Johnny
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odevini gec teslim etmesinde
05:04
turned his paper in late in Cody, Wyoming?
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hafifletici sebepler var miydi?
05:08
Is it possible that the doctor
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Hastanin durumu kotuye gittiginde
05:10
might have done something differently when the sick person gets sicker?
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doktor farkli bir seyler yapmis olabilir miydi?
05:13
And of course the hindsight bias is perfect.
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Ve tabi sonucu bilerek onyargi gelistirmek harika bir sey.
05:16
There's always a different scenario that you can sketch out
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Su veya bu farkli yapilabilirdi diye farkli
05:19
where it's possible that something could have been done differently.
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senaryolar gelistirmek her zaman mumkun.
05:21
And yet, we've been trained to squint into this legal microscope,
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Ve bizler mukemmel bir toplumu baz alip
05:26
hoping that we can judge any dispute
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yasal mikroskoptan bakarak her turlu anlasmazligi
05:29
against the standard of a perfect society,
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yargilayabilecegimiz seklinde sartlanmisiz.
05:32
where everyone will agree what's fair,
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Oyle ki bu toplumda herkes sanki adil olan konusunda hemfikir,
05:34
and where accidents will be extinct,
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kazalarin nesli tukenmis ve
05:37
risk will be no more.
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risk alma diye bir sey kalmamis.
05:40
Of course, this is Utopia;
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Tabi ki bu bir Utopyadir,
05:42
it's a formula for paralysis, not freedom.
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felce ugramanin recetesidir ve bu ozgurluk degildir.
05:45
It's not the basis of the rule of law,
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Hukukun ustunlugunun temeli degildir,
05:47
it's not the basis of a free society.
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ozgur bir toplumun temeli degildir.
05:50
So, now I have the first of four propositions
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Hukuku basitlestirmek icin sizlere sunmak istedigim
05:53
I'm going to leave with you about how you simplify the law:
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dort onerinin birincisi su:
05:56
You've got to judge law mainly
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Tek tek ihtilaflar yerine, hukukun toplumun geneli
05:58
by its effect on the broader society,
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uzerindeki etkisine
06:01
not individual disputes.
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bakmaliyiz.
06:03
Absolutely vital.
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Bu cok hayati bir konu.
06:05
So, let's pull back from the anecdotes for a second
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Soyle bir geri cekilip toplumumuza
06:07
and look at our society from high above.
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yukaridan bir bakalim.
06:09
Is it working?
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Toplumumuzun isleyisi nasil?
06:11
What does the macro-data show us?
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Makro veriler neyi gosteriyor?
06:13
Well, the healthcare system has been transformed:
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Saglik sistemi buyuk olcude degisti.
06:16
a culture pervaded with defensiveness,
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Kulturumuzde savunmanin rolu artti.
06:19
universal distrust of the system of justice,
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Adalet sistemine guven azaldi.
06:22
universal practice of defensive medicine.
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Korunmali saglik uygulamasi yayginlasti.
06:25
It's very hard to measure
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Bunlari olcmek cok guc
06:27
because there are mixed motives.
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cunku burada karmasik guduler rol oynuyor.
06:29
Doctors can make more on ordering tests sometimes,
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Bazen doktorlar daha cok test isteyerek daha fazla kazanabiliyorlar.
06:32
and also they no longer even know what's right or wrong.
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Ve artik ne yanlis ne dogru bilemiyorlar.
06:35
But reliable estimates
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Ama guvenilir tahminler yilda
06:37
range between 60 billion and
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60 milyar ve 200 milyar
06:39
200 billion dollars per year.
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arasinda.
06:43
That's enough to provide care to all the people
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Bu rakam Amerika'da saglik hizmeti
06:46
in America who don't have it.
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alamayan tum insanlara yetecek kadar.
06:48
The trial lawyers say, "Well, this legal fear
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Durusma avukatlari diyor ki, " Dava
06:50
makes doctors practice better medicine."
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edilme korkusuyla doktorlar daha dikkatli calisiyorlar."
06:52
Well that's been studied too, by the Institute of Medicine
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Saglik Enstitusu ve diger kuruluslar bu konuyu da incelemisler.
06:54
and others. Turns out that's not the case.
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Isin asli boyle degil.
06:57
The fear has chilled professional interaction
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Korku yuzunden profesyonel etkilesim donma noktasinda
07:00
so thousands of tragic errors occur
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ve bu da binlerce trajik hataya neden oluyor
07:03
because doctors are afraid
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cunku doktorlar seslerini cikarmaya korkuyorlar,
07:06
to speak up: "Are you sure that's the right dosage?"
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"Acaba bu doz dogru mu?"
07:09
Because they're not sure,
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Cunku emin degiller ve yasal
07:11
and they don't want to take legal responsibility.
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yukumluluk altina girmek istemiyorlar.
07:14
Let's go to schools.
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Okullara gelelim.
07:16
As we saw with the teacher in Cody, Wyoming,
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Cody, Wyoming'teki ogretmen, gozlemledigimiz gibi,
07:19
she seems to be affected by the law.
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hukuktan etkilenmis gorunuyor.
07:21
Well it turns out the schools are literally drowning in law.
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Okullar tam anlamiyla kanunlar icinde bogulmaktalar.
07:25
You could have a separate section of a law library
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Sayacagim yasal konularin herbiri icin
07:28
around each of the following legal concepts:
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ayri bir hukuk kitapligi kurulabilir.
07:31
due process, special education,
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Normal kanun yolu, ozel egitim,
07:33
no child left behind,
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hic bir cocuk geride kalmasin,
07:36
zero tolerance, work rules ...
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Sifir tolerans, calisma kurallari.
07:38
it goes on. We did a study
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Boyle devam ediyor. New York'ta bir okulu
07:40
of all the rules that affect one school
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etkileyen kanunlar hakkinda bir arastirma
07:43
in New York. The Board of Ed. had no idea.
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yaptik. Egitim Kurulundan habersiz.
07:46
Tens of thousands of discreet rules,
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On binlerce gizli kapakli kural,
07:48
60 steps to suspend a student from school:
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bir ogrenciye uzaklastirma cezasi vermek icin 60 asama.
07:52
It's a formula for paralysis.
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Bu felce ugramanin formulu.
07:54
What's the effect of that? One is a decline in order.
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Bunun etkileri nedir? Bir: Duzende azalma.
07:57
Again, studies have shown
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Arastirmalar gosteriyor ki bu dogrudan
07:59
it's directly attributable
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kanuni surec islemlerindeki
08:01
to the rise of due process.
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artisa dayandirilabilir.
08:03
Public agenda did a survey for us a couple of years ago
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Bir kac sene onceki bir toplumsal arastirmaya gore
08:06
where they found that 43 percent of the high school teachers in America
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Amerikan lise ogretmenlerinin yuzde 43'u sinif zamaninin
08:09
say that they spend at least half of their time
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en az yarisini siniftaki duzeni saglamak icin
08:12
maintaining order in the classroom.
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kullandiklarini belirttiler.
08:15
That means those students are getting half the learning
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Bu demektir ki bu ogrenciler ogrenmeleri gerekenin
08:18
they're supposed to, because if one child is disrupting the class
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sadece yarisini ogreniyorlar cunku tek bir cocugun bile duzeni
08:21
no one can learn.
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bozmasi herkesin ogrenimini sekteye ugratiyor.
08:23
And what happens when the teacher tries to assert order?
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Ogretmenler duzeni saglamaya calisirsa ne oluyor?
08:27
They're threatened with a legal claim.
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Kanuni yollara gitmekle tehdit ediliyorlar.
08:29
We also surveyed that. Seventy-eight percent of the middle and high school teachers
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Bir baska arastirmada Amerikadaki ortaokul ve lise ogretmenlerinin
08:32
in America have been threatened by their students
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yuzde 78'inin ogrencileri tarafindan haklarinin ihlal edildigine dair dava edilmekle
08:35
with violating their rights, with lawsuits
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tehdit edildiklerini ortaya
08:37
by their students. They are threatening, their students.
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cikardik. Ogretmenler ogrencilerini tehdit ediyormus.
08:40
It's not that they usually sue,
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Cogu zaman dava falan acilmiyor.
08:42
it's not that they would win, but it's an
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Acilsa bile kazanamiyorlar ama bu
08:45
indication of the corrosion of authority.
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otoritenin zedelenmesinin bir belirtisi.
08:48
And how has this system of law worked for government?
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Bu hukuk sistemi hukumeti nasil etkiliyor?
08:52
It doesn't seem to be working very well does it?
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Cok basarili bir tablo gormuyoruz, degil mi?
08:54
Neither in Sacramento nor in Washington.
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Ne Sacramento'da ne de Washington'da.
08:57
The other day at the State of the Union speech,
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Baskan Obama gectigimiz gunlerde sundugu
08:59
President Obama said,
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Devletin Durumu Konusmasinda
09:01
and I think we could all agree with this goal,
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hepimizin katilacagini sandigim su hedeften bahsetti:
09:03
"From the first railroads to the interstate highway system,
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"Ilk demiryolundan, eyaletler arasi otoban sistemine kadar
09:06
our nation has always been the first to compete.
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ulkemiz her zaman en onde olmustur.
09:09
There is no reason Europe or China should have the fastest trains."
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En hizli trenin Avrupa'da ya da Cin'de olmasi icin bir sebep yoktur."
09:14
Well, actually there is a reason:
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Aslinda var, soyle ki herhangi bir buyuk proje soz konusu
09:16
Environmental review has evolved into a process
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oldugunda cevrecilik acisindan her tasin altina
09:19
of no pebble left unturned
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bakilan bir surece giriliyor ve bu
09:21
for any major project taking the better part of a decade,
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senelerce suruyor arkasindan da projeyi
09:25
then followed by years of litigation
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begenmeyen bazi kisilerin
09:27
by anybody who doesn't like the project.
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yillar suren davalari geliyor.
09:30
Then, just staying above the Earth for one more second,
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Soyle bir baktigimizda
09:33
people are acting like idiots,
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insanlarin gerizekali gibi davrandigini goruyoruz.
09:36
(Laughter)
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(Gulusmeler)
09:37
all across the country.
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Tum ulkede.
09:39
(Applause)
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(Alkis)
09:41
Idiots. A couple of years ago,
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Gerizekalilar gibi. Bir kac sene once,
09:43
Broward County, Florida, banned running at recess.
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Florida'nin Broward ilcesinde tenefuste kosmak yasaklandi.
09:47
(Laughter)
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(Gulusmeler)
09:48
That means all the boys are going to be ADD.
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Bu demektir ki butun erkek cocuklar ADD (Dikkat Eksikligi Bozuklugu) olacak.
09:51
I mean it's just absolutely
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Diyorum ki bu tam anlamiyla
09:53
a formula for failure.
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bir basarisizlik formulu.
09:55
My favorite, though, are all the warning labels.
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En begendigim, su ikaz yazilari.
09:57
"Caution: Contents are hot,"
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Milyarlarca kahve bardaginin uzerinde
09:59
on billions of coffee cups.
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yazan Dikkat Icindeki Sicaktir.
10:01
Archeologists will dig us up in a thousand years
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Bin yil sonra kazi yapan ve defansli tip uygulamalarindan falan
10:04
and they won't know about defensive medicine and stuff,
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haberleri olmayan arkeologlar butun bu ikaz yazilarini
10:07
but they'll see all these labels, "Contents are extremely hot."
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gorunce zannedecekler ki bu son derece sicak olan
10:10
They'll think it was some kind of aphrodisiac.
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sey bir cesit afrodizyak falandi.
10:12
That's the only explanation. Because why
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Bu tek aciklama. Yoksa niye insanlara
10:15
would you have to tell people that something was actually hot?
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bir seyin sicak oldugunu soylemen gereksin ki?
10:18
My favorite warning was one on a five-inch fishing lure.
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En begendigim ikazi 10-15 cm'lik bir balik zokasinin uzerinde gordum.
10:21
I grew up in the South and whiled away the summers fishing.
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Ben guneyde buyudum ve yaz aylarimi balik tutarak gecirirdim.
10:24
Five-inch fishing lure, it's a big fishing lure,
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10-15 santimlik bu zoka oldukca buyuk bir zokaydi ve arkasinda
10:26
with a three pronged hook in the back,
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catalli 3'lu bir kanca vardi ve disinda soyle yaziyordu:
10:28
and outside it said, "Harmful if swallowed."
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"Yutuldugunda sagliga zararlidir."
10:31
(Laughter)
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(Gulusmeler)
10:38
So, none of these people
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Aslinda insanlar bunu dogru oldugunu
10:40
are doing what they think is right.
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dusunduklerini icin yapmiyorlar.
10:42
And why not? They don't trust the law. Why don't they trust the law?
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Bu neden? Cunku hukuka guvenmiyorlar. Neden guvenmiyorlar?
10:44
Because it gives us the worst of both worlds:
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Cunku bize iki acidan da en kotuyu sunuyor.
10:46
It's random -- anybody can sue for almost anything
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Sansa kalmis. Herkes her sey icin dava edebilir
10:49
and take it to a jury, not even an effort at consistency --
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ve juriye gidebilir. Tutarli olmak icin en ufak caba yok.
10:52
and it's also too detailed.
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Ayni zamanda cok detayli.
10:54
In the areas that are regulated, there are so many rules
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Duzenlenmis alanlarda o kadar cok kanun maddesi var ki
10:57
no human could possibly know it.
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hepsini bilmek mumkun degil.
10:59
Well how do you fix it? We could spend 10,000 lifetimes
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Bunu nasil duzeltebiliriz? Bu yasal hengameyi duzeltmek icin
11:01
trying to prune this legal jungle.
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10,000 hayat harcayabiliriz.
11:03
But the challenge here is not one of just
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Ama burada zor olan sadece
11:06
amending the law,
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hukuku duzeltmek ve degistirmek degil.
11:08
because the hurdle for success is trust.
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Cunku basarinin onunde duran guven.
11:12
People -- for law to be the platform for freedom,
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Hukukun bir ozgurluk platformu haline gelmesi icin
11:16
people have to trust it.
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insanlarin guvenmesi gerek.
11:19
So, that's my second proposition:
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Iste bu da ikinci onerim.
11:21
Trust is an essential condition
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Ozgur bir toplumun temel sartlarindan
11:24
to a free society.
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biri guvendir.
11:26
Life is complicated enough without legal fear.
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Hayat yasal korkular olmadan bile zor.
11:29
But law is different than other kinds of uncertainties,
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Ama hukuk diger belirsizliklerden farkli.
11:31
because it carries with it the power of state.
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Cunku icinde devletin gucu var.
11:34
And so the state can come in.
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Devlet burada rol oynuyor.
11:36
It actually changes the way people think.
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Aslinda insanlarin dusunce seklini degistiriyor.
11:39
It's like having a little lawyer on your shoulders
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Butun gun omuzunuzda kucuk bir avukat varmis
11:42
all day long, whispering in your ear,
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ve kulaginiza, " Suradan problem cikabir mi?
11:44
"Could that go wrong? Might that go wrong?"
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Buradan problem cikabilir mi?" diyormus gibi.
11:46
It drives people from the smart part of the brain --
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Bu insanlari beynin akilli bolgesinden uzaklastiriyor.
11:50
that dark, deep well of the subconscious,
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Bu bolgede icguduler, tecrubeler
11:53
where instincts and experience,
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bilincalti, diger yaratici ozellikler
11:55
and all the other factors of creativity
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ve dogru hukum verme
11:58
and good judgment are --
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becerisi olmasina ragmen.
12:00
it drives us to the thin veneer of conscious logic.
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Ve bizi yuzeysel bilincli mantik bolgesine itiyor.
12:03
Pretty soon the doctor's saying, "Well, I doubt
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Bir bakmissiniz doktor diyor ki, : Basagrisina bir
12:05
if that headache could be a tumor, but who would protect me
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tumor sebep oldugunu hic sanmiyorum ama
12:07
if it were? So maybe I'll just order the MRI."
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ya oyleyse, beni kim korur. MRI isteyeyim."
12:10
Then you've wasted 200 billion dollars in unnecessary tests.
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Boylece gereksiz testler icin 200 milyar dolari harcadiniz bile.
12:14
If you make people self-conscious
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Insanlari kararlarini verirken cok titiz olmaya
12:17
about their judgments, studies show
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iterseniz, arastirmalarin da gosterdigi
12:19
you will make them make worse judgments.
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gibi onlari daha kotu kararlar almaya yoneltiriz.
12:22
If you tell the pianist to think about how she's hitting the notes
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Bir eseri seslendiren piyaniste tuslara vurus seklinin
12:26
when she's playing the piece, she can't play the piece.
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bilincinde olmasini soylerseniz, o eseri calamayacaktir.
12:30
Self-consciousness is the enemy of accomplishment.
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Bilinclilik basarinin dusmanidir.
12:33
Edison stated it best. He said,
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Edison bunu en guzel sekilde dile getirmis. Demis ki,
12:35
"Hell, we ain't got no rules around here,
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"Burada kural falan yok,
12:37
we're trying to accomplish something."
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bir is basarmaya calisiyoruz.
12:39
(Laughter)
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(Gulusmeler)
12:41
So, how do you restore trust?
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Oyleyse guveni nasil saglariz?
12:42
Tweaking the law's clearly not good enough,
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Kanunlar uzerinde degisiklik yapmak yeterli degil.
12:44
and tort reform, which is a great idea,
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Haksiz fiil reformu isverenin masraflarini azaltmak
12:47
lowers your cost if you're a businessperson,
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acisindan iyi bir fikir gibi gozukse bile
12:49
but it's like a Band-Aid on this gaping wound of distrust.
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bu buyuk guvensizlik yarigina bir yarabandi yapistirmak gibi.
12:52
States with extensive tort reform
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Genis capli haksiz fiil reformu yapan eyaletler
12:54
still suffer all these pathologies.
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bile bu rahatsizliklarla hala ugrasiyorlar.
12:56
So, what's needed is not just to limit claims,
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Oyleyse yapilmasi gereken sadece basvurulari sinirlamak degil;
12:59
but actually create a dry ground of freedom.
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esasli bir ozgurlukler tabani yaratmak.
13:02
It turns out that freedom actually has a formal structure.
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Aslinda ozgurlugun bicimsel bir yapisi vardir.
13:06
And it is this:
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Soyle ki:
13:08
Law sets boundaries,
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Hukuk belli sinirlar cizer,
13:10
and on one side of those boundaries are all the things
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bu sinirin bir kenarinda yapamayacagiz tum seyler
13:12
you can't do or must do --
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ve yapmak zorunda olduklariniz vardir.
13:14
you can't steal, you've got to pay your taxes --
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Hirsizlik yapamazsiniz. Vergilerinizi vermek zorundasiniz.
13:15
but those same boundaries are supposed to define
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Butun bu sinirlar bir ozgurlukler tabanini
13:18
and protect a dry ground of freedom.
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tanimlamaya yarar.
13:22
Isaiah Berlin put it this way:
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Isaiah Berlin soyle demis, "Hukuk
13:24
"Law sets frontiers, not artificially drawn,
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insanlarin icerisinde dokulmaz olacagi
13:27
within which men shall be inviolable."
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suni olmayan sinirlar cizer."
13:31
We've forgotten that second part.
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Bu bolumu unutmus gozukuyoruz.
13:33
Those dikes have burst. People wade through law
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Bu sinirlar yikilmis durumda. Insanlar
13:36
all day long.
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tum gun boyunca kanunlar icinde yuzuyorlar.
13:38
So, what's needed now
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Oyleyse simdi yapilmasi gereken
13:40
is to rebuild these boundaries.
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bu sinirlari tekrar koymak.
13:43
And it's especially important to rebuild them
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Ve bunu ozellikle davalara yonelik olarak
13:45
for lawsuits.
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yapmaliyiz.
13:47
Because what people can sue for establishes the boundaries
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Cunku insanlarin dava edebilecekleri konular diger
13:50
for everybody else's freedom.
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herkesin ozgurluk sinirlarini belirler.
13:52
If someone brings a lawsuit over, "A kid fell off the seesaw,"
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Tahterevalliden bir cocuk dustu diye acilan bir dava
13:55
it doesn't matter what happens in the lawsuit,
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sonucu ne olursa olsun tum tahterevallilerin yokolmasina
13:57
all the seesaws will disappear.
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sebep olacaktir.
13:59
Because no one will want to take the risk of a lawsuit.
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Cunku kimse dava edilme riskine girmek istemeyecektir.
14:01
And that's what's happened. There are no seesaws, jungle gyms,
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Olan da bu zaten. Etrafta dort yas ustu cocuklarin
14:03
merry-go-rounds, climbing ropes,
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ilgisini cekecek ne tahterevalli, ne atlikarinca,
14:05
nothing that would interest a kid over the age of four,
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ne tirmanma ipi, hic bir sey kalmadi,
14:08
because there's no risk associated with it.
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cunku boylece ortada risk kalmadi.
14:10
So, how do we rebuild it?
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Oyleyse, bunu nasil duzeltebiliriz.
14:12
Life is too complex for...
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Hayat bir yazilim ...
14:14
(Applause)
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(Alkis)
14:19
Life is too complex for a software program.
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Hayat bir yazilim programi icin cok karmasik.
14:21
All these choices involve value judgments
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Butun bu secenekler objektif gerceklere degil
14:23
and social norms, not objective facts.
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degerlere ve sosyal kriterlere bagli kararlardir.
14:26
And so here is the fourth proposition.
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Ve iste bu dorduncu oneri.
14:29
This is what we have, the philosophy we have to change to.
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Elimizdeki bu, iste bu filozofiye yonelmeliyiz.
14:31
And there are two essential elements of it:
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Bunun iki temel ogesi var.
14:34
We have to simplify the law.
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Kanunlari basitlestirmeliyiz.
14:37
We have to migrate from all this complexity
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Butun bu karmasikliktan genel
14:40
towards general principles and goals.
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ilke ve hedeflere dogru yonelmeliyiz.
14:42
The constitution is only 16 pages long.
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Anayasa sadece 16 sayfadir.
14:45
Worked pretty well for 200 years.
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200 senedir gayet yeterli oldu.
14:47
Law has to be simple enough
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Insanlarin gunluk yasamlarinda
14:49
so that people can internalize it
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ozumsenebilmesi icin yasalarin
14:52
in their daily choices.
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yeterince basit olmasi gerekli.
14:54
If they can't internalize it, they won't trust it.
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Eger ozumseyemezlerse guvenemeyeceklerdir.
14:58
And how do you make it simple?
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Peki nasil basitlestirebiliriz?
15:00
Because life is complex,
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Cunku hayat cok karmasik.
15:02
and here is the hardest and biggest change:
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Iste burada en zor ve en buyuk degisiklik geliyor.
15:05
We have to restore the authority
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Kanunlari yorumlama ve uygulama
15:07
to judges and officials
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gorevini hakimlere ve diger
15:09
to interpret and apply the law.
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resmi gorevlilere iade etmeliyiz.
15:11
(Applause)
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(Alkis)
15:14
We have to rehumanize the law.
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Hukuku tekrar insanilestirmeliyiz.
15:17
To make law simple so that you feel free,
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Hukuk basitlesmeli ki bizler kendimiz ozgur hissedelim,
15:20
the people in charge have to be free
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yetkililer mantikli sosyal kriterlere
15:22
to use their judgment to interpret and apply the law
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bagli kalarak ve kendi yargilarini
15:25
in accord with reasonable social norms.
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kullanarak hukuku yorumlayabilsinler ve uygulayabilsinler.
15:27
As you're going down, and walking down the sidewalk during the day,
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Birgun kaldirimda yururken soyle dusunebilmelisiniz;
15:31
you have to think that if there is a dispute,
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birgun kendinizi bir ihtilaf icinde
15:34
there's somebody in society who sees it as their job
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bulursaniz ve mantikli davranan tarafsaniz
15:38
to affirmatively protect you
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toplumun icersinde gorevi sizin
15:40
if you're acting reasonably.
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arkanizda durmak olan biri var.
15:42
That person doesn't exist today.
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Su anda boyle bir insan yok.
15:45
This is the hardest hurdle.
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En buyuk gucluk bu iste.
15:48
It's actually not very hard. Ninety-eight percent of cases, this is a piece of cake.
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Aslinda cok zor degil. Davalarin yuzde 98'i son derece basit.
15:51
Maybe you've got a claim in small claims court
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Belki kaybolan pantolonunuz icin
15:53
for your lost pair of pants for $100,
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asliye mahkemesinde 100$'lik bir dava acabilirsiniz
15:55
but not in a court of general jurisdiction for millions of dollars.
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ama ust mahkemede milyonlarca dolarlik bir dava degil.
15:58
Case dismissed without prejudice or refiling in small claims court.
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Dava usul eksikliginden reddedilir ya da alt mahkemeye gider.
16:01
Takes five minutes. That's it,
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Bes dakika surer. Iste bu kadar.
16:03
it's not that hard.
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O kadar zor degil.
16:05
But it's a hard hurdle because we got into this legal quicksand
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Ama guc bir yol cunku bir kanunlar batakligina batmis durumdayiz.
16:09
because we woke up in the 1960s
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Cunku 1960larda bir gun gozumuzu actigimizda
16:11
to all these really bad values: racism,
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irkcilik, cinsiyet ayrimciligi, cevre kirliligi
16:13
gender discrimination, pollution --
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gibi kotu degerler icinde bulduk kendimizi.
16:15
they were bad values. And we wanted to create a legal system
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Bunlar kotu degerlerdi. Ve bu yuzden oyle bir hukuk sistemi
16:18
where no one could have bad values anymore.
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yarattik ki insanlar bu kotu degerlerden uzak olsun.
16:22
The problem is, we created a system
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Problem su, bu sistemi yaratirken
16:24
where we eliminated the right to have good values.
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iyi degerlere sahip olma imkanini yok ettik.
16:26
It doesn't mean that people in authority
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Bu yetki sahibi insanlarin
16:30
can do whatever they want.
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istediklerini yapacaklari anlamina gelmez.
16:32
They're still bounded by legal goals and principles:
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Hala yasal hedef ve ilkelere uymalari gerekli.
16:35
The teacher is accountable to the principal,
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Ogretmen mudure hesap verir.
16:38
the judge is accountable to an appellate court,
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Hakim temyiz mahkemesine hesap verir.
16:40
the president is accountable to voters.
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Baskan secmene hesap verir.
16:43
But the accountability's up the line
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Ama bu esnada alinan kararlarin
16:45
judging the decision against the effect on everybody,
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sadece soz konusu kisiyi degil
16:48
not just on the disgruntled person.
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herkesi nasil etkileyecegi goz onune alinir.
16:51
You can't run a society by the lowest common denominator.
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Toplumu en kucuk ortak paydaya gore idare edemezsiniz.
16:55
(Applause)
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(Alkis)
17:02
So, what's needed is a basic shift in philosophy.
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Oyleyse olmasi gereken bir felsefe degisikligi.
17:04
We can pull the plug on a lot of this stuff if we shift our philosophy.
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Eger felsefemizi degistirirsek bunlarin buyuk bolumunu kesip atabiliriz.
17:07
We've been taught that authority is the enemy of freedom.
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Otorite ozgurlugun dusmanidir diye ogretildi bizlere.
17:10
It's not true. Authority, in fact,
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Bu dogru degil. Aslinda
17:12
is essential to freedom.
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ozgurlugun sarti.
17:14
Law is a human institution;
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Hukuk insana ait bir kurulustur.
17:16
responsibility is a human institution.
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Sorumluluk da oyle.
17:18
If teachers don't have authority to run the classroom,
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Eger ogretmenler duzeni saglamak icin
17:20
to maintain order, everybody's learning suffers.
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sinifta otorite kuramiyorlarsa herkesin ogrenimi zarar gorur.
17:23
If the judge doesn't have the authority to toss out unreasonable claims,
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Eger bir hakim mantiksiz davalari reddedecek otoriteye sahip degilse
17:26
then all of us go through the day looking over our shoulders.
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hepimiz gunlerimizi korku icinde geciririz.
17:28
If the environmental agency can't decide
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Eger cevrecilik kurulusu elektrik hatlarinin cevreye
17:30
that the power lines are good for the environment,
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etkisi hakkinda karar veremezse ruzgar tarlalarindan elektrigi
17:33
then there's no way to bring the power from the wind farms
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sehirlere ulastirmanin baska bir yolu
17:35
to the city.
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yoktur.
17:37
A free society requires red lights and green lights,
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Ozgur bir toplumda kirmizi ve yesil isik olmasi gereklidir
17:40
otherwise it soon descends into gridlock.
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aksi takdirde toplum bir cikmaza girer.
17:43
That's what's happened to America. Look around.
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Iste Amerika'ya olan budur. Etrafiniz bakin.
17:46
What the world needs now
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Su anda dunyanin yapmasi gereken
17:48
is to restore the authority to make common choices.
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evrensel kararlar alabilmek icin yetkiyi iade etmektir.
17:51
It's the only way to get our freedom back,
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Tekrar ozgur olmanin tek yolu budur.
17:55
and it's the only way to release the energy and passion
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Zamanimizin guclukleri ile mucadele edebilmemiz icin
17:58
needed so that we can meet the challenges
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gerekli enerji ve istegi ortaya cikarmanin tek yolu da
18:00
of our time. Thank you.
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budur. Tesekkurler.
18:02
(Applause)
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(Alkis)
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