Philip Howard: Four ways to fix a broken legal system

65,303 views ・ 2010-02-22

TED


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譯者: Kurt Chen 審譯者: Zhu Jie
00:15
I've always been interested in
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我一直很感興趣
00:18
the relationship of formal structures and human behavior.
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關於正式架構和人的行為之間的關係
00:22
If you build a wide road out to the outskirts of town, people will move there.
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如果您蓋一條寬廣的大路通往城市的郊區人就會搬到那裡去
00:26
Well, law is also a powerful driver
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法律也是一個強大的驅動力
00:30
of human behavior.
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在人類行為上
00:32
And what I'd like to discuss today
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我今天想討論的
00:34
is the need to overhaul and simplify the law
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是關於修改和簡化法律
00:37
to release the energy and passion
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來釋放美國人的能量和熱情
00:40
of Americans, so that we can begin
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讓我們能夠開始
00:42
to address the challenges of our society.
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解決這個社會的挑戰
00:45
You might have noticed that law has grown
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您可能已經注意到法律的密度
00:48
progressively denser in your lives over the last decade or two.
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在過去的二十年中在您的生活中逐漸增加
00:51
If you run a business, it's hard to do much of anything
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如果您有自己的生意 你很難做任何的事情
00:55
without calling your general counsel.
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而不用打電話給你的法律總顧問
00:57
Indeed, there is this phenomenon now
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事實上,現在有一種現象
00:59
where the general counsels are becoming the CEOs.
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就是法律總顧問正在成為執行長
01:02
It's a little bit like the Invasion Of The Body Snatchers.
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這有點像身體綁架者的入侵(譯按 The invasion of the Bodysnatchers 中文片名【天外魔花】講的是類似豆莢的外星人企圖利用細胞附身人類以征服地球的故事)
01:05
You need a lawyer to run the company,
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你需要一個律師來經營公司
01:07
because there's so much law.
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因為有這麼多的法律
01:09
But it's not just business that's affected by this,
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但不只是商業活動被這件事影響
01:12
it's actually pressed down into the daily activities
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它真實的被壓進了
01:14
of ordinary people.
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普通民眾的日常活動
01:16
A couple of years ago I was hiking near Cody, Wyoming.
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數年前,我在科迪 懷俄明州附近爬山
01:20
It was in a grizzly bear preserve,
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這是在灰熊保留區附近
01:22
although no one told me that before we went.
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雖然沒有人在出發前告訴我
01:24
And our guide was a local science teacher.
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我們的嚮導是一個那裡的科學教師
01:28
She was wholly unconcerned about the bears,
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她對有熊出沒的事完全不在意
01:30
but she was terrified of lawyers.
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但她卻很害怕律師
01:33
The stories started pouring out.
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故事開始被傾訴
01:35
She'd just been involved in an episode where a parent
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她剛剛才發生了一件事
01:37
had threatened to sue the school
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一位家長威脅要起訴學校
01:40
because she lowered the grade of the student by 10 percent
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因為她扣了學生百分之十的成績
01:42
when he turned the paper in late.
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因為學生遲交作業
01:44
The principal didn't want to stand up to the parent
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校長不想面對家長
01:46
because he didn't want to get dragged into some legal proceedings.
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因為他不想被捲入法律的訴訟
01:49
So, she had to go to meeting after meeting, same arguments made
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於是,她不得不去一次又一次的會議
01:51
over and over again.
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一遍又一遍的說著同樣的論據
01:53
After 30 days of sleepless nights, she finally capitulated
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經過30天的不眠之夜,她終於投降
01:56
and raised the grade.
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並提高了成績
01:58
She said, "Life's too short, I just can't keep going with this."
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她說 人生太短,我不能在這件事上繼續下去
02:01
About the same time, she was going to take two students to a leadership conference
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大約在同時,她要帶兩個學生參加一個領導力會議
02:04
in Laramie, which is a couple of hours away,
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在拉勒米 大約數小時的路程
02:07
and she was going to drive them in her car,
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她本來要自己開車載他們
02:09
but the school said, "No, you can't drive them in the car
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但學校說 不 你不能自己開車載他們
02:11
for liability reasons.
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因責任歸屬上的問題
02:13
You have to go in a school bus."
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你必須坐校車去
02:15
So, they provided a bus that held 60 people
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所以學校提供可以坐60人的巴士
02:18
and drove the three of them back and forth
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來接送他們三個人來往
02:20
several hours to Laramie.
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僅數小時車程的拉勒米
02:22
Her husband is also a science teacher,
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他的先生也是一位科學教師
02:25
and he takes his biology class on a hike
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他會帶他生物課的學生去爬山
02:28
in the nearby national park.
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在附近的國家公園
02:31
But he was told he couldn't go on the hike this year
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但今年他被告知他不能去
02:33
because one of the students in the class was disabled,
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因為其中一位學生身障
02:36
so the other 25 students didn't get to go on the hike either.
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所以其他25位學生也不能去爬山
02:40
At the end of this day I could have filled a book
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在結束後我幾乎可以寫滿一本書
02:43
just with stories about law
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只用和法律有關的故事
02:45
from this one teacher.
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只從這一位教師身上
02:47
Now, we've been taught to believe that law
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我們被教導要相信法律
02:49
is the foundation of freedom.
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是自由的基礎
02:52
But somehow or another, in the last couple of decades,
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但不知如何在過去幾十年間
02:54
the land of the free has become a legal minefield.
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自由的國度卻成為法律的地雷區
02:58
It's really changed our lives in ways
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它真的改變了我們的生活
03:01
that are sort of imperceptible;
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以有點不易察覺並逐漸的方式
03:03
and yet, when you pull back, you see it all the time.
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不過,當你拉遠一點,卻常常可以看到
03:05
It's changed the way we talk. I was talking to a
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它改變了我們講話的方式
03:07
pediatrician friend
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我之前跟一位小兒科醫生朋友說話
03:09
in North Carolina. He said,
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在北卡羅萊納州,他說
03:11
"Well you know, I don't deal with patients the same way anymore.
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“嗯,你知道我不再用同樣的方式處理病人了
03:14
You wouldn't want to say something off-the-cuff
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你不會想說些隨性即興的話
03:17
that might be used against you."
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這些話可能會被用來對付你
03:20
This is a doctor, whose life is caring for people.
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這是一個醫生,他的生活是要照顧別人
03:23
My own law firm has a list of questions
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我自己的律師事務所有一整列的問題
03:26
that I'm not allowed to ask
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是我不能問的
03:28
when interviewing candidates,
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當我面談應試者的時候
03:30
such as the sinister question,
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例如有一個邪惡的問題
03:32
bulging with hidden motives and innuendo,
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充滿了被隱藏的動機和影射
03:36
"Where are you from?"
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“你是哪裡人?”
03:38
(Laughter)
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(眾笑)
03:40
Now for 20 years, tort reformers have been sounding the alarm
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這20年來,侵權改革者已拉響警報
03:44
that lawsuits are out of control.
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官司失控的警報
03:46
And we read every once in while
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我們偶爾會讀到
03:48
about these crazy lawsuits, like the guy
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這些瘋狂的訴訟,像是有一個傢伙
03:50
in the District of Columbia who sued his dry cleaners for 54 million dollars
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在哥倫比亞特區誰起訴他的乾洗店 求償5400萬美元
03:54
because they lost his pair of pants.
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因為乾洗店搞丟了他一條褲子
03:56
The case went on for two years; I think he's still appealing the case.
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案件已歷時兩年 我想他應該還在上訴中
03:59
But the reality is, these crazy cases
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但現實情況是 這些瘋狂的案件
04:02
are relatively rare. They don't usually win.
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相對上較少 他們通常也不會贏。
04:05
And the total of direct tort cost
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而侵權行為的直接總成本
04:07
in this country is about two percent,
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在這個國家約佔百分之二
04:09
which is twice as much as in other countries
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這是其他國家的兩倍
04:12
but, as taxes go, hardly crippling.
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但是就稅收上看 幾乎不至跛足
04:16
But the direct costs are really only the tip of the iceberg.
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但是 直接成本實際上只是冰山的一角
04:20
What's happened here, again,
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這裡所再一次發生
04:22
almost without our knowing,
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幾乎在我們不知道的情況下
04:24
is our culture has changed.
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我們的文化改變了
04:27
People no longer feel free
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人們不再感到可以自由的
04:29
to act on their best judgment.
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以自己的最佳判斷採取行動
04:31
So, what do we do about it?
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所以,對於此點我們該做怎麼呢?
04:33
We certainly don't want to give up the rights,
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我們當然不希望放棄權利
04:35
when people do something wrong, to seek redress in the courts.
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當人們做錯事到法院尋求糾正的權利
04:38
We need regulation to make sure
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我們需要規則來確保
04:40
people don't pollute and such.
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人不污染等
04:42
We lack even a vocabulary to deal with
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我們甚至缺乏詞彙來處理
04:44
this problem,
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這一個問題
04:46
and that's because we have the wrong frame of reference.
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那是因為我們有錯誤的參照架構
04:49
We've been trained to think that the way to look at every dispute,
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我們一直在被訓練看待每一個糾紛
04:52
every issue, is a matter of kind of individual rights.
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每一個問題,是一個關於個人的權利的事
04:55
And so we peer through a legal microscope, and look at everything.
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所以我們透過法律的顯微鏡來看一切
04:58
Is it possible that there are extenuating circumstances
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是否可能有情有可原的狀況
05:02
that explain why Johnny
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解釋為何約翰
05:04
turned his paper in late in Cody, Wyoming?
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遲交他的作業 在科迪,懷俄明州?
05:08
Is it possible that the doctor
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是否可能醫生
05:10
might have done something differently when the sick person gets sicker?
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可能會做一些不同的事 當病人病得更嚴重時
05:13
And of course the hindsight bias is perfect.
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當然,後見之明的偏見是完美的
05:16
There's always a different scenario that you can sketch out
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總是會有不同的場景可以被描繪出來
05:19
where it's possible that something could have been done differently.
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在之中有可能事情可以用不同的方法被處理
05:21
And yet, we've been trained to squint into this legal microscope,
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然而,我們一直在訓練瞇著眼睛從這個法律顯微鏡看進去
05:26
hoping that we can judge any dispute
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希望我們能夠對任何爭端做出判斷
05:29
against the standard of a perfect society,
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以一個完美社會的標準
05:32
where everyone will agree what's fair,
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這個標準中每個人都會同意什麼是公平的
05:34
and where accidents will be extinct,
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意外將會滅絕
05:37
risk will be no more.
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風險將不復存在
05:40
Of course, this is Utopia;
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這當然是烏托邦
05:42
it's a formula for paralysis, not freedom.
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這個公式會導致癱瘓,不是自由
05:45
It's not the basis of the rule of law,
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這不是法治的基礎
05:47
it's not the basis of a free society.
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它不是一個自由社會的基礎
05:50
So, now I have the first of four propositions
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所以,現在我有四個主張中的第一項
05:53
I'm going to leave with you about how you simplify the law:
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我要留給各位的是關於你要如何簡化法律
05:56
You've got to judge law mainly
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在判斷法律上 你必須主要以
05:58
by its effect on the broader society,
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其對廣泛社會的影響
06:01
not individual disputes.
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而不是個人的糾紛
06:03
Absolutely vital.
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絕對的重要
06:05
So, let's pull back from the anecdotes for a second
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讓我們從小故事退後一下
06:07
and look at our society from high above.
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從高處來看看我們的社會
06:09
Is it working?
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他是否正常的運作著呢?
06:11
What does the macro-data show us?
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宏觀數據告訴我們什麼?
06:13
Well, the healthcare system has been transformed:
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醫療系統被改造了
06:16
a culture pervaded with defensiveness,
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一個瀰漫著防禦的文化
06:19
universal distrust of the system of justice,
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對司法制度的普遍不信任
06:22
universal practice of defensive medicine.
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普遍的實踐著防禦性的醫療
06:25
It's very hard to measure
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這是很難被衡量的
06:27
because there are mixed motives.
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因為有混合的動機
06:29
Doctors can make more on ordering tests sometimes,
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醫生有時可以做更多的測試來賺更多
06:32
and also they no longer even know what's right or wrong.
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也甚至不再知道什麼是對什麼是錯
06:35
But reliable estimates
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但據可靠估計
06:37
range between 60 billion and
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每年提高 600 億
06:39
200 billion dollars per year.
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至 2000 億美元
06:43
That's enough to provide care to all the people
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那足以提供照護給所有的美國人
06:46
in America who don't have it.
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這是我們沒有的
06:48
The trial lawyers say, "Well, this legal fear
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審判律師說,“這種對法律的恐懼
06:50
makes doctors practice better medicine."
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能使醫生更好的行醫
06:52
Well that's been studied too, by the Institute of Medicine
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這也被研究過,由醫學研究所等
06:54
and others. Turns out that's not the case.
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證明並非如此
06:57
The fear has chilled professional interaction
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這種恐懼已經冰凍了專業的互動
07:00
so thousands of tragic errors occur
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造成成千上萬的悲劇性錯誤
07:03
because doctors are afraid
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因為醫生不敢出聲
07:06
to speak up: "Are you sure that's the right dosage?"
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說:“你確定這是正確的劑量嗎?”
07:09
Because they're not sure,
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因為他們不確定
07:11
and they don't want to take legal responsibility.
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也不想承擔法律責任
07:14
Let's go to schools.
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讓我們看看學校
07:16
As we saw with the teacher in Cody, Wyoming,
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正如我們所看到在懷俄明州的老師
07:19
she seems to be affected by the law.
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她似乎受到法律的影響
07:21
Well it turns out the schools are literally drowning in law.
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事實證明學校是真的已被法律淹沒
07:25
You could have a separate section of a law library
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你可以在法律圖書館裡各別分出一個單獨的部門
07:28
around each of the following legal concepts:
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關於以下每一個法律概念
07:31
due process, special education,
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正當程序,特殊教育,
07:33
no child left behind,
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沒有任何一個孩子落後
07:36
zero tolerance, work rules ...
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零容忍,工作規則
07:38
it goes on. We did a study
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它可以一直繼續下去。我們做了研究
07:40
of all the rules that affect one school
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關於所有會影響一所學校的規定
07:43
in New York. The Board of Ed. had no idea.
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在紐約地區。教育董事會完全不了解
07:46
Tens of thousands of discreet rules,
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成千上萬的謹慎的規則
07:48
60 steps to suspend a student from school:
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讓學生休學的60個步驟
07:52
It's a formula for paralysis.
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這是一個導致癱瘓的公式
07:54
What's the effect of that? One is a decline in order.
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會有什麼影響呢?其中一個是秩序的下降
07:57
Again, studies have shown
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同樣,研究顯示
07:59
it's directly attributable
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它會直接導致
08:01
to the rise of due process.
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正式程序的增加
08:03
Public agenda did a survey for us a couple of years ago
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數年前公共議程為我們做了調查
08:06
where they found that 43 percent of the high school teachers in America
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他們發現在美國百分之四十三的高中教師
08:09
say that they spend at least half of their time
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說他們至少花一半的時間
08:12
maintaining order in the classroom.
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在課堂上維持秩序
08:15
That means those students are getting half the learning
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這意味著這些學生只得到一半他們應有的學習
08:18
they're supposed to, because if one child is disrupting the class
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因為如果一個孩子干擾課堂
08:21
no one can learn.
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沒有人能學習
08:23
And what happens when the teacher tries to assert order?
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當老師試圖維護秩序又會如何呢?
08:27
They're threatened with a legal claim.
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他們受到法律要求的威脅
08:29
We also surveyed that. Seventy-eight percent of the middle and high school teachers
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我們還調查到 百分之七十八的美國初高中教師
08:32
in America have been threatened by their students
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曾被學生威脅
08:35
with violating their rights, with lawsuits
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以侵犯權利的訴訟
08:37
by their students. They are threatening, their students.
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他們威脅到他們的學生。
08:40
It's not that they usually sue,
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這並不是說他們通常真的會起訴
08:42
it's not that they would win, but it's an
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這並不是說他們會贏 但它是
08:45
indication of the corrosion of authority.
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權力被腐蝕的表徵
08:48
And how has this system of law worked for government?
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這樣的法律制度在政府是否可行呢?
08:52
It doesn't seem to be working very well does it?
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它似乎沒有運作的太良好,不是嗎?
08:54
Neither in Sacramento nor in Washington.
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無論在山克拉門都還是在華盛頓
08:57
The other day at the State of the Union speech,
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日前在國情咨文演講中
08:59
President Obama said,
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奧巴馬總統說
09:01
and I think we could all agree with this goal,
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我想我們都同意這樣的目標
09:03
"From the first railroads to the interstate highway system,
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從第一條鐵路 到州際高速公路系統
09:06
our nation has always been the first to compete.
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我國一直都是第一個進入競爭的
09:09
There is no reason Europe or China should have the fastest trains."
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沒理由歐洲或中國該有最快的列車
09:14
Well, actually there is a reason:
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嗯,其實是有一個原因
09:16
Environmental review has evolved into a process
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環境審查已經發展成為一種過程
09:19
of no pebble left unturned
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一種翻遍所有卵石(千方百計的意思,在此有暗喻破壞環境或過於細緻的隱喻)
09:21
for any major project taking the better part of a decade,
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10年來比較好的時日中任何的重大計畫
09:25
then followed by years of litigation
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都接著多年的爭訟
09:27
by anybody who doesn't like the project.
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由任何不喜歡這個計畫的人提出
09:30
Then, just staying above the Earth for one more second,
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然後,讓我們繼續留在地球上空停留一下
09:33
people are acting like idiots,
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人們表現的像白痴一樣
09:36
(Laughter)
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(眾笑)
09:37
all across the country.
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全國各地
09:39
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
09:41
Idiots. A couple of years ago,
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像白痴一樣 幾年前
09:43
Broward County, Florida, banned running at recess.
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佛羅里達州的布勞沃德縣禁止了於下課時間跑步
09:47
(Laughter)
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(眾笑)
09:48
That means all the boys are going to be ADD.
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這意味著所有的男孩都會得注意力缺失症
09:51
I mean it's just absolutely
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我的意思是,這絕對是
09:53
a formula for failure.
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會失敗的公式
09:55
My favorite, though, are all the warning labels.
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不過我最喜歡的,是所有的警告標籤
09:57
"Caution: Contents are hot,"
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注意,內容物是熱的
09:59
on billions of coffee cups.
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在數十億杯咖啡上
10:01
Archeologists will dig us up in a thousand years
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考古學家將在千年後把我們挖掘出來
10:04
and they won't know about defensive medicine and stuff,
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他們不會知道防禦性的醫療體系這些東西
10:07
but they'll see all these labels, "Contents are extremely hot."
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但他們將看到這些標籤,內容物非常熱
10:10
They'll think it was some kind of aphrodisiac.
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他們會認為這是一些種春藥
10:12
That's the only explanation. Because why
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這是唯一的解釋。因為為什麼你需要告訴人們
10:15
would you have to tell people that something was actually hot?
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熱的東西是熱的?(Hot 同時有很辣,很性感的意思)
10:18
My favorite warning was one on a five-inch fishing lure.
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我最喜歡的警告標示是一個長 5英寸(12.7cm)的魚餌
10:21
I grew up in the South and whiled away the summers fishing.
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我在南部長大且用釣魚消磨夏季
10:24
Five-inch fishing lure, it's a big fishing lure,
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五英寸的魚餌,這是一個很大的魚餌
10:26
with a three pronged hook in the back,
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有三個分岔鉤在後面
10:28
and outside it said, "Harmful if swallowed."
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包裝寫著:“吞嚥有害”
10:31
(Laughter)
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(眾笑)
10:38
So, none of these people
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因此,這些人沒有一個
10:40
are doing what they think is right.
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在做他們認為是正確的
10:42
And why not? They don't trust the law. Why don't they trust the law?
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為什麼不呢?他們不相信法律。他們為什麼不相信法律?
10:44
Because it gives us the worst of both worlds:
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因為它給我們在兩個世界裡最壞的
10:46
It's random -- anybody can sue for almost anything
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是隨機的。任何人都可以起訴幾乎任何東西
10:49
and take it to a jury, not even an effort at consistency --
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並帶到陪審團前。甚至沒有在一致性上努力
10:52
and it's also too detailed.
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而且過於詳細
10:54
In the areas that are regulated, there are so many rules
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在已被規範的領域,有這麼多的規則
10:57
no human could possibly know it.
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沒有人類有可能都知道
10:59
Well how do you fix it? We could spend 10,000 lifetimes
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那麼該如何解決?我們可以活一萬次
11:01
trying to prune this legal jungle.
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若是要嘗試修剪這個法律的叢林。
11:03
But the challenge here is not one of just
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但這裡的挑戰不是一個
11:06
amending the law,
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僅僅修改法律的挑戰
11:08
because the hurdle for success is trust.
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因為成功的障礙是信任
11:12
People -- for law to be the platform for freedom,
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人民,對於法律是自由的平台
11:16
people have to trust it.
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人們必須信任它
11:19
So, that's my second proposition:
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所以,這是我的第二個主張
11:21
Trust is an essential condition
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信任對一個自由的社會而言
11:24
to a free society.
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是一個必要的條件
11:26
Life is complicated enough without legal fear.
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生活沒有對法律的恐懼就夠複雜了
11:29
But law is different than other kinds of uncertainties,
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但是法律不同於其他類型的不確定性
11:31
because it carries with it the power of state.
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因為它帶著國家的力量
11:34
And so the state can come in.
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因此,國家可以進來
11:36
It actually changes the way people think.
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它實在的改變了人們的思考方式
11:39
It's like having a little lawyer on your shoulders
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像有一個小律師坐在你的肩膀上
11:42
all day long, whispering in your ear,
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整天在你的耳邊耳語
11:44
"Could that go wrong? Might that go wrong?"
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“可能會出錯嗎?那會搞砸嗎?
11:46
It drives people from the smart part of the brain --
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它驅使人們離開大腦聰明的那部份
11:50
that dark, deep well of the subconscious,
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那個潛意識的黑暗深井
11:53
where instincts and experience,
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本能和經驗所在的地方
11:55
and all the other factors of creativity
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以及所有其他創意的元素
11:58
and good judgment are --
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還有良好判斷力所在之處
12:00
it drives us to the thin veneer of conscious logic.
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它迫使我們去到單薄又呆板有意識的邏輯。
12:03
Pretty soon the doctor's saying, "Well, I doubt
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很快,醫生說:“好吧,我懷疑
12:05
if that headache could be a tumor, but who would protect me
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這個頭痛可能是因為一個腫瘤,但如果是的話誰會保護我
12:07
if it were? So maybe I'll just order the MRI."
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所以也許我該做個磁共振檢查。
12:10
Then you've wasted 200 billion dollars in unnecessary tests.
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就這樣,你浪費了 2 兆美元在不必要的檢查上
12:14
If you make people self-conscious
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如果你讓人對自己的判斷
12:17
about their judgments, studies show
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有自我意識,研究顯示
12:19
you will make them make worse judgments.
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你會使他們做出更壞的判斷
12:22
If you tell the pianist to think about how she's hitting the notes
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如果你叫鋼琴家在演奏時思考如何敲打琴鍵
12:26
when she's playing the piece, she can't play the piece.
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她就無法演奏該作品
12:30
Self-consciousness is the enemy of accomplishment.
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自我意識是成就的敵人
12:33
Edison stated it best. He said,
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愛迪生說的好。他說:
12:35
"Hell, we ain't got no rules around here,
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“該死,在這裡我們才沒有任何規則咧
12:37
we're trying to accomplish something."
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我們是真的試著要完成一些事
12:39
(Laughter)
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眾笑
12:41
So, how do you restore trust?
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那麼,你該如何恢復信任呢?
12:42
Tweaking the law's clearly not good enough,
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調整法律顯然是不夠的
12:44
and tort reform, which is a great idea,
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和對侵權的改革,是一個好主意
12:47
lowers your cost if you're a businessperson,
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可以降低您的成本,如果你是一個商人
12:49
but it's like a Band-Aid on this gaping wound of distrust.
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但它就像把一個小繃帶貼在這個不信任的巨大傷口上
12:52
States with extensive tort reform
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有廣泛性侵權改革的國家
12:54
still suffer all these pathologies.
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仍然遭受這種種的病症
12:56
So, what's needed is not just to limit claims,
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因此,需要的不只是對要求限制
12:59
but actually create a dry ground of freedom.
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而是為自由創造一個實底
13:02
It turns out that freedom actually has a formal structure.
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原來自由實際上是有一個正式的結構的
13:06
And it is this:
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它是這樣的:
13:08
Law sets boundaries,
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法律設定界限
13:10
and on one side of those boundaries are all the things
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而在這些界限的一邊上是所有的事
13:12
you can't do or must do --
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你不能做或必須做的事
13:14
you can't steal, you've got to pay your taxes --
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你不能竊取。你要付稅
13:15
but those same boundaries are supposed to define
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但是這同一些界限也應該界定
13:18
and protect a dry ground of freedom.
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並保護給自由的實底
13:22
Isaiah Berlin put it this way:
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以賽亞伯林這樣說,
13:24
"Law sets frontiers, not artificially drawn,
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“法律規定邊界,不是人為劃定的
13:27
within which men shall be inviolable."
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在其中人應 inviable。”
13:31
We've forgotten that second part.
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我們已經忘記了這個第二部分
13:33
Those dikes have burst. People wade through law
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這些堤防破裂了。人們整天艱難地
13:36
all day long.
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在法律裡前進
13:38
So, what's needed now
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那麼,現在需要的是
13:40
is to rebuild these boundaries.
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重建這些界限
13:43
And it's especially important to rebuild them
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尤其要在訴訟案件上
13:45
for lawsuits.
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將他們重建
13:47
Because what people can sue for establishes the boundaries
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因為人們所可以控告的將會設立起
13:50
for everybody else's freedom.
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所有其它人自由的界限
13:52
If someone brings a lawsuit over, "A kid fell off the seesaw,"
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如果有人帶來了一個訴訟案,一個孩子從蹺蹺板掉下來
13:55
it doesn't matter what happens in the lawsuit,
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不論在訴訟中發生什麼事情
13:57
all the seesaws will disappear.
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所有的蹺蹺板都將消失
13:59
Because no one will want to take the risk of a lawsuit.
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因為沒有人願意承擔被告的風險
14:01
And that's what's happened. There are no seesaws, jungle gyms,
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而這正是發生的事情。沒有蹺蹺板,叢林健身房,
14:03
merry-go-rounds, climbing ropes,
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旋轉木馬,登山繩,
14:05
nothing that would interest a kid over the age of four,
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沒有能讓超過四歲的孩子感興趣的
14:08
because there's no risk associated with it.
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因為沒有風險(沒有冒險就不會好玩)
14:10
So, how do we rebuild it?
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那麼,我們該如何重建呢?
14:12
Life is too complex for...
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生活太複雜了...
14:14
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
14:19
Life is too complex for a software program.
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生活對軟體程式來說太複雜了
14:21
All these choices involve value judgments
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所有這些選擇涉及價值判斷
14:23
and social norms, not objective facts.
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和社會規範,而不是客觀事實
14:26
And so here is the fourth proposition.
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因此,這裡是第四個主張
14:29
This is what we have, the philosophy we have to change to.
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這是我們必須朝向它改變的哲學,
14:31
And there are two essential elements of it:
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有兩個必須的要素
14:34
We have to simplify the law.
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我們必須簡化法律
14:37
We have to migrate from all this complexity
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我們必須從所有這些複雜性遷移
14:40
towards general principles and goals.
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至一般性的原則和目標
14:42
The constitution is only 16 pages long.
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憲法只有16頁
14:45
Worked pretty well for 200 years.
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200年來都相當好用
14:47
Law has to be simple enough
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法律必須簡單到
14:49
so that people can internalize it
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足以使人們能夠將它內化
14:52
in their daily choices.
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到他們每一天的選擇中
14:54
If they can't internalize it, they won't trust it.
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如果他們不能它內化 他們就不會相信它。
14:58
And how do you make it simple?
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該如何將其簡化呢?
15:00
Because life is complex,
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因為生活是複雜的
15:02
and here is the hardest and biggest change:
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這裡將是最困難也最大的改變
15:05
We have to restore the authority
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我們必須恢復權柄
15:07
to judges and officials
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給法官和官員
15:09
to interpret and apply the law.
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來解釋和使用法律
15:11
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
15:14
We have to rehumanize the law.
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我們必須使法律重新人性化
15:17
To make law simple so that you feel free,
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使法律簡單,所以讓你感到自由
15:20
the people in charge have to be free
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負責的人必須可以自由地
15:22
to use their judgment to interpret and apply the law
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使用他們的判斷來解釋和應用法律
15:25
in accord with reasonable social norms.
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以符合合理的社會規範的方式
15:27
As you're going down, and walking down the sidewalk during the day,
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當你走出來 在白天走在人行道上
15:31
you have to think that if there is a dispute,
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你要能知道 如果發生糾紛
15:34
there's somebody in society who sees it as their job
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在社會中有人認為他們的工作就是
15:38
to affirmatively protect you
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要肯定的保護你
15:40
if you're acting reasonably.
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如果你的行為是合理的
15:42
That person doesn't exist today.
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該人士目前並不存在
15:45
This is the hardest hurdle.
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這是最困難的障礙
15:48
It's actually not very hard. Ninety-eight percent of cases, this is a piece of cake.
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這其實並不難 百分之九十八的情況下這是輕而易舉的
15:51
Maybe you've got a claim in small claims court
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也許你在小額錢債法庭有一個索賠
15:53
for your lost pair of pants for $100,
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因為你失去一條 100 美元的褲子
15:55
but not in a court of general jurisdiction for millions of dollars.
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而不是在有普遍管轄權的法院索賠數百萬美元
15:58
Case dismissed without prejudice or refiling in small claims court.
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案例可以無偏見的撤銷或重新提交小額錢債法庭
16:01
Takes five minutes. That's it,
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需要5分鐘 就這樣
16:03
it's not that hard.
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這並不難
16:05
But it's a hard hurdle because we got into this legal quicksand
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但是 這是一個困難的障礙 因為我們進入了這個法律的流沙
16:09
because we woke up in the 1960s
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因為我們在 60年代 被喚醒
16:11
to all these really bad values: racism,
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被所有這些非常糟糕的價值觀 種族主義
16:13
gender discrimination, pollution --
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性別歧視 污染 喚醒
16:15
they were bad values. And we wanted to create a legal system
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他們是壞的價值觀。我們想建立一個法律制度
16:18
where no one could have bad values anymore.
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是沒有人能再有壞的價值的制度
16:22
The problem is, we created a system
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問題是,我們創造了一個制度
16:24
where we eliminated the right to have good values.
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消除我們可以擁有好價值觀的權利
16:26
It doesn't mean that people in authority
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這並不意味著有權柄的人們
16:30
can do whatever they want.
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可以為所欲為
16:32
They're still bounded by legal goals and principles:
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他們仍然受到法律目標和原則的限制
16:35
The teacher is accountable to the principal,
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老師要對校長負責
16:38
the judge is accountable to an appellate court,
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法官要向上訴法院負責
16:40
the president is accountable to voters.
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總統要向選民交代
16:43
But the accountability's up the line
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只是問責制把標準線昇華到
16:45
judging the decision against the effect on everybody,
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以對每個人的影響來為決定做判斷
16:48
not just on the disgruntled person.
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而不只是不滿的人
16:51
You can't run a society by the lowest common denominator.
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您不能以最低的共同標準來管理社會
16:55
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
17:02
So, what's needed is a basic shift in philosophy.
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所以,需要的是一種哲學上的基本轉變
17:04
We can pull the plug on a lot of this stuff if we shift our philosophy.
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我們可以停止做許多的事,如果我們改變我們的理念
17:07
We've been taught that authority is the enemy of freedom.
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我們的教導權柄是自由的敵人
17:10
It's not true. Authority, in fact,
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這不是真的。權柄 其實
17:12
is essential to freedom.
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對自由來說是必需的
17:14
Law is a human institution;
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法律是由人組成的機構
17:16
responsibility is a human institution.
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責任是由人組成的機構
17:18
If teachers don't have authority to run the classroom,
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如果教師沒有權柄管理教室
17:20
to maintain order, everybody's learning suffers.
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維持秩序 那每個人的學習都會受到影響
17:23
If the judge doesn't have the authority to toss out unreasonable claims,
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如果法官沒有權柄丟掉不合理的要求
17:26
then all of us go through the day looking over our shoulders.
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我們一整天都得步步為營
17:28
If the environmental agency can't decide
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如果環保機構不能決定
17:30
that the power lines are good for the environment,
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這條電纜對環境是良好的
17:33
then there's no way to bring the power from the wind farms
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那麼就沒有辦法把電力從風場
17:35
to the city.
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帶到城市
17:37
A free society requires red lights and green lights,
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一個自由的社會需要紅燈和綠燈
17:40
otherwise it soon descends into gridlock.
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否則很快陷入僵局
17:43
That's what's happened to America. Look around.
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這就是在美國所發生的 看看你的四周
17:46
What the world needs now
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那麼,世界現在需要的
17:48
is to restore the authority to make common choices.
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是恢復能做出一般性公眾共同選擇的權柄
17:51
It's the only way to get our freedom back,
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這是唯一能恢復我們自由的方法
17:55
and it's the only way to release the energy and passion
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它是唯一的途徑 要來釋放能量和熱情
17:58
needed so that we can meet the challenges
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讓我們能夠滿足我們這個時代
18:00
of our time. Thank you.
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的挑戰 謝謝您
18:02
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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