Philip Howard: Four ways to fix a broken legal system

65,533 views ใƒป 2010-02-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Racheli Vardi ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shahar Kaiser
00:15
I've always been interested in
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืชื™
00:18
the relationship of formal structures and human behavior.
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
00:22
If you build a wide road out to the outskirts of town, people will move there.
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ืื ืชื‘ื ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืจื—ื‘ ืœืคืืชื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืฉื.
00:26
Well, law is also a powerful driver
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื—ื•ืง ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ืข ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™
00:30
of human behavior.
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ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
00:32
And what I'd like to discuss today
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ืžื” ืฉืืจืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ื
00:34
is the need to overhaul and simplify the law
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง
00:37
to release the energy and passion
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ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื”
00:40
of Americans, so that we can begin
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
00:42
to address the challenges of our society.
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:45
You might have noticed that law has grown
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื“ืœ
00:48
progressively denser in your lives over the last decade or two.
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ื•ื”ืชืขื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื›ื, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
00:51
If you run a business, it's hard to do much of anything
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ืื ืืชื” ืžื ื”ืœ ืขืกืง, ืงืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•
00:55
without calling your general counsel.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™.
00:57
Indeed, there is this phenomenon now
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
00:59
where the general counsels are becoming the CEOs.
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ืฉื”ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžื ื›"ืœื™ื.
01:02
It's a little bit like the Invasion Of The Body Snatchers.
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืงืฆืช ืœืกืจื˜ "ืคืœื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช".
01:05
You need a lawyer to run the company,
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื•"ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”,
01:07
because there's so much law.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื.
01:09
But it's not just business that's affected by this,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžื–ื”.
01:12
it's actually pressed down into the daily activities
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื’ื ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื
01:14
of ordinary people.
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
01:16
A couple of years ago I was hiking near Cody, Wyoming.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื˜ื™ื™ืœืชื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื•ื“ื™, ื•ื™ื•ืžื™ื ื’.
01:20
It was in a grizzly bear preserve,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืžื•ืจืช ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื–ืœื™, ืื ื›ื™
01:22
although no one told me that before we went.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื.
01:24
And our guide was a local science teacher.
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ื”ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื“ืข ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
01:28
She was wholly unconcerned about the bears,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื˜ืจื“ื” ื›ืœืœ ืžื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื,
01:30
but she was terrified of lawyers.
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ืืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื•ืขืชืช ืžืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ.
01:33
The stories started pouring out.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ืœื•ืฃ.
01:35
She'd just been involved in an episode where a parent
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืจื”
01:37
had threatened to sue the school
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ืื™ื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ
01:40
because she lowered the grade of the student by 10 percent
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
01:42
when he turned the paper in late.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ.
01:44
The principal didn't want to stand up to the parent
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ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืชืขืžืช ืขื ื”ื”ื•ืจื”
01:46
because he didn't want to get dragged into some legal proceedings.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื’ืจืจ ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื.
01:49
So, she had to go to meeting after meeting, same arguments made
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ืื–, ื”ื™ื ื ืืœืฆื” ืœืœื›ืช ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจ ืคื’ื™ืฉื”, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื ื˜ืขื ื•
01:51
over and over again.
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ืคืขื ืื—ืจ ืคืขื.
01:53
After 30 days of sleepless nights, she finally capitulated
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ืœืื—ืจ 30 ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื”, ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืขื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
01:56
and raised the grade.
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ื•ื”ืขืœืชื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ.
01:58
She said, "Life's too short, I just can't keep going with this."
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”, "ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื“ื™, ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื ื–ื”."
02:01
About the same time, she was going to take two students to a leadership conference
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืขืžื“ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืฉื ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื›ื ืก ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช
02:04
in Laramie, which is a couple of hours away,
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ื‘ืœืจืžื™, ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืฉื,
02:07
and she was going to drive them in her car,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืžื“ื” ืœื”ืกื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื”,
02:09
but the school said, "No, you can't drive them in the car
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืืžืจ, "ืœื, ืืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืกื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื‘ืจื›ื‘
02:11
for liability reasons.
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ืžื˜ืขืžื™ ื—ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช.
02:13
You have to go in a school bus."
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ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ."
02:15
So, they provided a bus that held 60 people
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ืื–, ื”ื ืกื™ืคืงื• ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ 60 ืื ืฉื™ื
02:18
and drove the three of them back and forth
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืข ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืชื ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ื—ื–ื•ืจ
02:20
several hours to Laramie.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืช ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืœืจืžื™.
02:22
Her husband is also a science teacher,
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ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื“ืข,
02:25
and he takes his biology class on a hike
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืืช ื›ื™ืชืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืœืกื™ื•ืจ
02:28
in the nearby national park.
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ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘.
02:31
But he was told he couldn't go on the hike this year
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ืืœื, ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืกื™ื•ืจ
02:33
because one of the students in the class was disabled,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื ื›ื”,
02:36
so the other 25 students didn't get to go on the hike either.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืชืจ 25 ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ืœืฆืืช ืœืกื™ื•ืจ.
02:40
At the end of this day I could have filled a book
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืžืœื ืกืคืจ
02:43
just with stories about law
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ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืง ื•ืžืฉืคื˜
02:45
from this one teacher.
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ืžื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื–ื•.
02:47
Now, we've been taught to believe that law
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง
02:49
is the foundation of freedom.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:52
But somehow or another, in the last couple of decades,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
02:54
the land of the free has become a legal minefield.
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ืืจืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืฉื“ื” ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™.
02:58
It's really changed our lives in ways
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืžืฉ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื
03:01
that are sort of imperceptible;
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ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
03:03
and yet, when you pull back, you see it all the time.
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ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืฆืขื“ ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ื•ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ ืžืจื—ื•ืง, ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
03:05
It's changed the way we talk. I was talking to a
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื
03:07
pediatrician friend
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ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืคื ื™ืœื“ื™ื
03:09
in North Carolina. He said,
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
03:11
"Well you know, I don't deal with patients the same way anymore.
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"ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš,
03:14
You wouldn't want to say something off-the-cuff
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ื ืžื”ืจ
03:17
that might be used against you."
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื ื’ื“ืš."
03:20
This is a doctor, whose life is caring for people.
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ื–ื” ืจื•ืคื, ืฉื—ื™ื™ื• ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:23
My own law firm has a list of questions
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืฉืืœื•ืช
03:26
that I'm not allowed to ask
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ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ
03:28
when interviewing candidates,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื.
03:30
such as the sinister question,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืจื•ืฉืขืช,
03:32
bulging with hidden motives and innuendo,
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ื•ื”ืžืœืื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื ืกืชืจื™ื ื•ื›ืคืœ ืžืฉืžืขื™ื•ืช,
03:36
"Where are you from?"
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"ืžืื™ืคื” ืืช/ื”?"
03:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:40
Now for 20 years, tort reformers have been sounding the alarm
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 20 ืฉื ื™ื, ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžื™ืขื™ื ืงื•ืœ ื–ืขืงื” ื•ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื
03:44
that lawsuits are out of control.
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ืฉื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืฆืื• ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
03:46
And we read every once in while
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ื•ืคืขื ื‘ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื,
03:48
about these crazy lawsuits, like the guy
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ืขืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ
03:50
in the District of Columbia who sued his dry cleaners for 54 million dollars
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ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ืฉืชื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื™ื‘ืฉ ืฉืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ 54 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ
03:54
because they lost his pair of pants.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
03:56
The case went on for two years; I think he's still appealing the case.
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ื”ืชื™ืง ื ื•ื”ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืขืจืขื•ืจ.
03:59
But the reality is, these crazy cases
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื•
04:02
are relatively rare. They don't usually win.
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ื”ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื. ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืœื ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื.
04:05
And the total of direct tort cost
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ืกืš ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ
04:07
in this country is about two percent,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื,
04:09
which is twice as much as in other countries
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
04:12
but, as taxes go, hardly crippling.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื™ืกื™ื, ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืฉืชืง ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”.
04:16
But the direct costs are really only the tip of the iceberg.
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ืืœื ืฉื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืจืง ืงืฆื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ.
04:20
What's happened here, again,
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื›ืืŸ, ืฉื•ื‘,
04:22
almost without our knowing,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื•,
04:24
is our culture has changed.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”.
04:27
People no longer feel free
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื
04:29
to act on their best judgment.
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ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื.
04:31
So, what do we do about it?
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ืื–, ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ?
04:33
We certainly don't want to give up the rights,
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ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช,
04:35
when people do something wrong, to seek redress in the courts.
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกืขื“ ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืคืขืœื• ืฉืœื ื›ืฉื•ืจื”.
04:38
We need regulation to make sure
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—
04:40
people don't pollute and such.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื–ื”ืžื• ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
04:42
We lack even a vocabulary to deal with
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื
04:44
this problem,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
04:46
and that's because we have the wrong frame of reference.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
04:49
We've been trained to think that the way to look at every dispute,
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ืื•ืžื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš,
04:52
every issue, is a matter of kind of individual rights.
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ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื›ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“.
04:55
And so we peer through a legal microscope, and look at everything.
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ.
04:58
Is it possible that there are extenuating circumstances
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ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืงืœื•ืช
05:02
that explain why Johnny
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ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื’'ื•ื ื™
05:04
turned his paper in late in Cody, Wyoming?
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ื™, ื•ื™ื•ืžื™ื ื’?
05:08
Is it possible that the doctor
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื•ืคื
05:10
might have done something differently when the sick person gets sicker?
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจืช ื›ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:13
And of course the hindsight bias is perfect.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
05:16
There's always a different scenario that you can sketch out
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื•
05:19
where it's possible that something could have been done differently.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจืช.
05:21
And yet, we've been trained to squint into this legal microscope,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืžื ื• ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
05:26
hoping that we can judge any dispute
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ื›ืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš
05:29
against the standard of a perfect society,
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ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช,
05:32
where everyone will agree what's fair,
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ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืžื” ื”ื•ื’ืŸ,
05:34
and where accidents will be extinct,
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื ื›ื—ื“ื•,
05:37
risk will be no more.
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ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื ืขืœืžื• ืœื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื‘.
05:40
Of course, this is Utopia;
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ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื”,
05:42
it's a formula for paralysis, not freedom.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืง, ืœื ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
05:45
It's not the basis of the rule of law,
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ื–ื”ื• ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืกื™ืกื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง,
05:47
it's not the basis of a free society.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช.
05:50
So, now I have the first of four propositions
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ืื–, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืืจื‘ืข ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช
05:53
I'm going to leave with you about how you simplify the law:
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ืฉืื ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง.
05:56
You've got to judge law mainly
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ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ื—ื•ืง, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ,
05:58
by its effect on the broader society,
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”,
06:01
not individual disputes.
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ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืคืจื˜ื ื™.
06:03
Absolutely vital.
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ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜.
06:05
So, let's pull back from the anecdotes for a second
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ืื–, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืฆืขื“ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืžื”ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืœืจื’ืข
06:07
and look at our society from high above.
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ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืœืžืขืœื”.
06:09
Is it working?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช?
06:11
What does the macro-data show us?
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ืžื” ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื™ืจืื” ืœื ื•?
06:13
Well, the healthcare system has been transformed:
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ืชื”.
06:16
a culture pervaded with defensiveness,
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ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ืชื’ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืฉื” ื‘ื”.
06:19
universal distrust of the system of justice,
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง.
06:22
universal practice of defensive medicine.
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ืจืคื•ืื” ืžืชื’ื•ื ื ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™.
06:25
It's very hard to measure
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœืžื“ื•ื“
06:27
because there are mixed motives.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื.
06:29
Doctors can make more on ordering tests sometimes,
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžื ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช.
06:32
and also they no longer even know what's right or wrong.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
06:35
But reliable estimates
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืจื™ืืœื™ื•ืช
06:37
range between 60 billion and
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ืกื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 60 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“
06:39
200 billion dollars per year.
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ืœ-200 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”.
06:43
That's enough to provide care to all the people
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ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
06:46
in America who don't have it.
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
06:48
The trial lawyers say, "Well, this legal fear
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ื”ืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”
06:50
makes doctors practice better medicine."
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ืžืืœืฅ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœืชืคืงื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืจืคื•ืื™ืช."
06:52
Well that's been studied too, by the Institute of Medicine
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื’ื ื ื‘ื“ืง, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืจืคื•ืื”
06:54
and others. Turns out that's not the case.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžืงืจื”.
06:57
The fear has chilled professional interaction
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ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฆื™ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช
07:00
so thousands of tragic errors occur
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ื›ืš ืฉืืœืคื™ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช
07:03
because doctors are afraid
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื
07:06
to speak up: "Are you sure that's the right dosage?"
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ืœื“ื‘ืจ, "ื”ืื ืืชื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ?"
07:09
Because they're not sure,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื,
07:11
and they don't want to take legal responsibility.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช.
07:14
Let's go to schools.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ.
07:16
As we saw with the teacher in Cody, Wyoming,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืงื•ื“ื™, ื•ื™ื•ืžื™ื ื’,
07:19
she seems to be affected by the law.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื” ืข"ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง.
07:21
Well it turns out the schools are literally drowning in law.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ืขื™ื, ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ื‘ื—ื•ืง.
07:25
You could have a separate section of a law library
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื’ืฃ ืฉืœื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื
07:28
around each of the following legal concepts:
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
07:31
due process, special education,
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ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ื’ืŸ, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
07:33
no child left behind,
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ืืฃ ื™ืœื“ ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ,
07:36
zero tolerance, work rules ...
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ืืคืก ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
07:38
it goes on. We did a study
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš. ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืžื—ืงืจ
07:40
of all the rules that affect one school
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืื—ื“
07:43
in New York. The Board of Ed. had no idea.
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ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ืœืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉื’.
07:46
Tens of thousands of discreet rules,
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช,
07:48
60 steps to suspend a student from school:
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60 ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืขื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ.
07:52
It's a formula for paralysis.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืง.
07:54
What's the effect of that? One is a decline in order.
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ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช? ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
07:57
Again, studies have shown
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื•
07:59
it's directly attributable
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ืงืฉืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ
08:01
to the rise of due process.
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ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื’ื ื™ื.
08:03
Public agenda did a survey for us a couple of years ago
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ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ืื’'ื ื“ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช" ืขืฉื” ืกืงืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
08:06
where they found that 43 percent of the high school teachers in America
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ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉ-43 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืžื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”
08:09
say that they spend at least half of their time
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฆื™ ืžื–ืžื ื
08:12
maintaining order in the classroom.
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ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”.
08:15
That means those students are getting half the learning
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฆื™ ืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”
08:18
they're supposed to, because if one child is disrupting the class
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ืฉื”ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ, ื›ื™ ืื ื™ืœื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืคืจื™ืข ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”
08:21
no one can learn.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“.
08:23
And what happens when the teacher tries to assert order?
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ื•ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”?
08:27
They're threatened with a legal claim.
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ื”ื ืžืื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื.
08:29
We also surveyed that. Seventy-eight percent of the middle and high school teachers
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ืกืงืจื ื• ื’ื ืฉ-78 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช
08:32
in America have been threatened by their students
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ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืื•ื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
08:35
with violating their rights, with lawsuits
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ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
08:37
by their students. They are threatening, their students.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
08:40
It's not that they usually sue,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื.
08:42
it's not that they would win, but it's an
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื”ื ื™ื–ื›ื•, ืื‘ืœ
08:45
indication of the corrosion of authority.
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ื–ื• ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืœื”ืชื ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช.
08:48
And how has this system of law worked for government?
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ื•ืื™ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”?
08:52
It doesn't seem to be working very well does it?
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืžืื“ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
08:54
Neither in Sacramento nor in Washington.
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ืœื ื‘ืกืงืจืžื ื˜ื• ื•ืœื ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
08:57
The other day at the State of the Union speech,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื ืื•ื "ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”",
08:59
President Obama said,
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื‘ืžื” ืืžืจ,
09:01
and I think we could all agree with this goal,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื–ื•,
09:03
"From the first railroads to the interstate highway system,
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"ืžืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื,
09:06
our nation has always been the first to compete.
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ื”ืื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช.
09:09
There is no reason Europe or China should have the fastest trains."
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืื• ืœืกื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ."
09:14
Well, actually there is a reason:
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืกื™ื‘ื”,
09:16
Environmental review has evolved into a process
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš
09:19
of no pebble left unturned
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื›ืœ ืื‘ืŸ
09:21
for any major project taking the better part of a decade,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืจ,
09:25
then followed by years of litigation
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ื ืœื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช,
09:27
by anybody who doesn't like the project.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜.
09:30
Then, just staying above the Earth for one more second,
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ืื–, ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื ืฉืืจ ืžืขืœ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืื—ืช,
09:33
people are acting like idiots,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื“ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื,
09:36
(Laughter)
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09:37
all across the country.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
09:39
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:41
Idiots. A couple of years ago,
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ืื“ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
09:43
Broward County, Florida, banned running at recess.
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ืžื—ื•ื– ื‘ืจื•ื•ืืจื“, ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”, ืืกืจ ืขืœ ืจื™ืฆื” ื‘ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช.
09:47
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:48
That means all the boys are going to be ADD.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืจืขืช ืงืฉื‘.
09:51
I mean it's just absolutely
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜
09:53
a formula for failure.
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ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืœื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ.
09:55
My favorite, though, are all the warning labels.
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ื”ื›ื™ ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื™ ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื”ืจื”.
09:57
"Caution: Contents are hot,"
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ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื.
09:59
on billions of coffee cups.
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ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืงืคื”.
10:01
Archeologists will dig us up in a thousand years
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ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื’ืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื
10:04
and they won't know about defensive medicine and stuff,
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืจืคื•ืื” ืžืชื’ื•ื ื ืช,
10:07
but they'll see all these labels, "Contents are extremely hot."
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ื•ื™ืจืื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื ืžืื“.
10:10
They'll think it was some kind of aphrodisiac.
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ื”ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืชืื•ื•ื”.
10:12
That's the only explanation. Because why
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ื–ื” ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื”
10:15
would you have to tell people that something was actually hot?
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ืชื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื? (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื’ื: ืžื•ืฉืš/ืช)
10:18
My favorite warning was one on a five-inch fishing lure.
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ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื™ ื ืจืฉืžื” ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืขืฉืจื” ืก"ืž.
10:21
I grew up in the South and whiled away the summers fishing.
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ืื ื™ ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื, ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ื“ื™ื’.
10:24
Five-inch fishing lure, it's a big fishing lure,
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ืคืชื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืขืฉืจื” ืก"ืž, ื”ื•ื ืคืชื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
10:26
with a three pronged hook in the back,
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ืงืจืก ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจ
10:28
and outside it said, "Harmful if swallowed."
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ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœื™ื•, "ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืขื”".
10:31
(Laughter)
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10:38
So, none of these people
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ืื–, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”
10:40
are doing what they think is right.
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ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ.
10:42
And why not? They don't trust the law. Why don't they trust the law?
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ื•ืœืžื” ืœื? ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง. ืœืžื” ื”ื ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง?
10:44
Because it gives us the worst of both worlds:
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืข ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช.
10:46
It's random -- anybody can sue for almost anything
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ื”ื•ื ืืงืจืื™. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
10:49
and take it to a jury, not even an effort at consistency --
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ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื–ืืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืงื‘ื™.
10:52
and it's also too detailed.
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”.
10:54
In the areas that are regulated, there are so many rules
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืœืœื™ื
10:57
no human could possibly know it.
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ืฉืืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื.
10:59
Well how do you fix it? We could spend 10,000 lifetimes
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”? ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืช 10,000 ืžืฉื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
11:01
trying to prune this legal jungle.
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืงืฆื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™,
11:03
But the challenge here is not one of just
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง
11:06
amending the law,
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ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง.
11:08
because the hurdle for success is trust.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉื•ื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืืžื•ืŸ.
11:12
People -- for law to be the platform for freedom,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืขืœ
11:16
people have to trust it.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื•.
11:19
So, that's my second proposition:
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ืื– ื–ื• ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœื™.
11:21
Trust is an essential condition
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ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™
11:24
to a free society.
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช.
11:26
Life is complicated enough without legal fear.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืคื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™.
11:29
But law is different than other kinds of uncertainties,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช.
11:31
because it carries with it the power of state.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืขื™ืžื• ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
11:34
And so the state can come in.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘.
11:36
It actually changes the way people think.
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
11:39
It's like having a little lawyer on your shoulders
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืฉืืช ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ื™ืš ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ
11:42
all day long, whispering in your ear,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœื•ื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื–ื ืš,
11:44
"Could that go wrong? Might that go wrong?"
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"ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ? ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื™ืœืš ื›ืฉื•ืจื”?"
11:46
It drives people from the smart part of the brain --
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื™ื— ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื›ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
11:50
that dark, deep well of the subconscious,
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ื”ื‘ืืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืข,
11:53
where instincts and experience,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ,
11:55
and all the other factors of creativity
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ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช,
11:58
and good judgment are --
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ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
12:00
it drives us to the thin veneer of conscious logic.
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ื–ื” ืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ื“ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืข
12:03
Pretty soon the doctor's saying, "Well, I doubt
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ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืจื•ืคื ืื•ืžืจ, "ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื ื™ ืžืคืงืคืง
12:05
if that headache could be a tumor, but who would protect me
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ืฉื›ืื‘ ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™
12:07
if it were? So maybe I'll just order the MRI."
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ืื ื–ื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ืกืจื™ืงืช ื”-MRI."
12:10
Then you've wasted 200 billion dollars in unnecessary tests.
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ืื–, ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ืช 200 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื•ืช.
12:14
If you make people self-conscious
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื
12:17
about their judgments, studies show
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ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื
12:19
you will make them make worse judgments.
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ืฉืืชื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:22
If you tell the pianist to think about how she's hitting the notes
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ืื ืชืืžืจ ืœืคืกื ืชืจื ื™ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืงืœื™ื“ื™ื
12:26
when she's playing the piece, she can't play the piece.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”.
12:30
Self-consciousness is the enemy of accomplishment.
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ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ืฉืžื”.
12:33
Edison stated it best. He said,
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ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืืžืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
12:35
"Hell, we ain't got no rules around here,
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"ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืคื”,
12:37
we're trying to accomplish something."
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ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืฉื”ื•."
12:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:41
So, how do you restore trust?
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ?
12:42
Tweaking the law's clearly not good enough,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
12:44
and tort reform, which is a great idea,
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ื•ืจืคื•ืจืžืช ื—ื•ืง, ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื“ืจ,
12:47
lowers your cost if you're a businessperson,
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ืžื ืžื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ืืชื” ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื,
12:49
but it's like a Band-Aid on this gaping wound of distrust.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืคืœืกื˜ืจ ืขืœ ืคืฆืข ืคืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ืŸ.
12:52
States with extensive tort reform
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืจืคื•ืจืžืช ืžืก ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช
12:54
still suffer all these pathologies.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ืŸ.
12:56
So, what's needed is not just to limit claims,
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ืื–, ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช,
12:59
but actually create a dry ground of freedom.
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ืืœื ืžืžืฉ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืจืงืข ืžื•ืฆืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ.
13:02
It turns out that freedom actually has a formal structure.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื ื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™.
13:06
And it is this:
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ื•ื”ื•ื:
13:08
Law sets boundaries,
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
13:10
and on one side of those boundaries are all the things
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ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
13:12
you can't do or must do --
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ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
13:14
you can't steal, you've got to pay your taxes --
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ืืกื•ืจ ืœื’ื ื•ื‘. ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืžื™ืกื™ื.
13:15
but those same boundaries are supposed to define
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ
13:18
and protect a dry ground of freedom.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ืžื•ืฆืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
13:22
Isaiah Berlin put it this way:
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ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ื›ืš,
13:24
"Law sets frontiers, not artificially drawn,
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"ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช, ืฉืœื ืฆื•ื™ื™ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™,
13:27
within which men shall be inviolable."
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ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ืŸ, ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ."
13:31
We've forgotten that second part.
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ืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™.
13:33
Those dikes have burst. People wade through law
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ื”ืกื›ืจื™ื ื ืคืจืฆื•. ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชื›ืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง
13:36
all day long.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื•.
13:38
So, what's needed now
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ืื–, ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
13:40
is to rebuild these boundaries.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
13:43
And it's especially important to rebuild them
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื“ืฉ
13:45
for lawsuits.
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ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช.
13:47
Because what people can sue for establishes the boundaries
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข, ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช
13:50
for everybody else's freedom.
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ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ.
13:52
If someone brings a lawsuit over, "A kid fell off the seesaw,"
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืชื‘ื™ืขื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืœื“ ื ืคืœ ืžื ื“ื ื“ื”,
13:55
it doesn't matter what happens in the lawsuit,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื”,
13:57
all the seesaws will disappear.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื ื“ื ื“ื•ืช ื™ื™ืขืœืžื•.
13:59
Because no one will want to take the risk of a lawsuit.
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ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ืข.
14:01
And that's what's happened. There are no seesaws, jungle gyms,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”. ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ื ื“ื•ืช, ื’ื ื™ ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื,
14:03
merry-go-rounds, climbing ropes,
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ืกื—ืจื—ืจื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก,
14:05
nothing that would interest a kid over the age of four,
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ ืžืขืœ ืœื’ื™ืœ 4,
14:08
because there's no risk associated with it.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืขืจื‘ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•ื.
14:10
So, how do we rebuild it?
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ?
14:12
Life is too complex for...
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ...
14:14
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:19
Life is too complex for a software program.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘.
14:21
All these choices involve value judgments
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ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืขื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืช
14:23
and social norms, not objective facts.
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ื•ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
14:26
And so here is the fourth proposition.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช.
14:29
This is what we have, the philosophy we have to change to.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืืœื™ื” ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ.
14:31
And there are two essential elements of it:
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื.
14:34
We have to simplify the law.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง.
14:37
We have to migrate from all this complexity
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
14:40
towards general principles and goals.
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ืœืขื‘ืจ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื
14:42
The constitution is only 16 pages long.
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ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืช 16 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื.
14:45
Worked pretty well for 200 years.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื” ืœื ืจืข ื‘ืžืฉืš 200 ืฉื ื”.
14:47
Law has to be simple enough
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜
14:49
so that people can internalize it
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืื•ืชื•
14:52
in their daily choices.
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ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
14:54
If they can't internalize it, they won't trust it.
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ืื ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื•.
14:58
And how do you make it simple?
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ื•ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง?
15:00
Because life is complex,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
15:02
and here is the hardest and biggest change:
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืฉื” ื•ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:05
We have to restore the authority
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชื
15:07
to judges and officials
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ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
15:09
to interpret and apply the law.
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ืœืคืจืฉ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง.
15:11
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:14
We have to rehumanize the law.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง
15:17
To make law simple so that you feel free,
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื,
15:20
the people in charge have to be free
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื
15:22
to use their judgment to interpret and apply the law
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื ืœืคืจืฉ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง
15:25
in accord with reasonable social norms.
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ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช.
15:27
As you're going down, and walking down the sidewalk during the day,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื,
15:31
you have to think that if there is a dispute,
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ืืชื ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื›ืกื•ืš,
15:34
there's somebody in society who sees it as their job
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื™ืจืื” ืืช ื–ื” ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื•
15:38
to affirmatively protect you
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ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช
15:40
if you're acting reasonably.
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื ื”ื’ืชื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื”.
15:42
That person doesn't exist today.
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ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
15:45
This is the hardest hurdle.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:48
It's actually not very hard. Ninety-eight percent of cases, this is a piece of cake.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื ืžืื“ ืงืฉื” - 98 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื ืงืœื™ื ืžืื“.
15:51
Maybe you've got a claim in small claims court
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
15:53
for your lost pair of pants for $100,
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ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื 100 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
15:55
but not in a court of general jurisdiction for millions of dollars.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืขื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื”ืž"ืฉ.
15:58
Case dismissed without prejudice or refiling in small claims court.
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ื”ืชื™ืง ื™ืกื•ืœืง ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืื• ื™ื•ื’ืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
16:01
Takes five minutes. That's it,
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ืœื•ืงื— ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช, ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”.
16:03
it's not that hard.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื–ื” ืงืฉื”.
16:05
But it's a hard hurdle because we got into this legal quicksand
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืžืฉื•ื›ื” ืงืฉื” ื›ื™ ื ืชืงืขื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช
16:09
because we woke up in the 1960s
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ื›ื™ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60
16:11
to all these really bad values: racism,
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช,
16:13
gender discrimination, pollution --
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ืืคืœื™ื” ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
16:15
they were bad values. And we wanted to create a legal system
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ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืขืจื›ื™ื ืจืขื™ื. ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช
16:18
where no one could have bad values anymore.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ืจืขื™ื.
16:22
The problem is, we created a system
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช
16:24
where we eliminated the right to have good values.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
16:26
It doesn't mean that people in authority
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
16:30
can do whatever they want.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืื•ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื.
16:32
They're still bounded by legal goals and principles:
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ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื‘ืœื• ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช.
16:35
The teacher is accountable to the principal,
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ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืžื ื”ืœ.
16:38
the judge is accountable to an appellate court,
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ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืฉ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื.
16:40
the president is accountable to voters.
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื.
16:43
But the accountability's up the line
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืกื•ืœื ื”ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™
16:45
judging the decision against the effect on everybody,
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ืชื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื,
16:48
not just on the disgruntled person.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื›ื ื’ื“ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“.
16:51
You can't run a society by the lowest common denominator.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื”ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:55
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:02
So, what's needed is a basic shift in philosophy.
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ืื–, ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”.
17:04
We can pull the plug on a lot of this stuff if we shift our philosophy.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืกืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™.
17:07
We've been taught that authority is the enemy of freedom.
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ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉืกืžื›ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ.
17:10
It's not true. Authority, in fact,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”,
17:12
is essential to freedom.
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ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ.
17:14
Law is a human institution;
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ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื“ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
17:16
responsibility is a human institution.
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ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
17:18
If teachers don't have authority to run the classroom,
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ืื ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืจืจื” ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ืช,
17:20
to maintain order, everybody's learning suffers.
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ืœืฉืžืจ ืกื“ืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื ืคื’ืขืช.
17:23
If the judge doesn't have the authority to toss out unreasonable claims,
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ืื ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืจืจื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช
17:26
then all of us go through the day looking over our shoulders.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืชืฃ.
17:28
If the environmental agency can't decide
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ืื ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
17:30
that the power lines are good for the environment,
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ืฉื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
17:33
then there's no way to bring the power from the wind farms
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—
17:35
to the city.
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ืœืขื™ืจ.
17:37
A free society requires red lights and green lights,
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืื•ืจื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื,
17:40
otherwise it soon descends into gridlock.
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ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืชืชื“ืจื“ืจ ื•ืชืื˜ ืขื“ ืขืฆื™ืจื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช.
17:43
That's what's happened to America. Look around.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘.
17:46
What the world needs now
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ืื–, ืžื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
17:48
is to restore the authority to make common choices.
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ื–ื” ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื•ืช.
17:51
It's the only way to get our freedom back,
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
17:55
and it's the only way to release the energy and passion
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื”
17:58
needed so that we can meet the challenges
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ืฉื ื“ืจืฉืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชื’ืจื™ื
18:00
of our time. Thank you.
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ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•. ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
18:02
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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