The surprising science of alpha males | Frans de Waal

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Korom

Well, I have known many alpha males in my life,

Dakle, poznavao sam mnoge alfa mužjake u mom životu,

chimpanzee alpha males,

alfa mužjake šimpanzi,

and I'm going to talk about what an alpha male is,

i govoriću vam o tome šta je to alfa mužjak

because I think we can all learn a lot from our close relatives

jer mislim da svi mi možemo mnogo da naučimo od naših bliskih rođaka

where we have alpha males.

kod kojih imamo alfa mužjake.

And as an example, I want to give you Amos, a male that I knew

A kao primer želim da navedem Ejmosa, mužjaka kojeg sam poznavao,

who was a young male and he was alpha male,

koji je bio mladi mužjak i bio je alfa mužjak,

he was very popular,

bio je veoma popularan,

but he got sick

ali se razboleo

and he lost his position because, you know, chimpanzee males

i izgubio je svoju poziciju jer, znate, mužjaci šimpanzi

they can spot from a mile away if you are weak

mogu sa kilometar udaljenosti da spaze ako ste slabi,

and they went for him,

pa su se ustremili na njega,

and he lost his position, and then he got sicker and sicker

i on je izgubio svoju poziciju, te je postajao sve bolesniji

until at some point we had to isolate him.

sve do momenta kada smo morali da ga izolujemo.

The group lived on a grassy island,

Grupa je živela na travnatom ostrvu,

and we had to isolate him in a cage,

a morali smo da ga izolujemo u kavez,

but we cracked open the cage so that the rest of the chimps

ali smo ostavili kavez otvoren kako bi mu ostale šimpanze

still had access to him.

i dalje imale pristup.

And what happened was most touching.

A desilo se nešto najdirljivije.

Other chimps would bring food to him,

Druge šimpanze bi mu donosile hranu,

they would bring wood wool to him,

donosile bi mu drvenu vunu,

which is this thing that they use to sleep in and build nests out of,

a to je nešto što koriste za spavanje i izradu gnezda,

and females would put the wood wool behind his back.

a ženke bi mu stavljale drvenu vunu iza leđa.

He was leaning heavily against the wall,

Poprilično se naslanjao na zid,

and the way we do with pillows to patients in a hospital,

i kao što mi radimo sa jastucima kod pacijenata u bolnicama,

they were putting that stuff behind his back.

stavljale su tu stvar njemu iza leđa.

And I thought, this is the way to go for an alpha male.

I mislio sam kako je to pravi način da se ophodi prema alfa mužjaku.

He was loved and respected, and everyone was taking care of him,

Voleli su ga i poštovali i svi su ga pazili,

and this is not always how it goes,

a to se uvek tako ne dešava

because some males don't end so well when they lose their position.

jer neki mužjaci ne završe dobro nakon gubitka pozicije.

So Amos was an example of a male who was liked as a leader,

Dakle, Ejmos je bio primer mužjaka koga su voleli kao vođu,

and I think the term alpha male, if you look it up on the internet,

a smatram da termin alfa mužjak, ako ga potražite na internetu,

you will find all these business books that tell you how to be an alpha male,

otkrićete sve te poslovne knjige koje vam govore kako da budete alfa mužjak,

and what they mean is how to beat up others

a pod time podrazumevaju kako da potučete druge

and beat them over the head and let them know that you are boss

i da ih potučete do kostiju i date im do znanja da ste vi šef

and don't mess with me and so on.

i ne kačite se sa mnom i tako dalje.

And basically an alpha male for them is a bully.

I u suštini za njih alfa mužjak je nasilnik.

And I really don't like that kind of description,

I meni se zaista ne sviđa takav opis

because I am actually partly responsible for the term "alpha male"

zato što sam ja delimično odgovoran za termin „alfa mužjak“

because I wrote this book "Chimpanzee Politics,"

jer sam napisao knjigu: „Politika šimpanzi“,

which was recommended by Newt Gingrich to freshmen congressmen.

koju je mladim kongresmenima preporučio Njut Gingrič.

I don't know what good it did, but he recommended that book to them,

Ne znam koliko im je koristila, ali on im je tu knjigu preporučio,

and after that the term "alpha male" became very popular.

a nakon toga je termin „alfa mužjak“ postao veoma popularan.

But I think it is used in a mischaracterization.

Međutim, mislim da se koristi kao pogrešna karakterizacija.

It's used in a very superficial way

Koristi se na veoma površan način

that doesn't relate to what a real alpha male is.

koji nema veze s tim šta je istinski alfa mužjak.

And so I'm here to explain what that is.

Pa sam tu da objasnim šta je to.

The term itself goes back actually much further.

Sam termin je daleko stariji.

It goes back to the '40s and '50s, research on wolves,

Potiče iz '40-ih i '50-ih iz istraživanja o vukovima,

and basically the definition is very simple.

i u suštini, njegova definicija je veoma prosta.

The highest ranking male is the alpha male.

Mužjak koji ima najveći rang je alfa mužjak.

The highest ranking female is the alpha female.

Ženka koja ima najveći rang je alfa ženka.

Every primate group has one alpha male, one alpha female,

Svaka grupa primata ima jednog alfa mužjaka, jednu alfa ženku,

not more than that, there's only one.

ne više od toga, postoji samo jedan.

And I will explain how that goes.

A ja ću da objasnim kako to ide.

So first, the body language.

Dakle, prvo, govor tela.

What you see here is two male chimpanzees who are the same size,

Ovde vidite dva mužjaka šimpanze koji su iste veličine,

but one is walking upright, has his hair up,

ali jedan hoda uspravljeno, dlaka mu je nakostrešena,

has a big rock in his hand, and he's the alpha male.

ima veliki kamen u ruci i on je alfa mužjak.

The other male is pant-grunting to him,

Drugi mužjak dahćući rokće na njega,

is being submissive to him and bowing for him,

podređen mu je i klanja mu se,

and that is the sort of ritual they need to go through many times a day

a radi se o nekakvom ritualu kroz koji moraju da prođu mnogo puta na dan

in order to have a stable relationship.

kako bi imali stabilan odnos.

I'll show you a video from the field.

Pokazaću vam snimak sa terena.

What you will see here is a female pant-grunting to an alpha male

Ovde ćete videti ženku kako dahćući rokće na alfa mužjaka

and you will see how that goes.

i videćete kako se to odvija.

The male is approaching,

Mužjak prilazi,

she grunts at him.

rokće na njega.

(Chimpanzee grunts)

(Šimpanza rokće)

He has all his hair up

Sva dlaka mu je nakostrešena

and he displays.

i on paradira.

I'm actually standing far too close.

Zapravo stojim suviše blizu.

A chimpanzee is far stronger than I am,

Šimpanza je mnogo snažnija od mene

and I just was not very prudent, this particular video.

i ja prosto nisam bio veoma obazriv tokom baš ovog snimka.

So what you saw him do

Dakle, videli ste da radi sledeće:

is he was lifting himself up and standing on two legs,

uspravljao se i stajao na dve noge,

and putting his arms out.

i širio je ruke.

That's called the bipedal swagger.

To se naziva dvonožnim šepurenjem.

It's a very common posture in high-ranking males,

Veoma je uobičajeno držanje kod visoko rangiranih mužjaka,

and it's very recognizable because humans do this kind of stuff.

i veoma je prepoznatljivo jer i ljudi rade nešto slično.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Humans do this all the time.

Ljudi to rade sve vreme.

And what I really like about this particular picture

A ono što mi se zaista sviđa baš kod ove slike

is the two old guys to the side.

su dva stara momka sa strane.

This is very chimpanzee.

Ovo je tako tipično za šimpanze.

In chimpanzees,

Kod šimpanzi,

we have usually old males who are over the hill,

obično imamo stare mužjake koji su u odmaklom dobu,

who cannot be alpha male themselves anymore,

koji sami više ne mogu da budu alfa mužjaci,

but they start playing games and forming coalitions,

ali oni počinju da igraju igre i da formiraju koalicije,

and behind the backs of others.

i to drugima iza leđa.

And they become extremely influential,

I postaju izuzetno uticajni,

and you may actually have old males

i zapravo možete da imate stare mužjake

who are more influential than the alpha male himself.

koji su daleko uticajniji od samog alfa mužjaka.

Just as an example,

Samo da vam dam primer,

the three males that I used to work with most

tri mužjaka sa kojima sam nekad davno najviše radio

at the Dutch zoo long ago, where I worked,

u holandskom zoološkom vrtu, gde sam radio,

and the middle male here is a 17-year-old alpha male.

a mužjak ovde u sredini je 17-godišnji alfa mužjak.

The male whom he is grooming on the side is twice as old,

Mužjak koga timari sa strane je dvostruko stariji,

and this old male has made him the leader.

a ovaj stari mužjak ga je proizveo u vođu.

So you can imagine that that old male has an enormous amount of power,

Dakle, možete da zamislite kako taj stari mužjak ima ogromnu moć

because he has made the alpha male alpha male.

jer je alfa mužjaka proizveo u alfa mužjaka.

The male on the right

Mužjak zdesna

is individually the strongest male.

je pojedinačno najsnažniji mužjak.

In captivity, you can test it out,

U zarobljeništvu to možete da testirate

and you can know that this male has no trouble with either one.

i možete da znate da ovaj mužjak nema problema ni sa jednim od druga dva.

He has only trouble with the combination of the two.

On jedino ima problema sa kombinacijom druga dva.

And so the coalition formation that goes on in chimpanzee society

Stoga, zbog formiranja koalicija, koje se dešava u društvu šimpanzi,

makes it much more complex than you think.

to društvo je daleko složenije nego što mislite.

It means, for example,

To znači, na primer,

that the smallest male in a group can be the alpha male.

da najmanji mužjak u grupi može da bude alfa mužjak.

You don't need to be the biggest and strongest male.

Ne morate da budete najveći i najsnažniji mužjak.

The smallest male, if he has the right friends and keeps them happy,

Najmanji mužjak, ako ima prave prijatelje i održava ih srećnim,

or he has female support,

ili ima podršku ženki,

he can be the alpha male.

može da bude alfa mužjak.

So the coalition system makes everything complex,

Dakle, zbog sistema koalicija sve je složenije,

and I'm always waiting here in the US

a ja uvek čekam ovde u SAD-u

for the primaries, the end of the primaries,

glavne izbore, kraj glavnih izbora

because that's a moment where you need to demonstrate unity.

jer je to trenutak u kome morate da pokažete jedinstvo.

Now let me first show you how the unity is shown in chimpanzees.

Sad, dozvolite mi da vam pokažem kako jedinstvo pokazuju šimpanze.

What you see here is two males on the left

Ovde vidite dva mužjaka sleva

who are standing together.

koji stoje zajedno.

You also see the big canine teeth that they have.

Takođe vidite velike očnjake koje imaju.

And they're standing together and they demonstrate to the rest of the group,

A oni stoje zajedno i pokazuju ostatku grupe:

"We are together. We are a unit."

„Zajedno smo. Ujedinjeni smo.“

The males on the right are walking together in synchrony.

Mužjaci zdesna sinhronizovano hodaju jedan do drugog.

That's another way of demonstrating that you are together.

To je još jedan način pokazivanja zajedništva.

And so demonstrating unity is extremely important

Dakle, pokazivanje jedinstva je izuzetno važno

in a coalition system,

u sistemu koalicija

and as I said, in the primaries always I'm waiting for that moment

i, kao što sam rekao, tokom glavnih izbora uvek čekam taj trenutak

because then you have two members of the same party

jer tada imate dva člana iste partije,

who have been fighting with each other,

koji su se međusobno takmičili,

and they need to come together at some moment.

a u jednom trenutku moraju da se ujedine.

And it leads to very awkward situations.

A to vodi do veoma neprijatnih situacija.

Ljudi koji se međusobno ne vole, moraju da prigrle jedno drugo

People who don't like each other need to embrace each other

and stand together,

i da stoje zajedno,

and that's absolutely essential for the unity of the party,

a to je apsolutno krucijalno za jedinstvo partije

and if you don't do that, the party may fall apart.

i, ako to ne uradite, partija može da se raspadne.

And so if it doesn't go well, like in this particular case --

A ako ne prođe kako treba, kao u ovom naročitom slučaju -

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

then the party is in deep doo-doo

onda je partija u grdnoj nevolji

because they have not demonstrated unity.

jer nisu pokazali jedinstvo.

So that's a very important part of the coalition system,

Dakle, to je veoma važan deo sistema koalicija

and that's something that we share between humans and chimpanzees.

i to je nešto što je zajedničko ljudima i šimpanzama.

Now, how do you become an alpha male?

Sad, kako postajete alfa mužjak?

First of all, you need to be impressive and intimidating

Pre svega, morate da budete impresivni i zastrašujući

and demonstrate your vigor on occasion

i da povremeno pokažete snagu

and show that you are very strong,

i da pokažete da ste veoma jaki,

and there's all sorts of ways of doing that.

a postoje razni načini da to postignete.

Ali druge stvari koje morate da radite, morate da budete darežljivi.

But other things that you need to do is you need to be generous.

So, for example, males who go on a campaign

Dakle, na primer, mužjaci koji vode kampanju

to dethrone the leader,

da svrgnu vođu,

which may take two or three months

što može da potraje dva do tri meseca,

where they're testing all the coalitions in the group,

gde oni testiraju sve koalicije u grupi,

they also become extremely generous.

takođe postaju krajnje darežljivi.

They share food very easily with everyone.

S lakoćom dele hranu sa svima.

Or they start to tickle the babies of the females.

Ili počinju da golicaju bebe ženki.

They're normally, male chimpanzees, not particularly interested in infants,

Mužjaci šimpanze obično nisu naročito zainteresovani za novorođenčad,

but when they are campaigning like that,

ali tokom kampanja poput ove,

they get very interested in infants and they tickle them,

postaju veoma zainteresovani za bebe i golicaju ih

and they try to curry favor with the females.

i pokušavaju da izmame naklonost kod ženki.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So in humans, of course,

Zato sam kod ljudi, naravno,

I am always intrigued by these men who are candidates

uvek intrigiran muškarcima koji su kandidati

and hold babies up like this.

i podižu bebe ovako.

This is not particularly something that babies like --

Ovo nije nešto što bebe naročito vole -

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

but since it is a signal to the rest of the world,

ali pošto je to signal ostatku sveta,

they need to hold them in the air.

moraju da ih drže u vazduhu.

And I was really intrigued by,

I bio sam zaista intrigiran

when we had a female candidate in the last election,

kada smo imali kandidatkinju na poslednjim izborima,

the way she held babies was more like this,

način na koji je držala bebe pre je izgledao ovako,

which is what babies really like.

a to je nešto što bebe zaista vole.

But she of course didn't need to send the message

Međutim ona, naravno, nije morala da šalje poruku

that she could hold a baby without dropping it,

da zna da drži bebu, a da joj ne ispadne,

which was what the man was doing.

a upravo to je radio muškarac.

So this is a very common tactic,

Dakle, radi se o veoma uobičajenoj taktici

and male chimpanzees,

i mužjaci šimpanze

they spend a lot of time currying favor with all sorts of parties

provode mnogo vremena mameći naklonost raznih partija

when they are campaigning.

tokom kampanje.

Now, what are the privileges and the costs

Sad, šta su privilegije i koja je cena

of being an alpha male?

kada ste alfa mužjak?

The biggest privilege is females.

Najveća privilegija su ženke.

Food is really irrelevant.

Hrana je zaista nebitna.

Male chimpanzees can go a week without food

Mužjaci šimpanze mogu i nedelju dana bez hrane,

if there's a female in estrus and they're sexually interested in her.

ako je u blizini ženka u teranju i ako su seksualno zainteresovani za nju.

Food is secondary to sex.

Hrana je manje važna od seksa.

And so the male chimpanzees --

Stoga mužjaci šimpanze -

and we evolutionary biologists, of course, we have an explanation for this,

a mi evolutivni biolozi, naravno, imamo objašnjenje za to,

is that sex leads to reproduction,

a ono glasi da seks vodi razmnožavanju,

and reproductive success is the measure of evolution.

a reproduktivni uspeh je merilo evolucije.

That's how everything evolves.

Na taj način sve evoluira.

And so if males can enhance their reproductive success

Zato, ako mužjaci mogu da unaprede svoj reproduktivni uspeh

by being high ranking,

visokim rangom,

you get automatically the ambition to be high ranking in the males.

kod mužjaka automatski dobijate ambiciju da budu visokorangirani.

So that's the privilege.

Dakle, radi se o privilegiji.

The costs, one cost is of course

Cena, jedna cena je naravno

that you need to keep your partners happy.

da morate partnere da održavate srećnima.

So if you come to power with the support of an old male,

Pa ako dođete na vlast uz podršku starog mužjaka,

you need to let that old male mate with females.

morate da dozvolite tom starom mužjaku da se pari sa ženkama.

If you don't do that, that old male is going to get mad at you,

Ako to ne uradite, taj stari mužjak će da se naljuti na vas

and you're going to lose him as a partner.

i izgubićete ga kao partnera.

So there's a transaction going on.

Dakle, tu je na delu razmena.

If you become alpha male this way, you need to keep your partners happy.

Ako na ovaj način postanete alfa mužjak, morate da održavate partnere srećnim.

And so that's one of the costs.

Dakle, to je jedna od cena.

The second cost is that everyone wants your position.

Druga cena je to što svi žele vaš položaj.

Alpha male position is a very important position,

Položaj alfa mužjaka je veoma važan položaj

and everyone wants to take it from you,

i svi žele da vam ga preotmu,

and so you constantly have to watch your back.

te stoga stalno morate da čuvate leđa.

You have to be extremely vigilant.

Morate da budete krajnje oprezni.

For example, you have to disrupt the coalitions of others

Na primer, morate da razbijate tuđe koalicije

and that's what male chimpanzees do quite a bit.

i to je nešto što mužjaci šimpanzi poprilično rade.

Divide and rule strategies, they have.

Imaju strategiju: zavadi pa vladaj.

And so that's a very stressful situation, and we actually have data on this.

Dakle, radi se o veoma stresnoj situaciji i zapravo imamo podatke o tome.

The data comes from the field,

Podaci su sa terena,

from baboons not chimpanzees in this case,

od babuna, ne šimpanzi u ovom slučaju,

where they did fecal samples on the baboons

gde su analizirali uzorke fekalija babuna

and they analyzed them for glucocorticoids.

i analizirali su ih radi glukokortikoida.

And what you see here is a graph

A ovde vidite grafikon

where you see that the lower ranking the male baboon is,

gde zapažate da što je babun niže rangiran

the higher is his cortisol level

to su mu viši nivoi kortizola

in the feces,

u fekalijama,

but the alpha male, as you see,

ali alfa mužjaci, kao što vidite,

has just as high a level as the lowest-ranking males,

imaju jednako visok nivo kao i najniže rangirani mužjaci,

and so you may think that being alpha male is nice and dandy and is wonderful,

te možete da mislite kako je biti alfa mužjak lepo i bajno i čarobno,

but it's actually a very stressful position,

ali zapravo se radi o veoma stresnom položaju

and we can demonstrate that physiologically.

i to možemo fiziološki da pokažemo.

Now, what are the obligations?

Sad, šta su obaveze?

And here, for me, it gets really interesting,

A ovde, meni, postaje zaista zanimljivo

and it deviates very much from your typical image of the alpha male.

i značajno se razlikuje od toga kako tipično zamišljate alfa mužjake.

The alpha male has two sorts of obligations.

Alfa mužjak ima dva vida obaveza.

One is to keep the peace in the group.

Jedna je da održava mir u grupi.

We call that the control role,

Tu ulogu nazivamo kontrolnom,

to control fights in the group,

da kontrolišu sukobe u grupi,

and the second is to be the most empathic,

a druga je da budu najempatičniji,

the consoler in chief, basically, of the nation, so to speak.

u suštini, glavni utešitelji nacije, takoreći.

So first of all, keeping the peace.

Dakle, pre svega, održavanje mira.

This is a male who stops a fight between two females.

To je mužjak koji prekida sukob između dve ženke.

Two females on the left and the right

Dve ženke sleva i zdesna

have been screaming and yelling at each other over food,

su vrištale i vikale jedna na drugu zbog hrane

because food is very important for the females,

jer je hrana veoma važna za ženke,

and so he stops the fight between them and stands between them like this.

te on prekida svađu između njih i ovako stoji između njih.

And it's very interesting to me that alpha males, when they do this,

A veoma mi je zanimljivo to što alfa mužjaci, kad to rade,

they become impartial.

postaju nepristrasni.

They don't support their mom or their best buddy.

Ne podržavaju svoju majku, niti najboljeg druga.

No, no, they stop fights,

Ne, ne, zaustavljaju sukobe

and they come up for the underdog in general.

i uopšteno se zauzimaju za slabijeg.

And this makes them extremely popular in the group,

A zbog ovoga su oni izuzetno popularni u grupi

because they provide security

jer obezbeđuju sigurnost

for the lowest-ranking members of the group.

za najniže rangirane članove grupe.

And so they become impartial,

Stoga oni postaju nepristrasni,

which is an unusual condition for a chimpanzee to be in,

a to je neuobičajeno stanje za šimpanzu

because they're usually very fond of their friends and so on,

jer su one obično veoma naklonjene svojim prijateljima itd,

and these alpha males who are good at this,

a alfa mužjaci koji su dobri u ovome,

they can be very effective at keeping the peace in the group.

mogu da budu veoma efikasni u održavanju mira u grupi.

And the second thing they do is they show empathy for others.

A drugo što rade je da pokazuju empatiju za druge.

Now, I do an enormous amount of research on empathy,

Sad, poprilično se bavim istraživanjem empatije,

and I don't have time to go into it,

i nemam vremena da zalazim u to,

but empathy is nowadays a topic that we study in rodents and dogs

ali empatija je ovih dana tema koju izučavamo kod glodara i pasa

and elephants and primates,

i slonova i primata,

all sorts of animals.

raznih životinja.

And what you see here is two bonobos.

A ovde vidite dva bonoboa.

The one in front

Ova spreda

has been beaten up in a fight.

je pretučena u bici.

The one in the back puts her arms around her and consoles her.

Ona otpozadi stavlja svoje ruke oko nje da je uteši.

This is also actually how we measure empathy in young children,

Ovo je zapravo način na koji merimo empatiju kod dečice,

by looking at how they respond to distressed individuals.

posmatrajući kako reaguju na pojedince u nevolji.

And high-ranking males, they do a lot of this.

A visokorangirani mužjaci to rade često.

High-ranking males provide an enormous amount of comfort in the group,

Visokorangirani mužjaci pružaju ogromnu količinu utehe u grupi

and they go to places where there are earthquakes

i odlaze na mesta pogođena zemljotresima

or hurricanes

ili uraganima

and they provide comfort.

i pružaju utehu.

The pope does this. The presidents do this.

Papa to radi. Predsednici to rade.

All the leaders in the world have to do this job.

Sve vođe na svetu moraju da obavljaju taj posao.

The queen does it and so on.

Kraljica to radi, i tako dalje.

They all have to do this job,

Svi moraju da rade taj posao,

so providing consolation, and that's a very important task.

dakle, pružanje utehe je veoma važan zadatak.

And males who are good at these two,

A mužjaci koji su dobri u ovome,

keeping the peace and providing comfort,

održavanju mira i pružanju utehe,

they become extremely popular leaders,

postaju izuzetno popularne vođe,

and there's actually some self-interest involved in it.

a tu zapravo postoji lični interes.

They don't do it just for the group,

Ne rade to samo radi grupe

because it also stabilizes their position.

već i zato što im to učvršćuje položaj.

The more popular a male becomes as alpha male

Što popularniji mužjak postane kao alfa mužjak

and the more the rest of them respects them and looks up to them,

i što ga više ostali poštuju i ugledaju se na njega,

the better their position is defended

bolje im je položaj zaštićen

in case it's going to be challenged by somebody else,

u slučaju da ga neko drugi izazove

because then, of course, the whole group is going to support that male

jer će tad, naravno, čitava grupa da podrži tog mužjaka

because they want to keep a leader who is good for them.

jer žele da zadrže vođu koji je dobar prema njima.

So the group is usually very supportive of males who are good leaders,

Dakle, grupa obično snažno podržava mužjake koji su dobre vođe

and it's not supportive at all of bullies.

i uopšte ne podržava nasilnike.

And when bullies lose their position,

A kada nasilnici izgube položaj,

they may end up in a very bad situation there.

mogu da završe u veoma lošoj situaciji.

This is data actually on the consolation behavior.

Ovo su zapravo podaci o utešiteljskom ponašanju.

This is data on consolation in chimpanzees,

Ovo su podaci o tešenju kod šimpanzi

and you see for the medium- and low-ranking individuals,

i vidite da kod srednjerangiranih i nižerangiranih jedinki,

the females do more of it than the males.

ženke to ispoljavaju više od mužjaka.

This is basically the whole community.

Ovo je u suštini celokupna zajednica.

And this is true for all the mammal studies on empathy

A ovo je tačno u svim studijama empatije kod sisara

is that females have more of it than males.

a to je da je ženke ispoljavaju više od mužjaka.

But look at the alpha male.

Međutim, pogledajte alfa mužjaka.

The alpha male does far more than anybody else.

Alfa mužjak je ispoljava daleko više od svih drugih.

And so that's the data on alpha males being the consoler in chief, basically.

Dakle, radi se o podacima o alfa mužjacima gde su oni glavni utešitelji, u suštini.

The last thing I want to say is something about alpha females.

Poslednje što želim da kažem je nešto o alfa ženkama.

This is a picture of Mama, the alpha female in the Arnhem zoo

Ovo je slika Mame, alfa ženke iz zoološkog vrta Arnem

where I used to work,

gde sam nekad radio,

who is now all over the internet,

koja je sada širom interneta,

I think a hundred million clicks at the moment,

mislim da trenutno ima sto miliona klikova,

for a video of her dying at the age of 59,

nje kako umire u 59. godini,

which happened last year.

a to se desilo prošle godine.

And Mama was an absolute centrum of the group.

A Mama je bila apsolutno središte grupe.

So she was not physically capable of dominating the males.

Dakle, nije fizički bila u stanju da dominira mužjacima.

She ranked below the males, but she was the center of the community,

Bila je rangirana ispod mužjaka, ali bila je središte zajednice,

and if there was big trouble in the community,

a ako bi došlo do velike nevolje u zajednici,

everyone would end up in the arms of Mama.

svi bi završili u Maminom zagrljaju.

And so she was a very important figure.

Dakle, bila je veoma važna figura.

And so I don't want to minimize the position of alpha females

Dakle, ne želim da umanjujem položaj alfa ženki

in the chimpanzee group.

u grupi šimpanzi.

And then we have a species that is equally close to us

A zatim imamo vrstu koja je jednako bliska nama

as the chimpanzee, the bonobo.

kao što su šimpanze, bonobo.

We often forget about the bonobo, but the bonobos have a matriarchal society

Često zaboravljamo na bonoboe, ali bonoboi imaju matrijarhalno društvo

and the alpha individual is a female, generally.

i alfa pojedinac je obično ženka.

Generally, it's a female who is at the top of the community,

Obično je ženka ta koja je na vrhu zajednice,

and we know much less about how this is done

i mnogo nam je manje poznato kako se to postiže

and how they get to that position, and what they do with it,

i kako stižu do položaja i šta rade s njim

because we know much less about bonobos in general.

jer uopšte mnogo manje znamo o bonoboima.

But I do want to emphasize

Ali želim da naglasim

that the alpha in a group doesn't need to be a male,

da alfa u grupi ne mora da bude mužjak

and that actually in one of our close relatives, it is a female.

i da je zapravo kod jednog našeg bliskog pretka to ženka.

So the message I want to leave you with

Dakle, poruka koju želim da vam ostavim

is that if you are looking at men in our society

je da, ako tražite muškarce u društvu

who are the boss of, let's say,

koji su gazde, recimo,

a family or a business or Washington or whatever,

porodice ili posla ili Vašingtona ili bilo čega,

you call them alpha male,

ako ih nazovete alfa mužjacima,

you should not insult chimpanzees

nemojte da vređate šimpanze

by using the wrong label.

upotrebom pogrešne etikete.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

You should not call a bully an alpha male.

Ne nazivajte siledžiju alfa mužjakom.

Someone who is big and strong and intimidates and insults everyone

Neko ko je velik i snažan i zastrašuje i vređa svakoga

is not necessarily an alpha male.

nije nužno alfa mužjak.

An alpha male has all sorts of qualities,

Alfa mužjak ima razne kvalitete,

and I have seen bully alpha males in chimpanzees,

i viđao sam kod šimpanzi siledžije kao alfa mužjake,

they do occur,

dešavaju se,

but most of the ones that we have

ali većina koje imamo

have leadership capacities

imaju kapacitete predvodništva

and are integrated in their community,

i integrisani su u svoje zajednice,

and, like Amos at the end,

i, poput Ejmosa na kraju,

they are loved and respected,

vole ih i poštuju,

and so it's a very different situation than you may think.

te je to veoma različit položaj nego što biste pomislili.

And I thank you.

I ja vam zahvaljujem.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)