The surprising science of alpha males | Frans de Waal

2,171,154 views ใƒป 2018-07-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Omri Radai ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
Well, I have known many alpha males in my life,
0
12720
2880
ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ื›ืจื™ ืืœืคื ื‘ื—ื™ื™.
00:16
chimpanzee alpha males,
1
16520
1560
ื–ื›ืจื™ ืืœืคื ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”.
ื•ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื”ื• ื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื.
00:19
and I'm going to talk about what an alpha male is,
2
19000
3416
00:22
because I think we can all learn a lot from our close relatives
3
22440
4016
ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•
00:26
where we have alpha males.
4
26480
2096
ื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื–ื›ืจื™ ื”ืืœืคื.
00:28
And as an example, I want to give you Amos, a male that I knew
5
28600
4456
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืืช ืขืžื•ืก, ื–ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื›ืจืชื™,
00:33
who was a young male and he was alpha male,
6
33080
2216
ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื ืฆืขื™ืจ,
00:35
he was very popular,
7
35320
1416
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™.
00:36
but he got sick
8
36760
2096
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื” ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื•,
00:38
and he lost his position because, you know, chimpanzee males
9
38880
3176
ื›ื™ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื›ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”,
00:42
they can spot from a mile away if you are weak
10
42080
2856
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœืฉ ืžืžืจื—ืงื™ื,
00:44
and they went for him,
11
44960
1376
ื•ื”ื ืจื“ืคื• ืื•ืชื•.
00:46
and he lost his position, and then he got sicker and sicker
12
46360
2976
ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื•, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจ
00:49
until at some point we had to isolate him.
13
49360
2896
ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื•.
00:52
The group lived on a grassy island,
14
52280
3736
ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื™ื” ืขืœ ืื™ ืžืœื ืขืฉื‘,
00:56
and we had to isolate him in a cage,
15
56040
2336
ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘.
00:58
but we cracked open the cage so that the rest of the chimps
16
58400
2816
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืืจื ื• ืคืชื— ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘, ื›ืš ืฉืœืฉืืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื
01:01
still had access to him.
17
61240
1496
ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื™ื•.
01:02
And what happened was most touching.
18
62760
2136
ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืœื‘.
01:04
Other chimps would bring food to him,
19
64920
2776
ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื• ืื•ื›ืœ.
01:07
they would bring wood wool to him,
20
67720
1936
ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื• ืฆืžืจ ืขืฅ,
01:09
which is this thing that they use to sleep in and build nests out of,
21
69680
3536
ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืื•ืชื ืœืฉื™ื ื” ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงื ื™ื.
01:13
and females would put the wood wool behind his back.
22
73240
2856
ื•ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืงืžื• ืืช ืฆืžืจ ื”ืขืฅ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื’ื‘ื•.
01:16
He was leaning heavily against the wall,
23
76120
1936
ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช,
01:18
and the way we do with pillows to patients in a hospital,
24
78080
4376
ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืขื ื”ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
01:22
they were putting that stuff behind his back.
25
82480
2136
ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืงืžื• ืืช ื”ืฆืžืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื’ื‘ื•.
01:24
And I thought, this is the way to go for an alpha male.
26
84640
3376
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, "ื›ื›ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื•ืช ื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื."
01:28
He was loved and respected, and everyone was taking care of him,
27
88040
3976
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื”ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื“ืื’ื• ืœื•.
01:32
and this is not always how it goes,
28
92040
1696
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืš,
01:33
because some males don't end so well when they lose their position.
29
93760
3696
ื›ื™ ืกื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื›ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื.
01:37
So Amos was an example of a male who was liked as a leader,
30
97480
5176
ืขืžื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื–ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืื”ื•ื‘,
01:42
and I think the term alpha male, if you look it up on the internet,
31
102680
3416
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื" -- ืื ืชื—ืคืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
01:46
you will find all these business books that tell you how to be an alpha male,
32
106120
3656
ืชืžืฆืื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืืชื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื".
01:49
and what they mean is how to beat up others
33
109800
2376
ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:52
and beat them over the head and let them know that you are boss
34
112200
2976
ืœื ื’ื— ืื•ืชื, ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืฉืืชื ื”ื‘ื•ืก,
01:55
and don't mess with me and so on.
35
115200
1736
ื•"ืืœ ืชืชืขืกืงื• ืื™ืชื™", ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
01:56
And basically an alpha male for them is a bully.
36
116960
2800
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
02:00
And I really don't like that kind of description,
37
120880
3616
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
02:04
because I am actually partly responsible for the term "alpha male"
38
124520
4216
ื›ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื",
02:08
because I wrote this book "Chimpanzee Politics,"
39
128760
2256
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื",
02:11
which was recommended by Newt Gingrich to freshmen congressmen.
40
131040
5456
ืฉื”ื•ืžืœืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ื•ื˜ ื’ื™ื ื’ืจื™ืฅืณ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
02:16
I don't know what good it did, but he recommended that book to them,
41
136520
3736
ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื–ื” ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ,
02:20
and after that the term "alpha male" became very popular.
42
140280
2880
ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื" ื”ืคืš ืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™.
02:24
But I think it is used in a mischaracterization.
43
144480
3256
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื•ื˜ืขื”.
02:27
It's used in a very superficial way
44
147760
2336
ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื˜ื ื™
02:30
that doesn't relate to what a real alpha male is.
45
150120
2576
ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืœืžื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืืœืคื.
02:32
And so I'm here to explain what that is.
46
152720
2456
ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
02:35
The term itself goes back actually much further.
47
155200
2656
ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:37
It goes back to the '40s and '50s, research on wolves,
48
157880
3696
ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื–ืื‘ื™ื.
02:41
and basically the definition is very simple.
49
161600
2096
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”:
02:43
The highest ranking male is the alpha male.
50
163720
2016
ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืืœืคื,
02:45
The highest ranking female is the alpha female.
51
165760
2256
ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ื“ืจื’ื”ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืช ื”ืืœืคื.
02:48
Every primate group has one alpha male, one alpha female,
52
168040
3856
ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืคืจื™ืžืื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื ืื—ื“, ื ืงื‘ืช ืืœืคื ืื—ืช.
02:51
not more than that, there's only one.
53
171920
2056
ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”. ืจืง ืื—ื“.
ื•ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
02:54
And I will explain how that goes.
54
174000
2200
02:57
So first, the body language.
55
177240
2216
ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:59
What you see here is two male chimpanzees who are the same size,
56
179480
4056
ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื–ื›ืจื™ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
03:03
but one is walking upright, has his hair up,
57
183560
2416
ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ืœืš ื–ืงื•ืฃ, ืฉื™ืขืจื• ื–ืงื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื–ื”ื• ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืืœืคื.
03:06
has a big rock in his hand, and he's the alpha male.
58
186000
2576
03:08
The other male is pant-grunting to him,
59
188600
2456
ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ื”ื ื•ื›ื ื•ืข ืœืขื‘ืจื•, ื•ื›ื•ืจืข ืœืžืขื ื•.
03:11
is being submissive to him and bowing for him,
60
191080
3056
03:14
and that is the sort of ritual they need to go through many times a day
61
194160
3376
ื–ื”ื• ื˜ืงืก ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื
03:17
in order to have a stable relationship.
62
197560
1880
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”.
03:20
I'll show you a video from the field.
63
200400
2856
ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืฉื˜ื—.
03:23
What you will see here is a female pant-grunting to an alpha male
64
203280
3536
ืžื” ืฉืชืจืื• ื›ืืŸ ื–ื• ื ืงื‘ื” ื ื•ื”ืžืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื.
03:26
and you will see how that goes.
65
206840
1480
ื›ืขืช ืชืจืื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
03:29
The male is approaching,
66
209120
1416
ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืžืชืงืจื‘. ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื”ืžืช ืœืขื‘ืจื•.
03:30
she grunts at him.
67
210560
1336
03:31
(Chimpanzee grunts)
68
211920
1496
03:33
He has all his hair up
69
213440
2216
ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืขืจื• ืžื–ื•ืงืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืคื’ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช.
03:35
and he displays.
70
215680
1320
03:39
I'm actually standing far too close.
71
219240
2376
ื”ืืžืช ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘.
03:41
A chimpanzee is far stronger than I am,
72
221640
3016
ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื—ื–ืง ืžืžื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:44
and I just was not very prudent, this particular video.
73
224680
3816
ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืฆื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
03:48
So what you saw him do
74
228520
3136
ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื–ื” ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืžื–ื“ืงืฃ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื•ืคื•ืจืฉ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื•.
03:51
is he was lifting himself up and standing on two legs,
75
231680
2976
03:54
and putting his arms out.
76
234680
1256
03:55
That's called the bipedal swagger.
77
235960
1656
ืชื ื•ื—ื” ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆื”.
03:57
It's a very common posture in high-ranking males,
78
237640
2736
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื ื•ื—ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
04:00
and it's very recognizable because humans do this kind of stuff.
79
240400
3056
ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืœื” ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” --
04:03
(Laughter)
80
243480
1216
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:04
Humans do this all the time.
81
244720
1360
ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:07
And what I really like about this particular picture
82
247240
3376
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.
04:10
is the two old guys to the side.
83
250640
2120
04:13
This is very chimpanzee.
84
253480
1736
ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ "ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™".
04:15
In chimpanzees,
85
255240
1376
ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื, ืื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื–ืงื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžื ื,
04:16
we have usually old males who are over the hill,
86
256640
3176
04:19
who cannot be alpha male themselves anymore,
87
259840
3016
ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ืจื™ ืืœืคื,
04:22
but they start playing games and forming coalitions,
88
262880
2816
ืืš ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื’ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:25
and behind the backs of others.
89
265720
1896
04:27
And they become extremely influential,
90
267640
1855
ื•ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื”.
04:29
and you may actually have old males
91
269519
2097
ืืคืฉืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื–ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื›ืจ ื”ืืœืคื ืขืฆืžื•.
04:31
who are more influential than the alpha male himself.
92
271640
3336
ืœืฉื ื”ื”ื“ื’ืžื”, ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืื™ืชื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™,
04:35
Just as an example,
93
275000
1616
04:36
the three males that I used to work with most
94
276640
2416
04:39
at the Dutch zoo long ago, where I worked,
95
279080
2456
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื.
04:41
and the middle male here is a 17-year-old alpha male.
96
281560
4336
ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืคื”, ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื ื‘ืŸ 17 ืฉื ื™ื.
04:45
The male whom he is grooming on the side is twice as old,
97
285920
4336
ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืคื— ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ื–ืงืŸ ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’.
04:50
and this old male has made him the leader.
98
290280
2776
04:53
So you can imagine that that old male has an enormous amount of power,
99
293080
3336
ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื–ื›ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืจื‘, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืืช ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืืœืคื ืœื›ื–ื”.
04:56
because he has made the alpha male alpha male.
100
296440
2336
04:58
The male on the right
101
298800
1656
ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•, ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:00
is individually the strongest male.
102
300480
2456
05:02
In captivity, you can test it out,
103
302960
2736
ื‘ืฉื‘ื™, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื–ื›ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื,
05:05
and you can know that this male has no trouble with either one.
104
305720
3576
05:09
He has only trouble with the combination of the two.
105
309320
2736
ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื.
05:12
And so the coalition formation that goes on in chimpanzee society
106
312080
4176
ืื– ืžืขืจืš ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
05:16
makes it much more complex than you think.
107
316280
2056
05:18
It means, for example,
108
318360
1816
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืืœืคื.
05:20
that the smallest male in a group can be the alpha male.
109
320200
2976
05:23
You don't need to be the biggest and strongest male.
110
323200
2456
ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:25
The smallest male, if he has the right friends and keeps them happy,
111
325680
3696
ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืื’ ืœื”ื,
05:29
or he has female support,
112
329400
1496
ืื• ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช,
05:30
he can be the alpha male.
113
330920
2336
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืืœืคื.
05:33
So the coalition system makes everything complex,
114
333280
3456
ืื– ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:36
and I'm always waiting here in the US
115
336760
2376
ื•ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื—ื›ื”, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช,
05:39
for the primaries, the end of the primaries,
116
339160
2096
05:41
because that's a moment where you need to demonstrate unity.
117
341280
3776
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ื•ืช.
05:45
Now let me first show you how the unity is shown in chimpanzees.
118
345080
3576
ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื.
05:48
What you see here is two males on the left
119
348680
2256
ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
05:50
who are standing together.
120
350960
1256
05:52
You also see the big canine teeth that they have.
121
352240
2376
ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
05:54
And they're standing together and they demonstrate to the rest of the group,
122
354640
3576
ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, "ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“", "ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช".
05:58
"We are together. We are a unit."
123
358240
2576
06:00
The males on the right are walking together in synchrony.
124
360840
2936
ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ. ื–ื• ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช.
06:03
That's another way of demonstrating that you are together.
125
363800
2816
06:06
And so demonstrating unity is extremely important
126
366640
3216
ื”ืคื’ื ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”.
06:09
in a coalition system,
127
369880
1616
06:11
and as I said, in the primaries always I'm waiting for that moment
128
371520
3136
ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื—ื›ื” ืœืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื”,
06:14
because then you have two members of the same party
129
374680
2976
ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืื—ื“ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™,
06:17
who have been fighting with each other,
130
377680
1896
06:19
and they need to come together at some moment.
131
379600
2416
ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื—ื“.
06:22
And it leads to very awkward situations.
132
382040
2936
ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื›ื™ื.
06:25
People who don't like each other need to embrace each other
133
385000
2816
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืง.
06:27
and stand together,
134
387840
1256
06:29
and that's absolutely essential for the unity of the party,
135
389120
3496
ื•ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”, ื•ืื ื”ื ืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช - ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืจืง.
06:32
and if you don't do that, the party may fall apart.
136
392640
2536
06:35
And so if it doesn't go well, like in this particular case --
137
395200
2896
ืื– ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” --
06:38
(Laughter)
138
398120
1296
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:39
then the party is in deep doo-doo
139
399440
1776
ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืฆืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ืื—ื“ื•ืช.
06:41
because they have not demonstrated unity.
140
401240
2560
06:44
So that's a very important part of the coalition system,
141
404320
3056
ื–ื”ื• ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื.
06:47
and that's something that we share between humans and chimpanzees.
142
407400
3360
06:51
Now, how do you become an alpha male?
143
411920
3216
ื›ืขืช, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื?
06:55
First of all, you need to be impressive and intimidating
144
415160
3696
ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ื ื•ืžืื™ื™ื, ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ื—ื–ืง ืžืื•ื“,
06:58
and demonstrate your vigor on occasion
145
418880
1936
07:00
and show that you are very strong,
146
420840
1620
07:02
and there's all sorts of ways of doing that.
147
422484
2492
ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
07:05
But other things that you need to do is you need to be generous.
148
425000
3056
ืืš ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ื‘. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืข ืœื”ื“ื—ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ -
07:08
So, for example, males who go on a campaign
149
428080
2576
07:10
to dethrone the leader,
150
430680
1256
07:11
which may take two or three months
151
431960
2496
ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืœื”ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื”, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” -
07:14
where they're testing all the coalitions in the group,
152
434480
2656
07:17
they also become extremely generous.
153
437160
1936
ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
07:19
They share food very easily with everyone.
154
439120
2080
ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขื ื›ื•ืœื, ืื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ื’ื“ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
07:21
Or they start to tickle the babies of the females.
155
441800
3016
07:24
They're normally, male chimpanzees, not particularly interested in infants,
156
444840
3536
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื–ื›ืจื™ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฆืืฆืื™ื.
07:28
but when they are campaigning like that,
157
448400
2176
ืืš ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืขื ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ื”ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืืฆืื™ื, ืžื“ื’ื“ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื
07:30
they get very interested in infants and they tickle them,
158
450600
2696
07:33
and they try to curry favor with the females.
159
453320
2296
ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื ืฃ ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
07:35
(Laughter)
160
455640
1016
07:36
So in humans, of course,
161
456680
1256
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืื– ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืกืงืจืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืจื™ืžื™ื ื›ืš ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช.
07:37
I am always intrigued by these men who are candidates
162
457960
3016
07:41
and hold babies up like this.
163
461000
1416
07:42
This is not particularly something that babies like --
164
462440
2576
ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:45
(Laughter)
165
465040
1016
07:46
but since it is a signal to the rest of the world,
166
466080
2576
ืืš ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
07:48
they need to hold them in the air.
167
468680
2016
07:50
And I was really intrigued by,
168
470720
2376
ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืกื™ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ืฉื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
07:53
when we had a female candidate in the last election,
169
473120
2816
07:55
the way she held babies was more like this,
170
475960
2336
ื”ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
07:58
which is what babies really like.
171
478320
2096
08:00
But she of course didn't need to send the message
172
480440
2336
ืืš ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืชื™ื ื•ืง
08:02
that she could hold a baby without dropping it,
173
482800
2216
ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื‘ืจ.
08:05
which was what the man was doing.
174
485040
1976
08:07
So this is a very common tactic,
175
487040
1856
ืื– ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ืคื•ืฆื”,
08:08
and male chimpanzees,
176
488920
1976
ื•ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืชื—ื ืคื•ืช ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืขืžื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
08:10
they spend a lot of time currying favor with all sorts of parties
177
490920
3696
08:14
when they are campaigning.
178
494640
1400
08:17
Now, what are the privileges and the costs
179
497320
3936
ื›ืขืช, ืžื”ื ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื?
08:21
of being an alpha male?
180
501280
1680
08:23
The biggest privilege is females.
181
503960
2376
ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
08:26
Food is really irrelevant.
182
506360
1536
ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
08:27
Male chimpanzees can go a week without food
183
507920
2776
ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ื ืงื‘ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื ื•ื”ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”.
08:30
if there's a female in estrus and they're sexually interested in her.
184
510720
3256
ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืœืกืงืก.
08:34
Food is secondary to sex.
185
514000
2256
08:36
And so the male chimpanzees --
186
516280
1776
ืื– ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื --
08:38
and we evolutionary biologists, of course, we have an explanation for this,
187
518080
4016
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš:
08:42
is that sex leads to reproduction,
188
522120
2696
ืกืงืก ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจื‘ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื“ ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
08:44
and reproductive success is the measure of evolution.
189
524840
2536
08:47
That's how everything evolves.
190
527400
1735
ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชืคืชื—.
08:49
And so if males can enhance their reproductive success
191
529159
2777
ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:51
by being high ranking,
192
531960
1416
08:53
you get automatically the ambition to be high ranking in the males.
193
533400
3936
ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœืžืขืžื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื.
08:57
So that's the privilege.
194
537360
1680
ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ.
09:00
The costs, one cost is of course
195
540040
3816
ืžื—ื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
09:03
that you need to keep your partners happy.
196
543880
2056
09:05
So if you come to power with the support of an old male,
197
545960
3856
ืื– ืื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืชื›ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืชืžื›ืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื›ืจ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ ืขื ื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
09:09
you need to let that old male mate with females.
198
549840
3016
09:12
If you don't do that, that old male is going to get mad at you,
199
552880
3040
ืื ืœื ืชืขืฉื• ื–ืืช, ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ืขืก ืขืœื™ื›ื, ื•ืชืื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืื™ืชื•.
09:15
and you're going to lose him as a partner.
200
555960
2016
09:18
So there's a transaction going on.
201
558000
2096
ืื– ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืขืกืงื”:
09:20
If you become alpha male this way, you need to keep your partners happy.
202
560120
3936
ืื ื”ืคื›ืชื ืœื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•, ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื›ื.
09:24
And so that's one of the costs.
203
564080
1496
ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื.
09:25
The second cost is that everyone wants your position.
204
565600
3416
ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื.
09:29
Alpha male position is a very important position,
205
569040
2856
ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืืœืคื ื”ื•ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื• ืžื›ื.
09:31
and everyone wants to take it from you,
206
571920
2176
09:34
and so you constantly have to watch your back.
207
574120
2176
ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื›ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
09:36
You have to be extremely vigilant.
208
576320
1656
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืคืจืง ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื›ืจื™ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžืขื˜.
09:38
For example, you have to disrupt the coalitions of others
209
578000
2696
09:40
and that's what male chimpanzees do quite a bit.
210
580720
2256
09:43
Divide and rule strategies, they have.
211
583000
2096
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื“ ื•ืžืฉื•ืœ.
09:45
And so that's a very stressful situation, and we actually have data on this.
212
585120
4336
ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืœื—ื™ืฅ. ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
09:49
The data comes from the field,
213
589480
1896
ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืžื”ืฉื˜ื—, ืžื‘ื‘ื•ื ื™ื - ืœื ืžืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”,
09:51
from baboons not chimpanzees in this case,
214
591400
2616
09:54
where they did fecal samples on the baboons
215
594040
2496
ื•ืœืงื—ื• ืžื”ื ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืฆื•ืื” ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ.
09:56
and they analyzed them for glucocorticoids.
216
596560
2696
09:59
And what you see here is a graph
217
599280
2296
ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ืฉื›ืืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื›ืจ ื”ื‘ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืจื’ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”,
10:01
where you see that the lower ranking the male baboon is,
218
601600
3936
10:05
the higher is his cortisol level
219
605560
2136
ื›ืš ืขื•ืœื” ืจืžืช ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื–ื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ืื”.
10:07
in the feces,
220
607720
1256
ืืš ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ืœื–ื›ืจ ื”ืืœืคื ื™ืฉ ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:09
but the alpha male, as you see,
221
609000
2336
10:11
has just as high a level as the lowest-ranking males,
222
611360
3136
10:14
and so you may think that being alpha male is nice and dandy and is wonderful,
223
614520
4496
ืื– ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื ื–ื” ื ื—ืžื“ ื•ื™ืคื”, ื•ืฉื–ื” ื ืคืœื.
10:19
but it's actually a very stressful position,
224
619040
2576
ืืš ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื–ื”ื• ืžืขืžื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืœื—ื™ืฅ, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
10:21
and we can demonstrate that physiologically.
225
621640
2120
10:25
Now, what are the obligations?
226
625240
2576
ื›ืขืช, ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช?
10:27
And here, for me, it gets really interesting,
227
627840
2496
ื•ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื•ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืืœืคื.
10:30
and it deviates very much from your typical image of the alpha male.
228
630360
4240
10:35
The alpha male has two sorts of obligations.
229
635880
2240
ืœื–ื›ืจ ื”ืืœืคื ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช.
10:38
One is to keep the peace in the group.
230
638760
1976
ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
10:40
We call that the control role,
231
640760
1456
ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” - ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
10:42
to control fights in the group,
232
642240
1736
10:44
and the second is to be the most empathic,
233
644000
2376
ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืืžืคืชื™ - ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื ื—ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื.
10:46
the consoler in chief, basically, of the nation, so to speak.
234
646400
2920
10:49
So first of all, keeping the peace.
235
649800
1936
ืื– ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื”ื• ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืขื•ืฆืจ ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
10:51
This is a male who stops a fight between two females.
236
651760
2936
10:54
Two females on the left and the right
237
654720
1816
ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืžืืœ, ืฆืขืงื• ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ,
10:56
have been screaming and yelling at each other over food,
238
656560
2620
10:59
because food is very important for the females,
239
659204
2492
ื›ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
11:01
and so he stops the fight between them and stands between them like this.
240
661720
3696
ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ืš ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.
11:05
And it's very interesting to me that alpha males, when they do this,
241
665440
3191
ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™, ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉื–ื›ืจื™ ืืœืคื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
11:08
they become impartial.
242
668655
1240
11:10
They don't support their mom or their best buddy.
243
670480
2576
ื”ื ืœื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืžื ืื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื.
11:13
No, no, they stop fights,
244
673080
2616
ืœื, ื”ื ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื”ื—ืœืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ.
11:15
and they come up for the underdog in general.
245
675720
2136
11:17
And this makes them extremely popular in the group,
246
677880
3176
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
11:21
because they provide security
247
681080
1976
ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:23
for the lowest-ranking members of the group.
248
683080
2496
11:25
And so they become impartial,
249
685600
1816
ืื– ื”ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืฉื•ื—ื“ื™ื,
11:27
which is an unusual condition for a chimpanzee to be in,
250
687440
2656
ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื“"ื› ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื,
11:30
because they're usually very fond of their friends and so on,
251
690120
2976
11:33
and these alpha males who are good at this,
252
693120
2056
ื•ื–ื›ืจื™ ื”ืืœืคื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
11:35
they can be very effective at keeping the peace in the group.
253
695200
2896
ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืื—ืจื™ื.
11:38
And the second thing they do is they show empathy for others.
254
698120
3256
11:41
Now, I do an enormous amount of research on empathy,
255
701400
2736
ืื ื™ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืืžืคืชื™ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
11:44
and I don't have time to go into it,
256
704160
1736
11:45
but empathy is nowadays a topic that we study in rodents and dogs
257
705920
4056
ืจื‘ืœ ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืืฆืœ ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื, ื›ืœื‘ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื™ื, ืคืจื™ืžืื˜ื™ื
11:50
and elephants and primates,
258
710000
2096
11:52
all sorts of animals.
259
712120
1240
ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
11:54
And what you see here is two bonobos.
260
714160
2656
ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•.
11:56
The one in front
261
716840
2176
ื–ื• ืฉืžืœืคื ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ืชื” ื‘ืžืจื™ื‘ื”.
11:59
has been beaten up in a fight.
262
719040
1456
12:00
The one in the back puts her arms around her and consoles her.
263
720520
3296
ื–ื• ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจ ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืžื ื—ืžืช ืื•ืชื”.
12:03
This is also actually how we measure empathy in young children,
264
723840
3656
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
12:07
by looking at how they respond to distressed individuals.
265
727520
3496
ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื”.
12:11
And high-ranking males, they do a lot of this.
266
731040
2296
ื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื”.
12:13
High-ranking males provide an enormous amount of comfort in the group,
267
733360
4416
ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื—ืžื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
12:17
and they go to places where there are earthquakes
268
737800
2416
ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ืื• ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ื•ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื ื—ืžื”.
12:20
or hurricanes
269
740240
2056
12:22
and they provide comfort.
270
742320
1616
12:23
The pope does this. The presidents do this.
271
743960
2136
ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื”ื ืฉื™ืื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช. ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
12:26
All the leaders in the world have to do this job.
272
746120
2336
12:28
The queen does it and so on.
273
748480
1816
ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื•ื›ื•ืœื™.
12:30
They all have to do this job,
274
750320
1416
ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช - ืžืชืŸ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื™ื. ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
12:31
so providing consolation, and that's a very important task.
275
751760
3376
12:35
And males who are good at these two,
276
755160
2016
ื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืืœื•, ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื™ื,
12:37
keeping the peace and providing comfort,
277
757200
2416
12:39
they become extremely popular leaders,
278
759640
2016
ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
12:41
and there's actually some self-interest involved in it.
279
761680
2816
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
12:44
They don't do it just for the group,
280
764520
1816
ื”ื ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืจืง ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืžืขืžื“ื.
12:46
because it also stabilizes their position.
281
766360
2200
12:49
The more popular a male becomes as alpha male
282
769400
2816
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื›ืจ ื”ื•ืคืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื›ื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืฉืืจ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
12:52
and the more the rest of them respects them and looks up to them,
283
772240
4696
12:56
the better their position is defended
284
776960
1816
ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
12:58
in case it's going to be challenged by somebody else,
285
778800
2496
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื™ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
13:01
because then, of course, the whole group is going to support that male
286
781320
3296
13:04
because they want to keep a leader who is good for them.
287
784640
2656
ื›ื™ ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื.
13:07
So the group is usually very supportive of males who are good leaders,
288
787320
3366
ืื– ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื.
13:10
and it's not supportive at all of bullies.
289
790700
2276
13:13
And when bullies lose their position,
290
793000
1816
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื, ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืจืข ืžืื•ื“.
13:14
they may end up in a very bad situation there.
291
794840
2200
13:17
This is data actually on the consolation behavior.
292
797840
2536
ืืœื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื ื—ืžืช.
13:20
This is data on consolation in chimpanzees,
293
800400
2936
ืืœื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื™ื—ื•ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช
13:23
and you see for the medium- and low-ranking individuals,
294
803360
3136
ืฉืืฆืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืื• ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื ื—ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื.
13:26
the females do more of it than the males.
295
806520
2056
13:28
This is basically the whole community.
296
808600
2056
ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
13:30
And this is true for all the mammal studies on empathy
297
810680
2896
ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื.
13:33
is that females have more of it than males.
298
813600
2336
ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื ื—ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื–ื›ืจื™ื.
13:35
But look at the alpha male.
299
815960
1616
ืื‘ืœ ืจืื• ืืช ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืืœืคื. ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืืœืคื ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ.
13:37
The alpha male does far more than anybody else.
300
817600
2456
13:40
And so that's the data on alpha males being the consoler in chief, basically.
301
820080
5080
ืื– ืืœื” ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืืœืคื ืฉืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ืžื ื—ื ื”ืจืืฉื™, ื‘ืขืฆื.
13:46
The last thing I want to say is something about alpha females.
302
826440
2920
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืืœืคื.
13:50
This is a picture of Mama, the alpha female in the Arnhem zoo
303
830080
3456
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืืžื, ื ืงื‘ืช ื”ืืœืคื ืฉื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืจื ื”ื ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื“ืชื™,
13:53
where I used to work,
304
833560
1216
13:54
who is now all over the internet,
305
834800
1616
ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ - ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžืื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืงื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื• -
13:56
I think a hundred million clicks at the moment,
306
836440
2216
13:58
for a video of her dying at the age of 59,
307
838680
2496
ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืžื•ืชื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 59, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”.
14:01
which happened last year.
308
841200
1576
14:02
And Mama was an absolute centrum of the group.
309
842800
2856
ืžืืžื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
14:05
So she was not physically capable of dominating the males.
310
845680
4416
ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื.
14:10
She ranked below the males, but she was the center of the community,
311
850120
3896
ืืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
14:14
and if there was big trouble in the community,
312
854040
2176
ื•ืื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืืžื.
14:16
everyone would end up in the arms of Mama.
313
856240
2296
14:18
And so she was a very important figure.
314
858560
2216
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
14:20
And so I don't want to minimize the position of alpha females
315
860800
3176
ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœืคื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื.
14:24
in the chimpanzee group.
316
864000
1376
14:25
And then we have a species that is equally close to us
317
865400
3376
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ืŸ ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื - ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•.
14:28
as the chimpanzee, the bonobo.
318
868800
1456
14:30
We often forget about the bonobo, but the bonobos have a matriarchal society
319
870280
4696
ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืื ื• ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•. ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืœื™ืช,
14:35
and the alpha individual is a female, generally.
320
875000
4536
ื•ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืจื˜ ื”ืืœืคื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ. ืœืจื•ื‘, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืงื‘ื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
14:39
Generally, it's a female who is at the top of the community,
321
879560
2856
14:42
and we know much less about how this is done
322
882440
2096
ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืžืขืžื“ืŸ, ื•ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื•,
14:44
and how they get to that position, and what they do with it,
323
884560
2856
14:47
because we know much less about bonobos in general.
324
887440
2856
ื›ื™ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™.
14:50
But I do want to emphasize
325
890320
1336
ืืš ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืคืจื˜ ื”ืืœืคื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ืจ,
14:51
that the alpha in a group doesn't need to be a male,
326
891680
3456
14:55
and that actually in one of our close relatives, it is a female.
327
895160
3080
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืฆืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื ื• - ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืงื‘ื”.
14:59
So the message I want to leave you with
328
899160
2456
ืื– ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืืชื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•,
15:01
is that if you are looking at men in our society
329
901640
4280
15:07
who are the boss of, let's say,
330
907680
1496
ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืขืกืง, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ,
15:09
a family or a business or Washington or whatever,
331
909200
3696
15:12
you call them alpha male,
332
912920
2376
ื•ืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ ืืœืคื,
15:15
you should not insult chimpanzees
333
915320
2336
ืืœ ืชืขืœื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™.
15:17
by using the wrong label.
334
917680
1736
15:19
(Laughter)
335
919440
1216
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:20
You should not call a bully an alpha male.
336
920680
2480
ืืชื ืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ: ื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื.
15:23
Someone who is big and strong and intimidates and insults everyone
337
923960
3616
ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื—ื–ืง ืฉืžืื™ื™ื ื•ืžืขืœื™ื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื–ื›ืจ ืืœืคื.
15:27
is not necessarily an alpha male.
338
927600
1616
15:29
An alpha male has all sorts of qualities,
339
929240
2056
ืœื–ื›ืจื™ ืืœืคื ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช,
15:31
and I have seen bully alpha males in chimpanzees,
340
931320
2976
ื•ื™ืฆื ืœื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ื›ืจื™ ืืœืคื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื,
15:34
they do occur,
341
934320
1256
ื”ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
15:35
but most of the ones that we have
342
935600
2736
ืืš ืœืจื•ื‘ ื–ื›ืจื™ ื”ืืœืคื ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
15:38
have leadership capacities
343
938360
1936
15:40
and are integrated in their community,
344
940320
2016
15:42
and, like Amos at the end,
345
942360
1776
ื•ื›ืžื• ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื•, ื”ื ื ืื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
15:44
they are loved and respected,
346
944160
1776
15:45
and so it's a very different situation than you may think.
347
945960
2736
ืœื›ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘.
15:48
And I thank you.
348
948720
1256
ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
15:50
(Applause)
349
950000
3720
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7