The surprising science of alpha males | Frans de Waal

2,166,513 views ใƒป 2018-07-09

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Seungmee Yun ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
Well, I have known many alpha males in my life,
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์Œ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ‰์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ(์šฐ๋‘๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์ปท)์„ ์•Œ์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
00:16
chimpanzee alpha males,
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์นจํŒฌ์ง€ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์š”.
00:19
and I'm going to talk about what an alpha male is,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์ด ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
because I think we can all learn a lot from our close relatives
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์นœ์ฒ™์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
00:26
where we have alpha males.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑธ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:28
And as an example, I want to give you Amos, a male that I knew
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•˜๋˜ ์ˆ˜์ปท ์•„๋ชจ์Šค๋Š”
00:33
who was a young male and he was alpha male,
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์ Š์€ ์ˆ˜์ปท์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์•ŒํŒŒ ๋ฉ”์ผ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:35
he was very popular,
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์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์•˜์–ด์š”.
00:36
but he got sick
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ณ‘์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:38
and he lost his position because, you know, chimpanzee males
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์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์ปท ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค์€
00:42
they can spot from a mile away if you are weak
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1km ๋ฐ–์—์„œ๋„ ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:44
and they went for him,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„๋ชจ์Šค๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ 
00:46
and he lost his position, and then he got sicker and sicker
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์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ๋ณ‘์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ๋” ์•…ํ™”๋ผ์„œ
00:49
until at some point we had to isolate him.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์•„๋ชจ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:52
The group lived on a grassy island,
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๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ’€๋กœ ๋ฎ์ธ ์„ฌ์— ์‚ด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
00:56
and we had to isolate him in a cage,
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์•„๋ชจ์Šค๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ฐ€๋‘ฌ์•ผํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:58
but we cracked open the cage so that the rest of the chimps
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์— ํ‹ˆ์„ ์—ด์–ด๋‘ฌ์„œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค์ด
01:01
still had access to him.
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์•„๋ชจ์Šค์™€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:02
And what happened was most touching.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ๋™์ ์ธ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
Other chimps would bring food to him,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค์ด ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค์ฃผ๊ณ 
01:07
they would bring wood wool to him,
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๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋ถ€์Šค๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค์คฌ์–ด์š”.
01:09
which is this thing that they use to sleep in and build nests out of,
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์ด๊ฑด ์นจํŒฌ์น˜๋“ค์ด ๊น”๊ณ ์ž๊ณ  ๋‘ฅ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง“๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
and females would put the wood wool behind his back.
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์•”์ปท๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋ถ€์Šค๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•„๋ชจ์Šค ๋“ฑ ๋’ค์— ๊ดด์–ด์ฃผ๊ณค ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:16
He was leaning heavily against the wall,
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์•„๋ชจ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฒฝ์— ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:18
and the way we do with pillows to patients in a hospital,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ดด์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
01:22
they were putting that stuff behind his back.
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์•”์ปท๋“ค์€ ์•„๋ชจ์Šค์˜ ๋“ฑ ๋’ค์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ดด์–ด์ค€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
And I thought, this is the way to go for an alpha male.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:28
He was loved and respected, and everyone was taking care of him,
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์•„๋ชจ์Šค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ์กด๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ๋Œ๋ด„์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
and this is not always how it goes,
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹Œ๋ฐ์š”.
01:33
because some males don't end so well when they lose their position.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ณ  ์ž˜ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
01:37
So Amos was an example of a male who was liked as a leader,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์•„๋ชจ์Šค๋Š” ์ง€๋„์ž๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ์ˆ˜์ปท์˜ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
and I think the term alpha male, if you look it up on the internet,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
01:46
you will find all these business books that tell you how to be an alpha male,
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์‚ฌ์—… ์ฑ…๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์ด ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์จ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:49
and what they mean is how to beat up others
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๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ์จ์žˆ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ๋“ค์„ ๋‘๋“ค๊ฒจ ํŒจ์„œ
01:52
and beat them over the head and let them know that you are boss
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์ง“๋ฐŸ๊ณ  ์˜ฌ๋ผ์„œ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์œ„์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
01:55
and don't mess with me and so on.
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๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ ๊นŒ๋ถˆ์ง€ ๋งˆ ๋ญ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์ด์—์š”.
01:56
And basically an alpha male for them is a bully.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์ด๋ž€ ๊ทธ์ € ๊นกํŒจ์˜ˆ์š”.
02:00
And I really don't like that kind of description,
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์ €๋Š” ์ •๋ง์ด์ง€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
02:04
because I am actually partly responsible for the term "alpha male"
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค "์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ" ์šฉ์–ด์— ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์ข€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
02:08
because I wrote this book "Chimpanzee Politics,"
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฑ…์„ ์ผ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. "์นจํŒฌ์ง€์˜ ์ •์น˜"
02:11
which was recommended by Newt Gingrich to freshmen congressmen.
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๋‰ดํŠธ ๊น…๋ฆฌ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ์ž„ ์˜์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
I don't know what good it did, but he recommended that book to them,
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์ข‹์„ ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‰ดํŠธ ๊น…๋ฆฌ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ฑ…์„ ์ถ”์ฒœํ–ˆ๊ณ 
02:20
and after that the term "alpha male" became very popular.
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๊ทธ ํ›„์— ์ด "์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ" ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:24
But I think it is used in a mischaracterization.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์ด ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
02:27
It's used in a very superficial way
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์•„์ฃผ ํ”ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:30
that doesn't relate to what a real alpha male is.
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02:32
And so I'm here to explain what that is.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง„์งœ ๋œป์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
The term itself goes back actually much further.
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์šฉ์–ด ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
02:37
It goes back to the '40s and '50s, research on wolves,
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1940๋…„๋Œ€ 50๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ๋Š‘๋Œ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
and basically the definition is very simple.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
The highest ranking male is the alpha male.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ปท์ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ(์šฐ๋‘๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์ปท)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
The highest ranking female is the alpha female.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์•”์ปท์ด ์•ŒํŒŒํ”ผ๋ฉ”์ผ(์šฐ๋‘๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์•”์ปท)์ด๊ณ ์š”.
02:48
Every primate group has one alpha male, one alpha female,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์—๋Š” ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ๊ณผ ์•ŒํŒŒํ”ผ๋ฉ”์—˜์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
02:51
not more than that, there's only one.
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๋”ฑ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ๋งŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
And I will explain how that goes.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
02:57
So first, the body language.
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์šฐ์„  ๋ชธ์ง“ ์–ธ์–ด์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
02:59
What you see here is two male chimpanzees who are the same size,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ
03:03
but one is walking upright, has his hair up,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ผฟ๊ผฟํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฑธ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ํ„ธ๋„ ๊ณค๋‘์„œ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:06
has a big rock in his hand, and he's the alpha male.
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์†์— ํฐ ๋Œ์„ ์ฅ๊ณ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ์ด ์ˆ˜์ปท์ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
The other male is pant-grunting to him,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์ปท์€ ํŒฌํŠธ-๊ทธ๋ŸฐํŠธ (์ˆœ์ข…์ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ)์ค‘์ด๊ณ ์š”,
03:11
is being submissive to him and bowing for him,
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๊ณ ๋ถ„๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ˆ™์ด๊ณ ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:14
and that is the sort of ritual they need to go through many times a day
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜์‹๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
in order to have a stable relationship.
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์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:20
I'll show you a video from the field.
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ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์ฐ์€ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
03:23
What you will see here is a female pant-grunting to an alpha male
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์ด ์˜์ƒ์€ ์•”์ปท์ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์—๊ฒŒ ํŒฌํŠธ ๊ทธ๋ŸฐํŠธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
and you will see how that goes.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฑด์ง€ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ .
03:29
The male is approaching,
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์ˆ˜์ปท์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค์ž
03:30
she grunts at him.
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์•”์ปท์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
(Chimpanzee grunts)
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(์นจํŒฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋‹ค)
03:33
He has all his hair up
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์ˆ˜์ปท์€ ํ„ธ์„ ๋‹ค ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ 
03:35
and he displays.
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๊ณผ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:39
I'm actually standing far too close.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์„œ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
03:41
A chimpanzee is far stronger than I am,
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์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋Š” ์ €๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ํž˜์ด ์„ผ๋ฐ,
03:44
and I just was not very prudent, this particular video.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์‹ ์ค‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š”์š”.
03:48
So what you saw him do
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์ด ์ˆ˜์ปท์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋ญ๋ƒ๋ฉด
03:51
is he was lifting himself up and standing on two legs,
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๋ชธ์„ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฐœ์„ ๋”›๊ณ  ์„œ์„œ๋Š”
03:54
and putting his arms out.
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ํŒ”์€ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:55
That's called the bipedal swagger.
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์ง๋ฆฝ ๊ณผ์‹œ์ž์„ธ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
03:57
It's a very common posture in high-ranking males,
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์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•„์ฃผ ํ”ํ•œ ์ž์„ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
and it's very recognizable because humans do this kind of stuff.
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์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์‰ฌ์šด๋ฐ์š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
04:03
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:04
Humans do this all the time.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋Š˜์ƒ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์ด์—์š”.
04:07
And what I really like about this particular picture
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ์ •๋ง ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:10
is the two old guys to the side.
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04:13
This is very chimpanzee.
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์•„์ฃผ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์š”.
04:15
In chimpanzees,
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์นจํŒฌ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ
04:16
we have usually old males who are over the hill,
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๋ณดํ†ต์€ ๋‚˜์ด๋“  ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๋ฌผ๊ฐ„ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋“ค๋กœ
04:19
who cannot be alpha male themselves anymore,
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋Š” ๋”์ด์ƒ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”.
04:22
but they start playing games and forming coalitions,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๋งน์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ 
04:25
and behind the backs of others.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋ด์ค˜์š”.
04:27
And they become extremely influential,
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04:29
and you may actually have old males
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์‹ค์ œ์˜ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ๋ณด๋‹ค
04:31
who are more influential than the alpha male himself.
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๋” ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜์ด๋“  ์ˆ˜์ปท์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
Just as an example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
04:36
the three males that I used to work with most
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „์— ๋”์น˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์›์—์„œ ์ผ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
04:39
at the Dutch zoo long ago, where I worked,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ดํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ˆ˜์ปท ์„ธ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
04:41
and the middle male here is a 17-year-old alpha male.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ปท์ด 17์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
The male whom he is grooming on the side is twice as old,
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์˜†์—์„œ ํ„ธ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ปท์€ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ์š”.
04:50
and this old male has made him the leader.
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์ด ๋‚˜์ด๋“  ์ˆ˜์ปท์ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋Œ€์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
So you can imagine that that old male has an enormous amount of power,
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๋‚˜์ด๋“  ์ˆ˜์ปท์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:56
because he has made the alpha male alpha male.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ์ˆ˜์ปท์ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋Œ€์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
04:58
The male on the right
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05:00
is individually the strongest male.
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๊ฐœ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
In captivity, you can test it out,
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ํฌํš ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”,
05:05
and you can know that this male has no trouble with either one.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค๊ณผ ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
He has only trouble with the combination of the two.
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๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด ๋‘˜์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
And so the coalition formation that goes on in chimpanzee society
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๋งน์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
05:16
makes it much more complex than you think.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
It means, for example,
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๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ด๋ƒ๋ฉด, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด
05:20
that the smallest male in a group can be the alpha male.
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๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ์ˆ˜์ปท์ด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
05:23
You don't need to be the biggest and strongest male.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ปท์ผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
The smallest male, if he has the right friends and keeps them happy,
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์ œ์ผ ์ž‘์•„๋„ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
05:29
or he has female support,
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์•”์ปท์˜ ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋ฉด
05:30
he can be the alpha male.
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05:33
So the coalition system makes everything complex,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์—ฐ๋งน ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์š”.
05:36
and I'm always waiting here in the US
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์ €๋Š” ๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜
05:39
for the primaries, the end of the primaries,
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์˜ˆ๋น„์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์˜ˆ๋น„์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์š”.
05:41
because that's a moment where you need to demonstrate unity.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฒฐ์†๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค˜์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
05:45
Now let me first show you how the unity is shown in chimpanzees.
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์ด ๊ฒฐ์†๋ ฅ์ด ์นจํŒฌ์ง€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
05:48
What you see here is two males on the left
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์™ผ ์ชฝ์— ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์ด
05:50
who are standing together.
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๊ฐ™์ด ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
05:52
You also see the big canine teeth that they have.
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ํฐ ์†ก๊ณณ๋‹ˆ๋„ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ .
05:54
And they're standing together and they demonstrate to the rest of the group,
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์ด ๋‘˜์ด ๊ฐ™์ด ์„œ์„œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค˜์š”.
05:58
"We are together. We are a unit."
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06:00
The males on the right are walking together in synchrony.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์€ ๋ฐœ ๋งž์ถฐ์„œ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฑท๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:03
That's another way of demonstrating that you are together.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
And so demonstrating unity is extremely important
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๋งน ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋Š”
06:09
in a coalition system,
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06:11
and as I said, in the primaries always I'm waiting for that moment
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๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋“ฏ์ด, ์˜ˆ๋น„์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ €๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์€
06:14
because then you have two members of the same party
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ํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ฒŒ ์•ˆ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ์‹ธ์›Œ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ
06:17
who have been fighting with each other,
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06:19
and they need to come together at some moment.
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๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ์ด์—์š”.
06:22
And it leads to very awkward situations.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
People who don't like each other need to embrace each other
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์„œ๋กœ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผํ•˜๊ณ 
06:27
and stand together,
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06:29
and that's absolutely essential for the unity of the party,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŒŒ๋ฒŒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์†์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
06:32
and if you don't do that, the party may fall apart.
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06:35
And so if it doesn't go well, like in this particular case --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด... ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:38
(Laughter)
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06:39
then the party is in deep doo-doo
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06:41
because they have not demonstrated unity.
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๊ฒฐ์†๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
06:44
So that's a very important part of the coalition system,
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์ด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฐ๋งน ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๊ณ ์š”.
06:47
and that's something that we share between humans and chimpanzees.
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์ด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
Now, how do you become an alpha male?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
06:55
First of all, you need to be impressive and intimidating
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์šฐ์„ ์€ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์ค˜์•ผํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ„ํ˜‘์ ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
06:58
and demonstrate your vigor on occasion
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07:00
and show that you are very strong,
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์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค˜์•ผํ•ด์š”.
07:02
and there's all sorts of ways of doing that.
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07:05
But other things that you need to do is you need to be generous.
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07:08
So, for example, males who go on a campaign
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๋Œ€์žฅ์„ ๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
07:10
to dethrone the leader,
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์œ ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์€
07:11
which may take two or three months
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์ด ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ์„ธ๋‹ฌ ์ •๋„ ๊ฑธ๋ฆดํ…๋ฐ์š”.
07:14
where they're testing all the coalitions in the group,
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๋งน์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
they also become extremely generous.
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07:19
They share food very easily with everyone.
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๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ „์ฒด์™€ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ๋‚˜๋ˆ  ๋จน์–ด์š”.
07:21
Or they start to tickle the babies of the females.
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07:24
They're normally, male chimpanzees, not particularly interested in infants,
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๋ณดํ†ต์€, ์ˆ˜์ปท ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค์€ ๋”ฑํžˆ ์•„๊ธฐ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
07:28
but when they are campaigning like that,
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07:30
they get very interested in infants and they tickle them,
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07:33
and they try to curry favor with the females.
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07:35
(Laughter)
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07:36
So in humans, of course,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ, ๋ฌผ๋ก 
07:37
I am always intrigued by these men who are candidates
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07:41
and hold babies up like this.
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๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํฅ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
07:42
This is not particularly something that babies like --
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07:45
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:46
but since it is a signal to the rest of the world,
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07:48
they need to hold them in the air.
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07:50
And I was really intrigued by,
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์ •๋ง ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:53
when we had a female candidate in the last election,
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์ง€๋‚œ ๋ฒˆ ๋Œ€์„  ๋•Œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ›„๋ณด์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”์„ ๋•Œ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
07:55
the way she held babies was more like this,
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07:58
which is what babies really like.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๊ณ ์š”.
08:00
But she of course didn't need to send the message
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ›„๋ณด๋Š” ์•„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
08:02
that she could hold a baby without dropping it,
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์•ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:05
which was what the man was doing.
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08:07
So this is a very common tactic,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด๊ฑด ์•„์ฃผ ํ”ํ•œ ์ „์ˆ ์ด์—์š”.
08:08
and male chimpanzees,
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08:10
they spend a lot of time currying favor with all sorts of parties
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์œ ์„ธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด์˜ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ํŒŒ๋ฒŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
08:14
when they are campaigning.
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์•Œ๋ž‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
Now, what are the privileges and the costs
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์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์˜ค๋Š”
08:21
of being an alpha male?
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ํŠน๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
08:23
The biggest privilege is females.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํŠน๊ถŒ์€ ์•”์ปท๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
Food is really irrelevant.
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08:27
Male chimpanzees can go a week without food
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์ˆ˜์ปท ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค์€ ๋ฐœ์ •์ค‘์ธ ์•”์ปท์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
08:30
if there's a female in estrus and they're sexually interested in her.
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๊ทธ ์•”์ปท์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋จน์ด ์—†์ด ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ์€ ์ง€๋‚ด์š”.
08:34
Food is secondary to sex.
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์ง์ง“๊ธฐ์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋จน์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€์ฐจ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
And so the male chimpanzees --
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08:38
and we evolutionary biologists, of course, we have an explanation for this,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง„ํ™”์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
08:42
is that sex leads to reproduction,
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08:44
and reproductive success is the measure of evolution.
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๋ฒˆ์‹์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์€ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์ฒ™๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
That's how everything evolves.
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08:49
And so if males can enhance their reproductive success
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ˆ˜์ปท์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•ด์„œ
08:51
by being high ranking,
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๋ฒˆ์‹ ์„ฑ๊ณต์œจ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:53
you get automatically the ambition to be high ranking in the males.
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์ž๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ ค๋Š” ์•ผ๋ง์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:57
So that's the privilege.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•”์ปท์ด ํŠน๊ถŒ์ด๊ณ ์š”.
09:00
The costs, one cost is of course
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์ด์ œ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
09:03
that you need to keep your partners happy.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
So if you come to power with the support of an old male,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ๋‚˜์ด๋“  ์ˆ˜์ปท์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์žก๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
09:09
you need to let that old male mate with females.
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๊ทธ ๋‚˜์ด๋“  ์ˆ˜์ปท์ด ์•”์ปท๋“ค๊ณผ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค˜์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
If you don't do that, that old male is going to get mad at you,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋‚˜์ด๋“  ์ˆ˜์ปท์ด ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ๊ฑฐ๊ณ 
09:15
and you're going to lose him as a partner.
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09:18
So there's a transaction going on.
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09:20
If you become alpha male this way, you need to keep your partners happy.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์ด ๋˜๋ฉด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
And so that's one of the costs.
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09:25
The second cost is that everyone wants your position.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋น„์šฉ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์žฅ์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
Alpha male position is a very important position,
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์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž๋ฆฌ์ด๊ณ 
09:31
and everyone wants to take it from you,
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
09:34
and so you constantly have to watch your back.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
You have to be extremely vigilant.
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๋ฐ”์ง ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผํ•ด์š”.
09:38
For example, you have to disrupt the coalitions of others
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๋งน์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
09:40
and that's what male chimpanzees do quite a bit.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ˆ˜์ปท ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
Divide and rule strategies, they have.
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09:45
And so that's a very stressful situation, and we actually have data on this.
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09:49
The data comes from the field,
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ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
09:51
from baboons not chimpanzees in this case,
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์นจํŒฌ์ง€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ฝ”์›์ˆญ์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
where they did fecal samples on the baboons
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๊ฐœ์ฝ”์›์ˆญ์ด์˜ ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋ฌผ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•ด์„œ
09:56
and they analyzed them for glucocorticoids.
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๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์ฝ”์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์ฝ”์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
And what you see here is a graph
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10:01
where you see that the lower ranking the male baboon is,
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์ˆ˜์ปท ๊ฐœ์ฝ”์›์ˆญ์ด์˜ ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ก
10:05
the higher is his cortisol level
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10:07
in the feces,
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์ฝ”ํ‹ฐ์กธ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
but the alpha male, as you see,
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10:11
has just as high a level as the lowest-ranking males,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ปท๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
and so you may think that being alpha male is nice and dandy and is wonderful,
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10:19
but it's actually a very stressful position,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์œ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
and we can demonstrate that physiologically.
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์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
Now, what are the obligations?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์˜๋ฌด๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
10:27
And here, for me, it gets really interesting,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์›Œ์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
10:30
and it deviates very much from your typical image of the alpha male.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ „ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:35
The alpha male has two sorts of obligations.
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10:38
One is to keep the peace in the group.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด์˜ ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
We call that the control role,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ต์ œ ์—ญํ• ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
10:42
to control fights in the group,
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10:44
and the second is to be the most empathic,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
the consoler in chief, basically, of the nation, so to speak.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์œ„๋กœ ์žฅ๊ด€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
So first of all, keeping the peace.
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10:51
This is a male who stops a fight between two females.
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10:54
Two females on the left and the right
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10:56
have been screaming and yelling at each other over food,
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10:59
because food is very important for the females,
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๋จน์ด๋Š” ์•”์ปท๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ž–์•„์š”.
11:01
and so he stops the fight between them and stands between them like this.
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11:05
And it's very interesting to me that alpha males, when they do this,
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11:08
they become impartial.
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11:10
They don't support their mom or their best buddy.
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11:13
No, no, they stop fights,
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11:15
and they come up for the underdog in general.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•ฝ์ž์˜ ํŽธ์— ์„œ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
And this makes them extremely popular in the group,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์น˜์†Ÿ๊ฒŒ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
11:21
because they provide security
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
11:23
for the lowest-ranking members of the group.
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์•ˆ์ „์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
And so they become impartial,
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11:27
which is an unusual condition for a chimpanzee to be in,
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11:30
because they're usually very fond of their friends and so on,
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11:33
and these alpha males who are good at this,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์„ ์ž˜ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ๋“ค์€
11:35
they can be very effective at keeping the peace in the group.
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11:38
And the second thing they do is they show empathy for others.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฐํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
Now, I do an enormous amount of research on empathy,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
11:44
and I don't have time to go into it,
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์ž์„ธํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ
11:45
but empathy is nowadays a topic that we study in rodents and dogs
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๊ณต๊ฐ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ค์น˜๋ฅ˜, ๊ฐœ, ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ, ์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜ ๋“ฑ
11:50
and elephants and primates,
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์˜จ๊ฐ– ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
11:52
all sorts of animals.
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ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
And what you see here is two bonobos.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด๋…ธ๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
11:56
The one in front
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์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณด๋…ธ๋ณด๊ฐ€
11:59
has been beaten up in a fight.
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์‹ธ์šฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋“ค๊ฒจ ๋งž์•˜์–ด์š”.
12:00
The one in the back puts her arms around her and consoles her.
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๋’ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•”์ปท ๋ณด๋…ธ๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ณด๋…ธ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์œ„๋กœํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
This is also actually how we measure empathy in young children,
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12:07
by looking at how they respond to distressed individuals.
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ํž˜๋“ค์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ธก์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
And high-ranking males, they do a lot of this.
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12:13
High-ranking males provide an enormous amount of comfort in the group,
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๋†’์€ ์ง€์œ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์œ„๋กœ๋ฅผ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
12:17
and they go to places where there are earthquakes
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12:20
or hurricanes
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ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ ์žฌํ•ด์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
12:22
and they provide comfort.
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12:23
The pope does this. The presidents do this.
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12:26
All the leaders in the world have to do this job.
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12:28
The queen does it and so on.
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์—ฌ์™•๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:30
They all have to do this job,
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
12:31
so providing consolation, and that's a very important task.
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12:35
And males who are good at these two,
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12:37
keeping the peace and providing comfort,
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12:39
they become extremely popular leaders,
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12:41
and there's actually some self-interest involved in it.
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12:44
They don't do it just for the group,
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๊ผญ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
12:46
because it also stabilizes their position.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋„ ์•ˆ์ •๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
The more popular a male becomes as alpha male
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์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ปท์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ก
12:52
and the more the rest of them respects them and looks up to them,
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋” ์กด๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ๋Ÿฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ณด๋ฉฐ
12:56
the better their position is defended
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๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ง€์œ„์— ๋„์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„
12:58
in case it's going to be challenged by somebody else,
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์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ง€์ผœ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
because then, of course, the whole group is going to support that male
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—, ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ๋Œ€ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ
13:04
because they want to keep a leader who is good for them.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ง€๋„์ž๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
So the group is usually very supportive of males who are good leaders,
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13:10
and it's not supportive at all of bullies.
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๊นกํŒจ๋“ค์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
And when bullies lose their position,
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13:14
they may end up in a very bad situation there.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
This is data actually on the consolation behavior.
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์œ„๋กœ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
This is data on consolation in chimpanzees,
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13:23
and you see for the medium- and low-ranking individuals,
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13:26
the females do more of it than the males.
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์•”์ปท๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์ปท๋ณด๋‹ค ์ด ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
13:28
This is basically the whole community.
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13:30
And this is true for all the mammal studies on empathy
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13:33
is that females have more of it than males.
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13:35
But look at the alpha male.
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13:37
The alpha male does far more than anybody else.
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์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์ด ์œ„๋กœ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
And so that's the data on alpha males being the consoler in chief, basically.
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์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์ด ์ฆ‰ ์œ„๋กœ ์žฅ๊ด€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
13:46
The last thing I want to say is something about alpha females.
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13:50
This is a picture of Mama, the alpha female in the Arnhem zoo
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13:53
where I used to work,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ผํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
13:54
who is now all over the internet,
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๋งˆ๋งˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ๋‹ค ํผ์กŒ์–ด์š”.
13:56
I think a hundred million clicks at the moment,
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๋งˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ 59์„ธ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ ์ฃฝ๋Š” ์˜์ƒ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ˆ˜์–ต ํšŒ
13:58
for a video of her dying at the age of 59,
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์กฐํšŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ์š”.
14:01
which happened last year.
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๋งˆ๋งˆ๋Š” ์ž‘๋…„์— ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
And Mama was an absolute centrum of the group.
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๋งˆ๋งˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ค‘์ถ”์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
So she was not physically capable of dominating the males.
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๋งˆ๋งˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ ฅ์€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:10
She ranked below the males, but she was the center of the community,
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์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง€์œ„์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
14:14
and if there was big trouble in the community,
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๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ํฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š”
14:16
everyone would end up in the arms of Mama.
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋งˆ์˜ ํ’ˆ์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
And so she was a very important figure.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋งˆ๋งˆ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:20
And so I don't want to minimize the position of alpha females
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์นจํŒฌ์ง€ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์•ŒํŒŒํ”ผ๋ฉ”์ผ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ
14:24
in the chimpanzee group.
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๊ณผ์†Œํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:25
And then we have a species that is equally close to us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋งŒํผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ข…์กฑ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
14:28
as the chimpanzee, the bonobo.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ณด๋…ธ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
We often forget about the bonobo, but the bonobos have a matriarchal society
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๋ณด๋…ธ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ข…์ข… ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณด๋…ธ๋ณด์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ณ„์‚ฌํšŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:35
and the alpha individual is a female, generally.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ŒํŒŒ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋Š” ์•”์ปท์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:39
Generally, it's a female who is at the top of the community,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•ด์„œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๋Œ€์žฅ์€ ์•”์ปท์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
and we know much less about how this is done
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์ง€์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€
14:44
and how they get to that position, and what they do with it,
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๊ทธ ์ง€์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ ์€๋ฐ์š”.
14:47
because we know much less about bonobos in general.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณด๋…ธ๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:50
But I do want to emphasize
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
14:51
that the alpha in a group doesn't need to be a male,
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๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šฐ๋‘๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ปท์ผ ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
14:55
and that actually in one of our close relatives, it is a female.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์นœ์ฒ™ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์šฐ๋‘๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•”์ปท์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
So the message I want to leave you with
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์‹ถ์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
15:01
is that if you are looking at men in our society
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ, ๊ฐ€๋ น, ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์—…, ๋˜๋Š”
15:07
who are the boss of, let's say,
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์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด์ด๋‚˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด๋“ ๊ฐ„์—
15:09
a family or a business or Washington or whatever,
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๋Œ€์žฅ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
15:12
you call them alpha male,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ
15:15
you should not insult chimpanzees
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์šฉ์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค์„
15:17
by using the wrong label.
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๋ชจ์š•ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
15:20
You should not call a bully an alpha male.
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๊นกํŒจ๋ฅผ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:23
Someone who is big and strong and intimidates and insults everyone
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ„ํ˜‘์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์š•ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ
15:27
is not necessarily an alpha male.
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๊ผญ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:29
An alpha male has all sorts of qualities,
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์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์€ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ž์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
15:31
and I have seen bully alpha males in chimpanzees,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊นกํŒจ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
15:34
they do occur,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
but most of the ones that we have
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
15:38
have leadership capacities
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์ง€๋„์ž์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ ์žˆ๊ณ 
15:40
and are integrated in their community,
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๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์ž˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
15:42
and, like Amos at the end,
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์•„๋ชจ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ตœํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
15:44
they are loved and respected,
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์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ์กด๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:45
and so it's a very different situation than you may think.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:48
And I thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:50
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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