The surprising science of alpha males | Frans de Waal

2,197,513 views ใƒป 2018-07-09

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Khadijah zakzouk ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Hani Eldalees
00:12
Well, I have known many alpha males in my life,
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุตุงุฏูุช ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุฃู„ูุง (ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏุฉ) ุฎู„ุงู„ ุญูŠุงุชูŠ
00:16
chimpanzee alpha males,
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ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุฃู„ูุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠุŒ
00:19
and I'm going to talk about what an alpha male is,
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ูˆุณูˆู ุฃุชูƒู„ู… ุญูˆู„ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ุฃู„ูุงุŒ
00:22
because I think we can all learn a lot from our close relatives
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุจู…ู‚ุฏูˆุฑู†ุง ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุฃู‚ุงุฑุจู†ุง
00:26
where we have alpha males.
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ุญูŠุซ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุฃู„ูุง.
00:28
And as an example, I want to give you Amos, a male that I knew
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ูˆูƒู…ุซุงู„ ุฃูู‚ุฏู‘ูู… ู„ูƒู… (ุขู…ูˆุณ) ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุนุฑูุชู‡ู…
00:33
who was a young male and he was alpha male,
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ูƒุงู† ุฐูƒุฑุงู‹ ูŠุงูุนุงู‹ ูˆูƒุงู† ุฐูƒุฑุงู‹ ุฃู„ูุงุŒ
00:35
he was very popular,
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ูƒู…ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ูŠุญุธู‰ ุจุดุนุจูŠุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉุŒ
00:36
but he got sick
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ุฅู„ู‘ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุฑุถ
00:38
and he lost his position because, you know, chimpanzee males
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ูˆุฎุณุฑ ู…ู†ุตุจู‡ ู„ุฃู† ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ
00:42
they can spot from a mile away if you are weak
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ุจู…ู‚ุฏูˆุฑู‡ู… ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ุง ุฅู† ูƒู†ุช ุถุนูŠูุง ุนู† ุจุนุฏ ู…ูŠู„
00:44
and they went for him,
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ูุชุฎู„ูˆุง ุนู†ู‡ุŒ
00:46
and he lost his position, and then he got sicker and sicker
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ูˆุฎุณุฑ ู…ู†ุตุจู‡ ูุงุฒุฏุงุฏ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ
00:49
until at some point we had to isolate him.
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ุญุชู‰ ูˆุตู„ู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงุถุทุฑุฑู†ุง ููŠู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุนุฒู„ู‡.
00:52
The group lived on a grassy island,
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ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ ุชุนูŠุด ููŠ ุฌุฒูŠุฑุฉ ุนุดุจูŠุฉุŒ
00:56
and we had to isolate him in a cage,
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุนุฒู„ู‡ ุฏุงุฎู„ ู‚ูุตุŒ
00:58
but we cracked open the cage so that the rest of the chimps
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ูุชุญู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูุต ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ุจุญูŠุซ ูŠุชุณู†ู‰ ู„ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูˆุฏ
01:01
still had access to him.
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ุฃู† ูŠุจู‚ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุชูˆุงุตู„ ู…ุนู‡.
01:02
And what happened was most touching.
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ูˆู…ุง ุญุตู„ ูƒุงู† ู…ุคุซุฑุงู‹ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
01:04
Other chimps would bring food to him,
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ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูˆู† ุฃุญุถุฑูˆุง ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุทุนุงู…ุŒ
01:07
they would bring wood wool to him,
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ูˆุฃุญุถุฑูˆุง ู„ู‡ ู†ุฌุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฎุดุจุŒ
01:09
which is this thing that they use to sleep in and build nests out of,
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ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุง ูŠุณุชุนู…ู„ูˆู†ู‡ ู„ุตู†ุน ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ู†ูˆู… ู„ู‡ู…ุŒ
01:13
and females would put the wood wool behind his back.
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ูˆุงู„ุฅู†ุงุซ ูˆุถุนูˆุง ู†ุฌุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฎุดุจ ุฎู„ู ุธู‡ุฑู‡.
01:16
He was leaning heavily against the wall,
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ุญูŠุซ ูƒุงู† ูŠู…ูŠู„ ุจุดุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฏุงุฑุŒ
01:18
and the way we do with pillows to patients in a hospital,
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ู†ุถุน ุงู„ูˆุณุงุฆุฏ ุฎู„ู ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุดูู‰ุŒ
01:22
they were putting that stuff behind his back.
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ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุถุนูˆู† ุงู„ู†ุฌุงุฑุฉ ุฎู„ู ุธู‡ุฑู‡.
01:24
And I thought, this is the way to go for an alpha male.
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ูˆุฎุทุฑ ู„ูŠุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ุชุตุจุญ ุฐูƒุฑ ุฃู„ูุง.
01:28
He was loved and respected, and everyone was taking care of him,
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ูƒุงู† ู…ุญุจูˆุจุงู‹ ูˆู…ุญุชุฑู…ุงู‹ ูˆุงู„ูƒู„ ูŠุนุชู†ูˆู† ุจู‡ุŒ
01:32
and this is not always how it goes,
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ู„ุง ุชุฌุฑูŠ ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ุŒ
01:33
because some males don't end so well when they lose their position.
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ูุงู„ุจุนุถ ู„ุง ูŠุนุงู…ูŽู„ูˆู† ุฌูŠุฏู‹ุง ุญูŠู† ูŠูู‚ุฏูˆู† ู…ู†ุตุจู‡ู….
01:37
So Amos was an example of a male who was liked as a leader,
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ู„ุฐุง ูƒุงู† (ุขู…ูˆุณ) ู…ุซุงู„ู‹ุง ู„ุฐูƒุฑ ู…ุฑุญุจ ุจู‡ ูƒู‚ุงุฆุฏุŒ
01:42
and I think the term alpha male, if you look it up on the internet,
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ุฃุธู† ุฅุฐุง ุจุญุซุช ููŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช ุนู† ู…ุตุทู„ุญ ุฐูƒุฑ ุฃู„ูุงุŒ
01:46
you will find all these business books that tell you how to be an alpha male,
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ุณุชุฌุฏ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑูŠุฉ ุญูˆู„ ูƒูŠู ุชุตุจุญ ุฐูƒุฑุง ุฃู„ูุงุŒ
01:49
and what they mean is how to beat up others
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ูˆู…ุง ูŠู‚ุตุฏูˆู†ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ูƒูŠู ุชุนุชุฏูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†
01:52
and beat them over the head and let them know that you are boss
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ูˆุงุถุฑุจู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุคูˆุณู‡ู… ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠุนุฑููˆู† ุฃู†ูƒ ุฒุนูŠู…
01:55
and don't mess with me and so on.
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ูˆุฅูŠุงูƒ ุฃู† ุชุนุจุซ ู…ุนูŠ ูˆู…ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ.
01:56
And basically an alpha male for them is a bully.
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ูˆุฐูƒุฑ ุฃู„ูุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู‡ู… ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุชู†ู…ุฑ.
02:00
And I really don't like that kind of description,
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ูˆุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃุญุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุตูุŒ
02:04
because I am actually partly responsible for the term "alpha male"
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃุชุญู…ู„ ุฌุฒุกุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุญูŠุงู„ ู…ุตุทู„ุญ (ุฐูƒุฑ ุฃู„ูุง)
02:08
because I wrote this book "Chimpanzee Politics,"
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุฃู„ูุช ูƒุชุงุจ (ุณูŠุงุณุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุฏุฉ)ุŒ
02:11
which was recommended by Newt Gingrich to freshmen congressmen.
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ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฑุดุญู‡ (ู†ูŠูˆุช ุบูŠู†ุบุฑูŠุชุด) ู„ุฃุนุถุงุก ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุบุฑุณ ุงู„ุฌุฏุฏ.
02:16
I don't know what good it did, but he recommended that book to them,
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ู„ุง ุฃุนู„ู… ู…ุง ุงู„ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏู…ู‡ุงุŒ ุฅู„ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ุฑุดุญ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ู„ู‡ู…ุŒ
02:20
and after that the term "alpha male" became very popular.
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃุตุจุญ ู…ุตุทู„ุญ (ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง) ุดุงุฆุนุง ุฌุฏุงู‹.
02:24
But I think it is used in a mischaracterization.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ุงุชู‡ ุชุดูˆู‡ุช.
02:27
It's used in a very superficial way
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ุงุณุชุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุณุทุญูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹
02:30
that doesn't relate to what a real alpha male is.
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ุจุดูƒู„ ู„ุงูŠู…ุช ุจุตู„ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ู„ู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ.
02:32
And so I'm here to explain what that is.
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ูˆู„ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ู„ุฃูˆุถุญ ู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠู‡ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง.
02:35
The term itself goes back actually much further.
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ุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญ ุจุญุฏ ุฐุงุชู‡ ูŠุฑุฌุน ุงู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃุจุนุฏ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ.
02:37
It goes back to the '40s and '50s, research on wolves,
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ูู‡ูˆ ูŠุนูˆุฏ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุนูŠู†ูŠุงุช ูˆุงู„ุฎู…ุณูŠู†ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฃุจุญุงุซ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุฐุฆุงุจุŒ
02:41
and basically the definition is very simple.
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ูˆุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ุงู„ุชุนุฑูŠู ุจุณูŠุท ุฌุฏุงู‹.
02:43
The highest ranking male is the alpha male.
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ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญุตุฏ ุชู‚ูŠูŠู…ุง ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง.
02:45
The highest ranking female is the alpha female.
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ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุซู‰ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุชู‚ูŠูŠู… ุงู„ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃู†ุซู‰ ุงู„ูุง.
02:48
Every primate group has one alpha male, one alpha female,
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ูƒู„ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุงุช ููŠู‡ุง ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุฃู†ุซู‰ ุงู„ูุง ูˆุงุญุฏุฉุŒ
02:51
not more than that, there's only one.
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ูˆุงุญุฏ ูู‚ุท ู„ูŠุณ ุฃูƒุซุฑ.
02:54
And I will explain how that goes.
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ูˆุณุฃุดุฑุญ ูƒูŠู ูŠุญุฏุซ ุฐู„ูƒ.
02:57
So first, the body language.
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ุฃูˆู„ุงู‹: ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฌุณุฏ.
02:59
What you see here is two male chimpanzees who are the same size,
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ุชุฑูˆู† ู‡ู†ุง ุฐูƒุฑูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ ู„ู‡ู…ุง ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุญุฌู…ุŒ
03:03
but one is walking upright, has his hair up,
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ู„ูƒู† ุฃุญุฏู‡ู…ุง ูŠู…ุดูŠ ุจุงุนุชุฏุงู„ ูˆุดุนุฑู‡ ู…ู†ุชุตุจุŒ
03:06
has a big rock in his hand, and he's the alpha male.
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ูˆูŠุญู…ู„ ุจูŠุฏู‡ ุญุฌุฑุงู‹ ูƒุจูŠุฑุงู‹ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง.
03:08
The other male is pant-grunting to him,
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ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ูŠู„ู‡ุซ ูˆูŠุตุฑุฎ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุŒ
03:11
is being submissive to him and bowing for him,
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ูˆูŠุธู‡ุฑ ุฎุงุถุนุงู‹ ู„ู‡ ูˆู…ู†ู‚ุงุฏุงู‹ ู„ู‡ุŒ
03:14
and that is the sort of ritual they need to go through many times a day
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทู‚ูˆุณ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุชู‚ุฏูŠู…ู‡ุง ุนุฏุฉ ู…ุฑุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
03:17
in order to have a stable relationship.
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ู„ูŠุญุงูุธูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑุฉ.
03:20
I'll show you a video from the field.
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ุณุฃุนุฑุถ ู„ูƒู… ู…ู‚ุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ุชู… ุชุตูˆูŠุฑู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ.
03:23
What you will see here is a female pant-grunting to an alpha male
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ู…ุง ุณูˆู ุชุดุงู‡ุฏูˆู†ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ุซู‰ ุชู„ู‡ุซ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชุตุฑุฎ ู„ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง
03:26
and you will see how that goes.
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ูˆุณูˆู ุชุฑูˆู† ูƒูŠู ุชูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ.
03:29
The male is approaching,
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ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ูŠู‚ุชุฑุจุŒ
03:30
she grunts at him.
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ูˆุงู„ุฃู†ุซู‰ ุชุฒุนู‚ ู„ู‡.
03:31
(Chimpanzee grunts)
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(ุตูˆุช ุตุฑุงุฎ ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ)
03:33
He has all his hair up
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ูƒู„ ุดุนุฑู‡ ุงู†ุชุตุจ
03:35
and he displays.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠุชุจุงู‡ู‰.
03:39
I'm actually standing far too close.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃู†ุง ุฃู‚ู ู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุฌุฏุง ู…ู†ู‡ู….
03:41
A chimpanzee is far stronger than I am,
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ูˆุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ู…ู†ูŠ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑุŒ
03:44
and I just was not very prudent, this particular video.
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ูˆู„ู… ุฃูƒู† ุญุฐุฑุง ุจู…ุง ููŠู‡ ุงู„ูƒูุงูŠุฉ ููŠ ู…ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุชุญุฏูŠุฏุง.
03:48
So what you saw him do
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ู„ุฐุง ูู…ุง ุฑุฃูŠุชู…ูˆู‡ ูŠูุนู„ู‡
03:51
is he was lifting himself up and standing on two legs,
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ูู‡ูˆ ูŠุฑุชูุน ุจุฌุณุฏู‡ ูˆูŠู‚ู ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุฏู…ูŠู‡ุŒ
03:54
and putting his arms out.
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ู…ุจุงุนุฏุงู‹ ุจูŠู† ุฐุฑุงุนูŠู‡.
03:55
That's called the bipedal swagger.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ุชุจุงู‡ูŠ ุจุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆู ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุฏู…ูŠู†.
03:57
It's a very common posture in high-ranking males,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ูˆุถุนูŠุฉ ุดุงุฆุนุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุฐูˆูŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑุชูุนุฉุŒ
04:00
and it's very recognizable because humans do this kind of stuff.
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ูƒู…ุง ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุฃุดูŠุงุก ูƒู‡ุฐู‡.
04:03
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
04:04
Humans do this all the time.
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ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุทูˆุงู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
04:07
And what I really like about this particular picture
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ูˆู…ุง ูŠุนุฌุจู†ูŠ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุจุฎุตูˆุต ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุจุงู„ุฐุงุช
04:10
is the two old guys to the side.
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ู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ุงู† ุงู„ู…ุณู†ุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจูŠู†.
04:13
This is very chimpanzee.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุทุจุงุฆุน ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠุฉ ุจุฌุฏุงุฑุฉ.
04:15
In chimpanzees,
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ููŠ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠุŒ
04:16
we have usually old males who are over the hill,
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ุนุงุฏุฉ ู…ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ู…ุณู†ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุญุงูุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุช
04:19
who cannot be alpha male themselves anymore,
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ู„ู… ูŠุนุฏ ุจูˆุณุนู‡ู… ุฃู† ูŠู…ุงุฑุณูˆุง ุฏูˆุฑ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุงุŒ
04:22
but they start playing games and forming coalitions,
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ุฅู„ุง ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠุจุฏุฃูˆู† ุจู…ู…ุงุฑุณุฉ ุฃู„ุงุนูŠุจ ูˆุญูŠุงูƒุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุงู„ูุงุชุŒ
04:25
and behind the backs of others.
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ู…ู† ูˆุฑุงุก ุธู‡ูˆุฑ ุจุนุถู‡ู… ุงู„ุจุนุถ.
04:27
And they become extremely influential,
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ูˆูŠุตุจุญ ู„ู‡ู… ู†ููˆุฐ ูƒุจูŠุฑุŒ
04:29
and you may actually have old males
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ู…ุณู†ุฉ
04:31
who are more influential than the alpha male himself.
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ุฐุงุช ู†ููˆุฐ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง ุฐุงุชู‡.
04:35
Just as an example,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ูู‚ุทุŒ
04:36
the three males that I used to work with most
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ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงุนุชุฏุช ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ุนู‡ู…
04:39
at the Dutch zoo long ago, where I worked,
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ู…ู†ุฐ ุฒู…ู† ุจุนูŠุฏ ุญูŠุซ ูƒู†ุช ุฃุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุญุฏูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุงู„ู‡ูˆู„ู†ุฏูŠุฉุŒ
04:41
and the middle male here is a 17-year-old alpha male.
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ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ููŠ ูˆุณุท ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง ูŠุจู„ุบ 17 ุนุงู…ุง.
04:45
The male whom he is grooming on the side is twice as old,
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุงู„ุชูˆุฏุฏ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ ุจู…ุฑุชูŠู†ุŒ
04:50
and this old male has made him the leader.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณู† ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฌุนู„ ู…ู†ู‡ ู‚ุงุฆุฏุงู‹
04:53
So you can imagine that that old male has an enormous amount of power,
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ูˆู„ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุชุฎูŠู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุฌูˆุฒ ูŠุชู…ุชุน ุจุณุทูˆุฉ ู‡ุงุฆู„ุฉุŒ
04:56
because he has made the alpha male alpha male.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุฌุนู„ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ุงู„ูุง ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†ุฉ.
04:58
The male on the right
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ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†
05:00
is individually the strongest male.
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ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ุจู„ุง ู…ู†ุงุฒุน.
05:02
In captivity, you can test it out,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุฑุŒ
05:05
and you can know that this male has no trouble with either one.
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ูˆุณุชุนุฑู ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ู‡ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู…ุน ุฃูŠ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุง.
05:09
He has only trouble with the combination of the two.
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ู„ูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ุฃูŠ ุงุชุญุงุฏ ุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู†.
05:12
And so the coalition formation that goes on in chimpanzee society
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ู„ุฐุง ูุฅู† ุชุดูƒูŠู„ ุงู„ุชุญุงู„ูุงุช ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญุตู„ ููŠ ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ
05:16
makes it much more complex than you think.
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ูŠุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู…ุง ุชุชูˆู‚ุน.
05:18
It means, for example,
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ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ
05:20
that the smallest male in a group can be the alpha male.
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ุฃู† ุฃุตุบุฑ ุฐูƒุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุตุจุญ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง.
05:23
You don't need to be the biggest and strongest male.
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ูุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู„ุง ูŠุชุทู„ุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฃู‚ูˆู‰.
05:25
The smallest male, if he has the right friends and keeps them happy,
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ุฃุตุบุฑ ุฐูƒุฑ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุฃุตุฏู‚ุงุก ุฌูŠุฏูŠู† ูˆูŠุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ูŠูƒุณุจ ูˆุฏู‡ู…ุŒ
05:29
or he has female support,
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ุฃูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุญุธู‰ ุจุงู„ุฏุนู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุงุซุŒ
05:30
he can be the alpha male.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุตุจุญ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง.
05:33
So the coalition system makes everything complex,
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ู„ุฐุง ูุฅู† ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุชุญุงู„ูุงุช ูŠุนู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ูƒู„ู‡ุงุŒ
05:36
and I'm always waiting here in the US
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ูˆุฃู†ุง ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ ุฃู†ุชุธุฑ ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ
05:39
for the primaries, the end of the primaries,
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ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฎุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠุฉุŒ ุงู†ุชู‡ุงุก ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฎุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠุฉ
05:41
because that's a moment where you need to demonstrate unity.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ุญุธุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฑูŠุฏ ููŠู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชุธู‡ุฑ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุฉ.
05:45
Now let me first show you how the unity is shown in chimpanzees.
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ุงู„ุขู† ุฏุนูˆู†ูŠ ุฃุฑูŠูƒู… ูƒูŠู ุชุธู‡ุฑ ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุฉ ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ.
05:48
What you see here is two males on the left
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ู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู†ู‡ ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ
05:50
who are standing together.
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ูŠู‚ูุงู† ู…ุนุงู‹.
05:52
You also see the big canine teeth that they have.
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ูˆุชุณุชุทูŠุนูˆู† ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฃู†ูŠุงุจู‡ู… ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ.
05:54
And they're standing together and they demonstrate to the rest of the group,
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ูˆู‡ู…ุง ูŠู‚ูุงู† ู…ุนุงู‹ ู„ูŠุซุจุชุงู† ู„ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุนุฉุŒ
05:58
"We are together. We are a unit."
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"ู†ุญู† ู…ุนุงู‹ุŒ ู†ุญู† ูˆุญุฏุฉ".
06:00
The males on the right are walking together in synchrony.
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ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ูŠุณูŠุฑุงู† ู…ุนุงู‹ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุชู†ุงุณู‚.
06:03
That's another way of demonstrating that you are together.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู„ุฅุซุจุงุช ุฃู†ู‡ู…ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุชูˆุงูู‚.
06:06
And so demonstrating unity is extremely important
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ู„ุฐุง ูุฅู† ุฅุซุจุงุช ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุฉ ู…ู‡ู… ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ
06:09
in a coalition system,
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ููŠ ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุชุญุงู„ูุงุชุŒ
06:11
and as I said, in the primaries always I'm waiting for that moment
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ููƒู…ุง ู‚ู„ุชุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฎุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุฃุชุฑู‚ุจ ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ุญุธุฉ
06:14
because then you have two members of the same party
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ู„ุฃู†ูƒ ุณุชุฌุฏ ุดุฎุตูŠู† ู…ู† ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุญุฒุจ
06:17
who have been fighting with each other,
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ูƒุงู†ุง ูŠุชุดุงุฌุฑุงู† ู…ุน ุจุนุถู‡ู…ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถุŒ
06:19
and they need to come together at some moment.
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ูˆูŠุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู…ุง ุชูˆุญูŠุฏ ุฌู‡ูˆุฏู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ู„ุญุธุฉ ู…ุง.
06:22
And it leads to very awkward situations.
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ู…ู…ุง ูŠุถุนู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ู…ูˆู‚ู ุญุฑุฌ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
06:25
People who don't like each other need to embrace each other
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ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุง ูŠุญุจูˆู† ุจุนุถู‡ู… ูŠุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุงุญุชุถุงู† ุจุนุถู‡ู…
06:27
and stand together,
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ูˆุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆู ู…ุนุง.
06:29
and that's absolutely essential for the unity of the party,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฃู…ุฑ ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ุจู„ุง ุฑูŠุจ ู„ุชู…ุงุณูƒ ุงู„ุญุฒุจุŒ
06:32
and if you don't do that, the party may fall apart.
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูŠุชููƒูƒ ุงู„ุญุฒุจ ุฅู† ู„ู… ุชูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ.
06:35
And so if it doesn't go well, like in this particular case --
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ูุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ุชุฌุฑูŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุญูˆ ุฌูŠุฏ ูƒู…ุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฐุงุช
06:38
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
06:39
then the party is in deep doo-doo
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ูุฅู† ุงู„ุญุฒุจ ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุฏ ูˆู‚ุน ููŠ ู…ุณุชู†ู‚ุน
06:41
because they have not demonstrated unity.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู„ู… ูŠุจุฑู‡ู†ูˆุง ุชูˆุญุฏู‡ู….
06:44
So that's a very important part of the coalition system,
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ู„ุฐุง ูุฅู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฌุฒุฃ ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ููŠ ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุชุญุงู„ูุŒ
06:47
and that's something that we share between humans and chimpanzees.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุดูŠุก ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ูˆุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ.
06:51
Now, how do you become an alpha male?
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ูˆุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ูƒูŠู ุชุตุจุญ ุฐูƒุฑุงู‹ ุงู„ูุงุŸ
06:55
First of all, you need to be impressive and intimidating
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ู‚ุจู„ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุกุŒ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ู„ู„ุฅุนุฌุงุจ ูˆู…ุฑู‡ูˆุจ ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ
06:58
and demonstrate your vigor on occasion
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ูˆุฃู† ุชุจุฑู‡ู† ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุดุงุทูƒ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู†
07:00
and show that you are very strong,
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ูˆุฃู† ุชุธู‡ุฑ ุจุฃู†ูƒ ู‚ูˆูŠ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ
07:02
and there's all sorts of ways of doing that.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทุฑู‚ ุดุชู‰ ู„ูƒูŠ ุชูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ.
07:05
But other things that you need to do is you need to be generous.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ูƒุฑูŠู…ุงู‹.
07:08
So, for example, males who go on a campaign
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ูุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุญู…ู„ุงุช
07:10
to dethrone the leader,
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ู„ู„ุฅุทุงุญุฉ ุจุญุงูƒู… ู…ุงุŒ
07:11
which may take two or three months
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ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ุดู‡ุฑูŠู† ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ
07:14
where they're testing all the coalitions in the group,
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠุฌุฑุจูˆู† ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุชุญุงู„ูุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉุŒ
07:17
they also become extremely generous.
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ูˆู‡ู… ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ูŠุตุจุญูˆู† ูƒุฑู…ุงุก ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
07:19
They share food very easily with everyone.
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ูŠู‚ุฏู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุจูƒู„ ุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†.
07:21
Or they start to tickle the babies of the females.
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ุฃูˆ ูŠุจุฏุฃูˆู† ุจู…ุฏุงุนุจุฉ ุฃุทูุงู„ ุงู„ุฅู†ุงุซ.
07:24
They're normally, male chimpanzees, not particularly interested in infants,
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ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ ุจุงู„ุฃุญูˆุงู„ ุงู„ุนุงุฏูŠุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ุฎุงุต ุจุงู„ุตุบุงุฑุŒ
07:28
but when they are campaigning like that,
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุญู…ู„ุงุช ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุนุŒ
07:30
they get very interested in infants and they tickle them,
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ูุงู†ู‡ู… ูŠูˆู„ูˆู† ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…ุง ุฎุงุตุง ู„ู„ุตุบุงุฑ ูˆูŠุฏุงุนุจูˆู†ู‡ู…ุŒ
07:33
and they try to curry favor with the females.
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ูˆูŠุญุงูˆู„ูˆู† ุชู…ู„ู‚ ุฃู…ู‡ุงุชู‡ู….
07:35
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
07:36
So in humans, of course,
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ูุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุจุดุฑุŒ
07:37
I am always intrigued by these men who are candidates
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ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ูŠุฐู‡ู„ู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฑุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุชุฑุดุญูˆู† ู„ู„ุงู†ุชุฎุงุจุงุช
07:41
and hold babies up like this.
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ูˆูŠุฑูุนูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ู‡ูƒุฐุง.
07:42
This is not particularly something that babies like --
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ุจุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญุจู‡ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„
07:45
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
07:46
but since it is a signal to the rest of the world,
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ุจู…ุซุงุจุฉ ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู„ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
07:48
they need to hold them in the air.
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ูุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุญุชุงุฌูˆู† ุฃู† ูŠู…ุณูƒูˆุง ุจู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก.
07:50
And I was really intrigued by,
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ูˆูƒู†ุช ุญู‚ุงู‹ ู…ู†ุฐู‡ู„ุงู‹ุŒ
07:53
when we had a female candidate in the last election,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุฑุดุญุช ุฃู†ุซู‰ ู„ู„ุงู†ุชุฎุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉุŒ
07:55
the way she held babies was more like this,
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ูุฅู† ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃู…ุณูƒุช ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุงุทูุงู„ ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ูƒุฐุงุŒ
07:58
which is what babies really like.
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ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุญุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูุนู„ุงู‹.
08:00
But she of course didn't need to send the message
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ู„ูŠุณุช ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุชุฑุณู„ ุงู„ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ
08:02
that she could hold a baby without dropping it,
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ุจุฃู† ุจุงุณุชุทุงุนุชู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชู…ุณูƒ ุทูู„ุงู‹ ุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ุชูˆู‚ุนู‡.
08:05
which was what the man was doing.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ูŠูุนู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุฌุงู„.
08:07
So this is a very common tactic,
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ุฅุฐุง ูู‡ูŠ ุชูู†ูŠุฉ ุดุงุฆุนุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ
08:08
and male chimpanzees,
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ูˆุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠุŒ
08:10
they spend a lot of time currying favor with all sorts of parties
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ูŠู‚ุถูˆู† ูˆู‚ุชุง ุทูˆูŠู„ุง ูŠุชู…ู„ู‚ูˆู† ู„ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุฃุญุฒุงุจ
08:14
when they are campaigning.
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ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฎุงุจุงุช.
08:17
Now, what are the privileges and the costs
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฒุงูŠุง ูˆู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุซู…ู†
08:21
of being an alpha male?
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ู„ูƒูŠ ุชูƒูˆู† ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุงุŸ
08:23
The biggest privilege is females.
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ุงู„ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจุฑู‰ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ุงุซ.
08:26
Food is really irrelevant.
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ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู‡ู…ุง ุฌุฏุง.
08:27
Male chimpanzees can go a week without food
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ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุจู‚ุงุก ู„ุฃุณุจูˆุน ุจู„ุง ุทุนุงู…
08:30
if there's a female in estrus and they're sexually interested in her.
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ููŠ ุญุงู„ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฃู†ุซู‰ ุดุจู‚ุฉ ูˆูƒุงู†ูˆุง ู…ู‡ุชู…ูŠู† ุฌู†ุณูŠุง ุจู‡ุง.
08:34
Food is secondary to sex.
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ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุซุงู†ูˆูŠุงู‹ ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉู‹ ุจุงู„ุฌู†ุณ.
08:36
And so the male chimpanzees --
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ
08:38
and we evolutionary biologists, of course, we have an explanation for this,
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ูˆู†ุญู† ูƒุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑูŠุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุชูุณูŠุฑ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ
08:42
is that sex leads to reproduction,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูƒุงุซุฑุŒ
08:44
and reproductive success is the measure of evolution.
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ูˆุงู„ู†ุฌุงุญ ููŠ ุงู„ุชูƒุงุซุฑ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ู„ู„ุชุทูˆุฑ.
08:47
That's how everything evolves.
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ู‡ูƒุฐุง ูŠุชุทูˆุฑ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก.
08:49
And so if males can enhance their reproductive success
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ูุฅุฐุง ุงุณุชุทุงุน ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุชุนุฒูŠุฒ ู†ุฌุงุญู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุชู†ุงุณู„
08:51
by being high ranking,
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชุตู†ูŠูู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุฑุชูุนุŒ
08:53
you get automatically the ambition to be high ranking in the males.
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ุณุชุทู…ุญ ุชู„ู‚ุงุฆูŠุงู‹ ู„ุฃู† ุชู†ุงู„ ุชุตู†ูŠูุงู‹ ุนุงู„ูŠุง ู‹ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ.
08:57
So that's the privilege.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ูŠุฒุฉ.
09:00
The costs, one cost is of course
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ุฃู…ุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุซู…ู†ุŒ ูู‡ูˆ ุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„
09:03
that you need to keep your partners happy.
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ุฃู† ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฌุนู„ ุดุฑูƒุงุกูƒ ุณุนุฏุงุก.
09:05
So if you come to power with the support of an old male,
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ูุฅุฐุง ุงุนุชู„ูŠุช ุงู„ุณู„ุทุฉ ุจุฏุนู… ู…ู† ุฐูƒุฑ ู…ุณู†
09:09
you need to let that old male mate with females.
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ูุฅู† ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฌุนู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณู† ูŠุชุฒุงูˆุฌ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฅู†ุงุซ.
09:12
If you don't do that, that old male is going to get mad at you,
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ูˆุฅู„ุง ูุฅู†ู‡ ุณูŠุบุถุจ ู…ู†ูƒุŒ
09:15
and you're going to lose him as a partner.
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ูˆุณุชุฎุณุฑู‡ ูƒุดุฑูŠูƒ.
09:18
So there's a transaction going on.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุตูู‚ุฉ ู…ุณุชู…ุฑุฉ.
09:20
If you become alpha male this way, you need to keep your partners happy.
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ุฅุฐุง ุฃุตุจุญุช ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูŠุชุญุชู… ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฃู† ุชุณุนุฏ ุดุฑูƒุงุฆูƒ.
09:24
And so that's one of the costs.
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ุฅุฐุง ู‡ุฐุง ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุซู…ุงู†.
09:25
The second cost is that everyone wants your position.
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ุฃู…ุง ุงู„ุซู…ู† ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ูŠุฑูŠุฏ ู…ู†ุตุจูƒ.
09:29
Alpha male position is a very important position,
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ู…ู†ุตุจ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ู†ุตุจ ุฐูˆ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉุŒ
09:31
and everyone wants to take it from you,
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ูˆุงู„ูƒู„ ูŠุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ูŠู†ุชุฒุนู‡ ู…ู†ูƒุŒ
09:34
and so you constantly have to watch your back.
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ูุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฃู† ุชุญู…ูŠ ุธู‡ุฑูƒ ุจุงุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑ.
09:36
You have to be extremely vigilant.
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ูˆุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุชูŠู‚ุธุงู‹ ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑ.
09:38
For example, you have to disrupt the coalitions of others
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฃู† ุชูุณุฏ ุฃุญุฒุงุจ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†
09:40
and that's what male chimpanzees do quite a bit.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠูุนู„ู‡ ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุงู‹.
09:43
Divide and rule strategies, they have.
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุงุณุชุฑุงุชูŠุฌูŠุงุช ูุฑู‚ ุชุณุฏ.
09:45
And so that's a very stressful situation, and we actually have data on this.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูู‡ูŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ุชูˆุชุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ูˆู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ.
09:49
The data comes from the field,
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ุงู„ุจูŠู†ุงุช ู…ุณุชู…ุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุฑุถ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ
09:51
from baboons not chimpanzees in this case,
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ู† ู‚ุฑุฏุฉ ุงู„ุจุงุจูˆู† ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงุฒูŠุŒ
09:54
where they did fecal samples on the baboons
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ุญูŠุซ ู‚ุงู…ูˆุง ุจุฃุฎุฐ ุนูŠู†ุงุช ุจุฑุงุฒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุงุจูˆู†
09:56
and they analyzed them for glucocorticoids.
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ูˆุฃุฌุฑูˆุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ูุญุต ู„ู„ุณูƒุฑูŠุงุช.
09:59
And what you see here is a graph
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ูˆุชุฑูˆู† ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุฎุทุท ุจูŠุงู†ูŠ
10:01
where you see that the lower ranking the male baboon is,
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ุญูŠุซ ุชุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุงู„ุฃุฏู†ูŠ ู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุงู„ุจุงุจูˆู†ุŒ
10:05
the higher is his cortisol level
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ูˆุงู„ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู„ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช "ุงู„ูƒูˆุฑุชุฒูˆู„"
10:07
in the feces,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฑุงุฒุŒ
10:09
but the alpha male, as you see,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุฏู‰ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู†ุŒ
10:11
has just as high a level as the lowest-ranking males,
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุฐูˆูŠ ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ุชุฏู†ูŠุŒ
10:14
and so you may think that being alpha male is nice and dandy and is wonderful,
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ู„ุฐุง ุฑุจู…ุง ุชุธู† ุฃู† ูƒูˆู†ูƒ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง ู‡ูˆ ุฌู…ูŠู„ ูˆู…ุฏู‡ุด ูˆุฑุงุฆุนุŒ
10:19
but it's actually a very stressful position,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ู†ุตุจ ู…ุชุนุจ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉุŒ
10:21
and we can demonstrate that physiologically.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุจุฑู‡ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ูุณูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ.
10:25
Now, what are the obligations?
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ูˆุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฅู„ุชุฒุงู…ุงุชุŸ
10:27
And here, for me, it gets really interesting,
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ูˆู‡ู†ุง ูŠุตุจุญ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ู…ุชุนุงู‹ ู„ูŠุŒ
10:30
and it deviates very much from your typical image of the alpha male.
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ูˆูŠุจุชุนุฏ ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฐู‡ู†ูŠุฉ ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุญูˆู„ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง.
10:35
The alpha male has two sorts of obligations.
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ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ู†ูˆุนุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ุงุช.
10:38
One is to keep the peace in the group.
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ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ุฃู† ูŠูˆุทุฏ ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุนุฉ.
10:40
We call that the control role,
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ู…ุง ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ ุณู„ุทุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ุŒ
10:42
to control fights in the group,
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ุฃู† ูŠุญูƒู… ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุฒุงุนุงุช ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุนุฉุŒ
10:44
and the second is to be the most empathic,
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ูˆุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุนุงุทูุงุŒ
10:46
the consoler in chief, basically, of the nation, so to speak.
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุณูŠ ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฉ ุฅู† ุฌุงุฒ ุงู„ุชุนุจูŠุฑ.
10:49
So first of all, keeping the peace.
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ุฅุฐุงูŽ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู… ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุŒ ุฅุญู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุณู„ุงู….
10:51
This is a male who stops a fight between two females.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุฐูƒุฑ ูŠุญุณู… ู†ุฒุงุนุงู‹ ุจูŠู† ุงุซู†ุชูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุงุซ.
10:54
Two females on the left and the right
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ุงุซู†ุชุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุงุซ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ
10:56
have been screaming and yelling at each other over food,
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ูƒุงู†ุชุง ุชุตุฑุฎุงู† ูˆ ุชุตูŠุญุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถู‡ู…ุง ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุทุนุงู…ุŒ
10:59
because food is very important for the females,
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ุญูŠุซ ุฃู† ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ู…ู‡ู… ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุฅู†ุงุซุŒ
11:01
and so he stops the fight between them and stands between them like this.
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ู„ุฐุง ูู‡ูˆ ูŠุญุณู… ุงู„ู†ุฒุงุน ุจูŠู†ู‡ู…ุง ูˆูŠู‚ู ุจูŠู†ู‡ู…ุง ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ.
11:05
And it's very interesting to me that alpha males, when they do this,
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู…ุชุน ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠ ูุฅู† ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุงู„ูุง ุญูŠู† ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
11:08
they become impartial.
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ูŠู„ุชุฒู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฏ.
11:10
They don't support their mom or their best buddy.
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ูู„ุง ูŠุณุงู†ุฏูˆู† ุฃู…ู‡ุงุชู‡ู… ุฃูˆ ุฃุตุฏู‚ุงุกู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฑุจูŠู†.
11:13
No, no, they stop fights,
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ู„ุงุŒ ุจู„ ูŠูˆู‚ููˆู† ุงู„ู†ุฒุงุนุŒ
11:15
and they come up for the underdog in general.
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ูˆูŠู…ูŠู„ูˆู† ุนู…ูˆู…ุงู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุฑู ุงู„ู…ุณุชุถุนู.
11:17
And this makes them extremely popular in the group,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ู‡ู… ู…ุญุจูˆุจูŠู† ุฌุฏุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุนุฉ.
11:21
because they provide security
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠูˆูุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุฃู…ู†
11:23
for the lowest-ranking members of the group.
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ู„ู„ุฃุนุถุงุก ุฐูˆูŠ ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ุชุฏู†ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุนุฉ.
11:25
And so they become impartial,
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ู„ุฐุง ูู‡ู… ูŠู„ุฒู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฏุŒ
11:27
which is an unusual condition for a chimpanzee to be in,
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู‡ูˆุฏ ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุญุงูŠุฏุงู‹ุŒ
11:30
because they're usually very fond of their friends and so on,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ุนุงุฏุฉ ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆู† ู…ูˆู„ุนูŠู† ุจุฃุตุฏู‚ุงุฆู‡ู… ูˆู…ุง ุดุงุจู‡ุŒ
11:33
and these alpha males who are good at this,
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ูˆุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุงู„ูุง ุงู„ุจุงุฑุนูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุชุฒุงู… ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฏุŒ
11:35
they can be very effective at keeping the peace in the group.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุฃู† ูŠุคุซุฑูˆุง ุจุดูƒู„ ูุนุงู„ ููŠ ุฅุญู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุนุฉ.
11:38
And the second thing they do is they show empathy for others.
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ูˆุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชุญุชู… ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ูุนู„ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑ ุงู„ุนุทู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†.
11:41
Now, I do an enormous amount of research on empathy,
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ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุฅุฌุฑุงุก ุนุฏุฏู ู‡ุงุฆู„ู ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุจุญุงุซ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุชุนุงุทูุŒ
11:44
and I don't have time to go into it,
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ูˆู„ุง ูŠุชุณุน ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู‡ู†ุง ู„ุชูุตูŠู„ู‡ุงุŒ
11:45
but empathy is nowadays a topic that we study in rodents and dogs
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู†ุฏุฑุณ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ุชุนุงุทู ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุฑุถ ูˆุงู„ูƒู„ุงุจ
11:50
and elephants and primates,
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ูˆุงู„ููŠู„ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุงุชุŒ
11:52
all sorts of animals.
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ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช.
11:54
And what you see here is two bonobos.
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ูˆุชุฑูˆู† ู‡ู†ุง ุงุซู†ุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูˆู†ูˆุจูˆ.
11:56
The one in front
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ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏู…ุฉ
11:59
has been beaten up in a fight.
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ุชู„ู‚ุช ุถุฑุจุงู‹ ููŠ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ู†ุฒุงุนุงุช.
12:00
The one in the back puts her arms around her and consoles her.
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ูˆุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ู ุชู„ู ุฐุฑุงุนูŠู‡ุง ุญูˆู„ู‡ุง ูˆุชูˆุงุณูŠู‡ุง.
12:03
This is also actually how we measure empathy in young children,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู‚ูŠุงุณู†ุง ู„ู„ุชุนุงุทู ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ุŒ
12:07
by looking at how they respond to distressed individuals.
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ุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุชุนุงู…ู„ู‡ู… ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุงู„ุญุฒูŠู†ูŠู†.
ูุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุฐูˆูŠ ุงู„ุชุตู†ูŠู ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ.
12:11
And high-ranking males, they do a lot of this.
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12:13
High-ranking males provide an enormous amount of comfort in the group,
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ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุฐูˆูŠ ุงู„ุชุตู†ูŠู ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠ ูŠู‚ุฏู…ูˆู† ู‚ุฏุฑ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุณุงุฉ ู„ู„ุฌู…ุงุนุฉุŒ
12:17
and they go to places where there are earthquakes
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ูˆูŠุฐู‡ุจูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุชุนุฑุถุช ู„ู‡ุฒุงุช ุฃุฑุถูŠุฉ
12:20
or hurricanes
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ุฃูˆ ุฃุนุงุตูŠุฑ
12:22
and they provide comfort.
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ูˆูŠู‚ุฏู…ูˆู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุณุงุฉ.
12:23
The pope does this. The presidents do this.
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ุงู„ุจุงุจุง ูŠูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ. ุงู„ุฑุคุณุงุก ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ.
12:26
All the leaders in the world have to do this job.
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ูƒู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ.
12:28
The queen does it and so on.
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ุงู„ู…ู„ูƒุฉ ุชูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆู‡ู„ู… ุฌุฑุงู‹.
12:30
They all have to do this job,
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ุงู„ูƒู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุฃู† ูŠูุนู„ูˆุง ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
12:31
so providing consolation, and that's a very important task.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ุงู„ุนุฒุงุก ูˆุงุฌุจ ู‡ุงู… ุฌุฏุงู‹.
12:35
And males who are good at these two,
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ูุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุงู„ู†ุงุฌุญูˆู† ููŠ ูƒู„ุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠู†ุŒ
12:37
keeping the peace and providing comfort,
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ุงู„ุญูุงุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ูˆุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุณุงุฉุŒ
12:39
they become extremely popular leaders,
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ูŠุตุจุญูˆู† ู‚ุงุฏุฉ ู„ู‡ู… ุดุนุจูŠุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉุŒ
12:41
and there's actually some self-interest involved in it.
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ูˆุชูˆุฌุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุตุงู„ุญ ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ.
12:44
They don't do it just for the group,
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ูู‡ู… ู„ุง ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุนุฉ ูุญุณุจุŒ
12:46
because it also stabilizes their position.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุนุฒุฒูˆู† ู…ู†ุตุจู‡ู….
12:49
The more popular a male becomes as alpha male
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ูุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุดุนุจูŠุฉ ูŠุตุจุญ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง
12:52
and the more the rest of them respects them and looks up to them,
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ูˆูƒู„ู…ุง ุงุฒุฏุงุฏ ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ูˆุงุญุชุฑุงู… ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุนุฉ ู„ู‡ู…ุŒ
12:56
the better their position is defended
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ูƒู„ู…ุง ุงุฒุฏุงุฏุช ุญุตุงู†ุฉ ู…ู†ุตุจู‡ู…
12:58
in case it's going to be challenged by somebody else,
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ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุชุนุฑุถ ู„ู„ุชู‡ุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุขุฎุฑุŒ
13:01
because then, of course, the whole group is going to support that male
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ูุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ุณุชู‡ุจ ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุนุฉ ุจุฃูƒู…ู„ู‡ุง ู„ุฏุนู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ
13:04
because they want to keep a leader who is good for them.
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ูู‡ู… ูŠูˆุฏูˆู† ุจู‚ุงุก ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆุฏ ุงู„ุฃูุถู„ ู„ู‡ู….
ุฅุฐุงูŽ ูุงู„ุฌู…ุงุนุฉ ุฏุงุนู… ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู„ู„ู‚ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู†ุงุฌุญูŠู†ุŒ
13:07
So the group is usually very supportive of males who are good leaders,
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13:10
and it's not supportive at all of bullies.
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ูˆู„ูŠุณุช ุฏุงุนู…ุฉ ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ุงู‹ ู„ู„ู…ุชู†ู…ุฑูŠู†.
13:13
And when bullies lose their position,
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุฎุณุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชู†ู…ุฑูˆู† ู…ู†ุงุตุจู‡ู…ุŒ
13:14
they may end up in a very bad situation there.
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ุณูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุจู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุทุงู ุจุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ุฒุฑูŠุฉ.
13:17
This is data actually on the consolation behavior.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุญูˆู„ ุณู„ูˆูƒ ุงู„ุนุฒุงุก.
13:20
This is data on consolation in chimpanzees,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุญูˆู„ ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ุงู„ุนุฒุงุก ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠุŒ
13:23
and you see for the medium- and low-ranking individuals,
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู† ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุฐูˆูŠ ุงู„ุชุตู†ูŠู ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุท ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฎูุถุŒ
13:26
the females do more of it than the males.
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ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุงุซ ูŠู‚ุฏู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุนุฒุงุก ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ.
13:28
This is basically the whole community.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ูƒูƒู„.
13:30
And this is true for all the mammal studies on empathy
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุตุญูŠุญ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุชุนุงุทู ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุซุฏูŠูŠุงุช
13:33
is that females have more of it than males.
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ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุงุซ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุนุงุทู ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ.
13:35
But look at the alpha male.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู†ุธุฑูˆุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง.
13:37
The alpha male does far more than anybody else.
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ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง ูŠู‚ุฏู… ุชุนุงุทูุงู‹ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุฃูŠ ูุฑุฏ ุขุฎุฑ.
13:40
And so that's the data on alpha males being the consoler in chief, basically.
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ูู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุชุจูŠู† ุฃู† ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุงู„ูุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุณูŠ ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃุณุงุณูŠ.
13:46
The last thing I want to say is something about alpha females.
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ูˆุขุฎุฑ ู…ุง ุฃูˆุฏ ุฐูƒุฑู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุจุฎุตูˆุต ุงู†ุงุซ ุงู„ูุง.
13:50
This is a picture of Mama, the alpha female in the Arnhem zoo
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ (ู…ุงู…ุง) ุฃู†ุซู‰ ุงู„ูุง ููŠ ุญุฏูŠู‚ุฉ ุขุฑู†ูŠู‡ู… ู„ู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช
13:53
where I used to work,
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ุญูŠุซ ูƒู†ุช ุฃุนู…ู„ุŒ
13:54
who is now all over the internet,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุขู† ุชุดุบู„ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุชุŒ
13:56
I think a hundred million clicks at the moment,
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ู…ุฆุฉ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑุงุช ุญุชู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ
13:58
for a video of her dying at the age of 59,
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ู„ุฑุคูŠุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ุงุญุชุถุงุฑู‡ุง ูˆู‡ูŠ ุจุนู…ุฑ 59.
14:01
which happened last year.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ.
14:02
And Mama was an absolute centrum of the group.
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(ู…ุงู…ุง) ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ู„ู„ุฌู…ุงุนุฉ.
14:05
So she was not physically capable of dominating the males.
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ูู‡ูŠ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌุณุฏูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุณูŠุทุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ.
14:10
She ranked below the males, but she was the center of the community,
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ูุชุตู†ูŠูู‡ุง ูŠุฃุชูŠ ุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูู‡ูŠ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุŒ
14:14
and if there was big trouble in the community,
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ูˆููŠ ุญุงู„ ู†ุดูˆุจ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุนุฉุŒ
14:16
everyone would end up in the arms of Mama.
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ุณูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุทุงู ุจุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ุจูŠู† ุฐุฑุงุนูŠ (ู…ุงู…ุง).
14:18
And so she was a very important figure.
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุนู†ุตุฑุงู‹ ูุนุงู„ุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
14:20
And so I don't want to minimize the position of alpha females
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ูˆู„ู‡ุฐุง ู„ุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ุดุฃู† ู…ู†ุตุจ ุฅู†ุงุซ ุงู„ุงู„ูุง
14:24
in the chimpanzee group.
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ููŠ ุฌู…ุงุนุงุช ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ.
14:25
And then we have a species that is equally close to us
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุณู†ุฌุฏ ุฃู†ูˆุงุนุงู‹ ุชุชุดุงุจู‡ ู…ุนู†ุง
14:28
as the chimpanzee, the bonobo.
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ูƒุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ ูˆุงู„ุจูˆู†ูˆุจูˆ.
14:30
We often forget about the bonobo, but the bonobos have a matriarchal society
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ุบุงู„ุจุง ู…ุง ู†ู†ุณู‰ ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุจูˆู†ูˆุจูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุจูˆู†ูˆุจูˆ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุฃู…ูˆู…ูŠ
14:35
and the alpha individual is a female, generally.
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ูˆูุฑุฏ ุงู„ุงู„ูุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ุซู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ูˆู….
14:39
Generally, it's a female who is at the top of the community,
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ุนู…ูˆู…ุง ูุฅู† ุงู„ุฃู†ุซู‰ ุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุฑุฃุณ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุŒ
14:42
and we know much less about how this is done
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ูˆู†ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ูู‚ุท ุนู† ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุญุฏูˆุซ ุฐู„ูƒ
14:44
and how they get to that position, and what they do with it,
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ูˆูƒูŠู ูŠุตู„ูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†ุฉ ูˆู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูุนู„ูˆู†ู‡ ุจู‡ุงุŒ
14:47
because we know much less about bonobos in general.
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู… ู†ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ูู‚ุท ุนู† ุงู„ุจูˆู†ูˆุจูˆ.
14:50
But I do want to emphasize
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุคูƒุฏ
14:51
that the alpha in a group doesn't need to be a male,
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ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุงู„ูุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุนุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ุฐูƒุฑุงู‹ ุจุงู„ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉุŒ
14:55
and that actually in one of our close relatives, it is a female.
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ูู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ุซู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ููŠ ุฃุญุฏ ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ู„ู†ุง.
14:59
So the message I want to leave you with
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ูุงู„ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุชุฑูƒู‡ุง ู„ุฏูŠูƒู…
15:01
is that if you are looking at men in our society
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ุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ููŠ ู…ุฌุชู…ุนู†ุง
15:07
who are the boss of, let's say,
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ูู„ู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุŒ
15:09
a family or a business or Washington or whatever,
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ู‚ุงุฏุฉ ุฃุณุฑุฉ ุฃูˆ ุนู…ู„ ุฃูˆ ูˆุงุดู†ุทู† ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠุงู‹ ูŠูƒู†.
15:12
you call them alpha male,
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ูุฅู†ู†ุง ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ู… ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุงู„ูุงุŒ
15:15
you should not insult chimpanzees
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ูˆุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู„ุง ู†ู‡ูŠู† ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠ
15:17
by using the wrong label.
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ุจุฅุทู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ุชุณู…ูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุบู„ูˆุทุฉ.
15:19
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
15:20
You should not call a bully an alpha male.
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ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู„ุง ู†ุทู„ู‚ ุชุนุจูŠุฑ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุชู†ู…ุฑ.
15:23
Someone who is big and strong and intimidates and insults everyone
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ุฅู† ุดุฎุตุงู‹ ุถุฎู…ุงู‹ ูˆู‚ูˆูŠุงู‹ ูŠู†ุดุฑ ุงู„ุฑุนุจ ูˆูŠุญุชู‚ุฑ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน
15:27
is not necessarily an alpha male.
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ู„ูŠุณ ุจุงู„ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง.
15:29
An alpha male has all sorts of qualities,
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ุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูุง ูŠุญูˆุฒ ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุตูุงุชุŒ
15:31
and I have seen bully alpha males in chimpanzees,
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ูƒู…ุง ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุฑุฃูŠุช ุฐูƒูˆุฑ ุงู„ูุง ู…ุชู†ู…ุฑูŠู† ููŠ ุฌู…ุงุนุงุช ุงู„ุดู…ุจุงู†ุฒูŠุŒ
15:34
they do occur,
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ุฃุฑุงู‡ู… ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุงุŒ
15:35
but most of the ones that we have
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง
15:38
have leadership capacities
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู‚ุฏุฑุงุช ู‚ูŠุงุฏูŠุฉ
15:40
and are integrated in their community,
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ูˆู…ู†ุฏู…ุฌูˆู† ู…ุน ู…ุฌุชู…ุนู‡ู…ุŒ
15:42
and, like Amos at the end,
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ูˆู…ุซู„ (ุขู…ูˆุณ) ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉุŒ
15:44
they are loved and respected,
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ู…ุญุจูˆุจูˆู† ูˆู…ุญุชุฑู…ูˆู†ุŒ
15:45
and so it's a very different situation than you may think.
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ูู‡ูŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู…ุง ุชุชุนุชู‚ุฏ.
15:48
And I thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ู„ูƒู…
15:50
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7