The simple genius of a good graphic | Tommy McCall

166,113 views ・ 2018-10-15

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Aleksandar Bošnjak
00:12
I love infographics.
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Volim infografike.
00:14
As an information designer,
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Kao informacioni dizajner,
00:16
I've worked with all sorts of data over the past 25 years.
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radio sam sa najrazličitijim podacima tokom proteklih 25 godina.
00:19
I have a few insights to share, but first: a little history.
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Imam nekoliko uvida koje ću podeliti, ali najpre malo istorije.
00:24
Communication is the encoding, transmission and decoding of information.
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Komunikacija je kodiranje, prenos i dekodiranje informacija.
00:30
Breakthroughs in communication mark turning points in human culture.
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Prodori u komunikaciji označavaju prekretnice u ljudskoj kulturi.
00:35
Oracy, literacy and numeracy were great developments in communication.
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Govorno izražavanje, pismenost i računanje bili su veliki pomaci u komunikaciji.
00:40
They allow us to encode ideas into words
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Omogućavaju nam da pretvorimo ideje u reči
00:42
and quantities into numbers.
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i količine u brojeve.
00:45
Without communication, we'd still be stuck in the Stone Ages.
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Bez komunikacije još bismo bili zaglavljeni u kamenom dobu.
00:49
Although humans have been around for a quarter million years,
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Iako su ljudi prisutni u svetu četvrt miliona godina,
00:52
it was only 8,000 years ago that proto-writings began to surface.
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tek pre oko 8 000 godina su počeli da se pojavljuju prvi oblici pisanja.
00:56
Nearly 3,000 years later, the first proper writing systems took shape.
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Skoro 3 000 godina kasnije uobličeni su prvi pravi sistemi pisanja.
01:03
Maps have been around for millennia and diagrams for hundreds of years,
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Mape postoje čitav milenijum, a dijagrami stotinama godina,
01:08
but representing quantities through graphics
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ali predstavljanje količina preko grafikona
01:11
is a relatively new development.
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je relativno novo otkriće.
01:13
It wasn't until 1786 that William Playfair invented the first bar chart,
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Tek 1786. godine Vilijam Plejfer izumeo je prvi stupčani grafikon,
01:18
giving birth to visual display of quantitative information.
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čime je doneo na svet vizuelni prikaz kvantitativnih informacija.
01:22
Fifteen years later, he introduced the first pie and area charts.
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Petnaest godina kasnije je predstavio prve kružne i površinske grafikone.
01:27
His inventions are still the most commonly used chart forms today.
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Njegovi izumi su i dan-danas najčešće korišćene vrste grafikona.
01:32
Florence Nightingale invented the coxcomb in 1857
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Florens Najtingejl je izumela polarni dijagram 1857. godine
01:36
for a presentation to Queen Victoria on troop mortality.
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za prezentaciju kraljici Viktoriji na temu mortaliteta u vojsci.
01:40
Highlighted in blue,
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Istaknuto plavom bojom,
01:41
she showed how most troops' deaths could have been prevented.
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pokazala je kako se većina smrtnih slučajeva u vojsci mogla izbeći.
01:47
Shortly after, Charles Minard charted Napoleon's march on Moscow,
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Ubrzo nakon toga, Šarl Minard je napravio grafikon Napoleonovog marša na Moskvu,
01:52
illustrating how an army of 422,000 dwindled to just 10,000
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čime je ilustrovao kako se vojska od 422 000 ljudi smanjila na svega 10 000
01:57
as battles, geography and freezing temperatures took their toll.
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kako su bitke, geografija i niske temperature uzimale danak.
02:01
He combined a Sankey diagram with cartography
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Spojio je Sankijev dijagram sa kartografijom
02:05
and a line chart for temperature.
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i linijskim grafikonom za temperaturu.
02:09
I get excited when I get lots of data to play with,
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Uzbudim se kada dobijem mnogo podataka za igranje,
02:11
especially when it yields an interesting chart form.
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naročito kada daju zanimljiv oblik grafikona.
02:17
Here, Nightingale's coxcomb was the inspiration
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Ovde je Najtingejlin polarni dijagram poslužio kao inspiracija
za organizaciju podataka o hiljadama federalnih subvencija za energiju,
02:21
to organize data on thousands of federal energy subsidies,
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02:24
scrutinizing the lack of investment in renewables over fossil fuels.
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preispitujući nedostatke ulaganja u obnovljiva u odnosu na fosilna goriva.
02:30
This Sankey diagram illustrates the flow of energy through the US economy,
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Sankijev dijagram ilustruje protok energije kroz ekonomiju SAD-a,
02:34
emphasizing how nearly half of the energy used is lost as waste heat.
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naglašavajući kako je gotovo polovina iskorišćene energije protraćena toplota.
02:42
I love it when data can be sculpted into beautiful shapes.
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Volim kada se podaci mogu oblikovati u lepe oblike.
02:45
Here, the personal and professional connections of the women of Silicon Valley
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Ovde se od ličnih i profesionalnih veza žena u Silicijumskoj dolini
02:50
can be woven into arcs,
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mogu istkati lukovi,
02:54
same as the collaboration of inventors birthing patents across the globe
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isto kao što se saradnja pronalazača koji su proizveli patente širom sveta
02:58
can be mapped.
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može predstaviti kao mapa.
03:01
I've even made charts for me.
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Čak sam napravio i grafikone za sebe.
03:03
I'm a numbers person, so I rarely win at Scrabble.
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Ja se bolje snalazim sa brojevima, pa retko pobeđujem u „Skreblu“.
03:06
I made this diagram to remember all the two- and three-letter words
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Napravio sam dijagram da bih se setio svih reči od dva ili tri slova
03:09
in the official Scrabble dictionary.
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u zvaničnom „Skreblovom“ rečniku.
03:11
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:12
Knowing these 1,168 words certainly is a game changer.
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Poznavanje ovih 1 168 reči zasigurno značajno menja situaciju.
03:15
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:16
Sometimes I produce code to quickly generate graphics
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Ponekad napravim kôd da bih brzo proizveo grafike
03:20
from thousands of data points.
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iz hiljada podataka.
03:23
Coding also enables me to produce interactive graphics.
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Kodiranje mi takođe omogućava da proizvedem interaktivne grafike.
03:26
Now we can navigate information on our own terms.
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Sada možemo da se krećemo kroz informacije prema sopstvenom nahođenju.
Svakako da egzotični oblici grafikona izgledaju kul,
03:32
Exotic chart forms certainly look cool,
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03:34
but something as simple as a little dot may be all you need
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ali ponekad je nešto tako prosto poput tačkice sve što vam treba
03:37
to solve a particular thinking task.
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da biste rešili određeni misaoni zadatak.
03:41
In 2006, the "New York Times" redesigned their "Markets" section,
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Godine 2006. „Njujork Tajms“ promenio je dizajn svog odeljka o tržištima,
03:45
cutting it down from eight pages of stock listings
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tako što ga je skratio sa osam stranica spiskova akcija
03:48
to just one and a half pages of essential market data.
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na samo jednu i po stranicu osnovnih tržišnih podataka.
03:52
We listed performance metrics for the most common stocks,
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Naveli smo pokazatelje učinka za najčešće deonice,
03:55
but I wanted to help investors see how the stocks are doing.
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ali želeo sam da pomognem ulagačima da vide kako akcije napreduju.
03:59
So I added a simple little dot
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Zato sam dodao jednostavnu tačkicu,
04:01
to show the current price relative to its one-year range.
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da bih prikazao trenutnu cenu u odnosu na njen opseg u toku jedne godine.
04:06
At a glance, value investors can pick out stocks trading near their lows
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Ulagači usmereni na vrednost mogu na prvi pogled da odaberu akcije
koje se prodaju po nižoj ceni tako što će tražiti tačke levo.
04:10
by looking for dots to the left.
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04:12
Momentum investors can find stocks on an upward trajectory
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Ulagači usmereni na kontinuirani rast mogu pronaći akcije sa uzlaznom putanjom
04:16
via dots to the right.
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pomoću tačkica na desnoj strani.
04:18
Shortly after, the "Wall Street Journal" copied the design.
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Ubrzo potom, „Vol Strit žurnal“ kopirao je ovaj dizajn.
04:21
Simplicity is often the goal for most graphics,
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Jednostavnost je često cilj za većinu grafikona,
04:24
but sometimes we need to embrace complexity
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ali ponekad moramo da pribegnemo složenosti
04:27
and show large data sets in their full glory.
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i pokažemo velike skupove podataka u njihovom punom sjaju.
04:32
Alec Gallup, the former chairman of the Gallup Organization,
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Alek Galup, bivši predsednik organizacije Galup,
04:36
once handed me a very thick book.
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jednom mi je dao veoma obimnu knjigu.
04:38
It was his family's legacy:
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Bila je to zaostavština njegove porodice,
04:39
hundreds of pages covering six decades of presidential approval data.
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stotine strana koje pokrivaju šest dekada podataka o rejtingu predsednika.
04:44
I told him the entire book could be graphed on a single page.
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Rekao sam mu da se čitava knjiga može predstaviti grafikonom na jednoj strani.
04:47
"Impossible," he said.
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„Nemoguće“, rekao je.
04:50
And here it is:
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I evo,
04:52
25,000 data points on a single page.
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25 000 podataka na jednoj strani.
04:55
At a glance, one sees that most presidents start with a high approval rating,
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Na prvi pogled se može videti da većina predsednika počinje visokim rejtingom,
04:58
but few keep it.
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ali samo nekolicina ga zadrži.
05:00
Events like wars initially boost approval;
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Događaji poput ratova u početku poboljšaju rejting,
05:02
scandals trigger declines.
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a skandali podstiču pogoršanje.
05:05
These major events were annotated in the graphic but not in the book.
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Ovi značajni događaji su zabeleženi na grafikonu, ali ne i u knjizi.
05:09
The point is, graphics can transmit data with incredible efficiency.
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Poenta je da grafikoni mogu prenositi podatke uz neverovatnu efikasnost.
05:16
Graphicacy --
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Grafičnost -
05:17
the ability to read and write graphics --
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sposobnost čitanja i pisanja grafikona -
05:19
is still in its infancy.
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još je u svom začetku.
05:21
New chart forms will emerge and specialized dialects will evolve.
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Novi oblici grafikona će se pojaviti i razviće se specijalizovani dijalekti.
05:25
Graphics that help us think faster
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Grafikoni koji nam pomažu da brže razmišljamo
05:27
or see a book's worth of information on a single page
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ili da vidimo informacije čitave knjige na jednoj jedinoj strani
05:30
are the key to unlocking new discoveries.
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predstavljaju ključ novih otkrića.
05:35
Our visual cortex was built to decode complex information
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Naš vizuelni korteks je stvoren da dešifruje složene informacije
05:38
and is a master at pattern recognition.
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i majstor je u prepozavanju šablona.
05:41
Graphicacy enables us to harness our built-in GPU
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Grafičnost nam omogućava da iskoristimo svoj urođeni grafički procesor
05:44
to process mountains of data
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kako bismo obradili gomile podataka
05:46
and find the veins of gold hiding within.
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i u njima našli skriveno blago.
05:49
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
05:50
(Applause and cheers)
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(Aplauz i klicanje)
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