How technology changes our sense of right and wrong | Juan Enriquez

Translator: Hui Bin Go

Dalam era polarisasi yang esktrem ini,

adalah sangat bahaya untuk bincang tentang betul dan salah.

Anda akan disasari, dihakimi atas apa yang anda cakap 10 tahun,10 bulan

In an era of extreme polarization,

it's really dangerous to talk about right and wrong.

10 jam malah 10 saat yang lalu.

Mereka yang rasa anda salah mungkin

You can be targeted, judged for something you said 10 years ago, 10 months ago,

akan bakar anda di pancang

atau mereka yang menyebelahi anda

10 hours ago, 10 seconds ago.

berpendapat anda tidak cukup ortodoks

juga akan cuba bantah anda.

And that means that those who think you're wrong

Semasa anda fikir akan betul dan salah, saya nak anda timbangkan tiga idea.

may burn you at the stake

or those who are on your side

Bagaimana jika betul dan salah akan berubah mengikut peredaran zaman.

that think you're not sufficiently orthodox

may try and cancel you.

As you're thinking about right and wrong, I want you to consider three ideas.

Bagaimana jika betul dan salah bertukar mengikut kemajuan teknologi.

What if right and wrong is something that changes over time.

Bagaimana jika teknologi bergerak secara eksponen?

Jadi semasa anda fikirkan konsep ini,

What if right and wrong is something that can change because of technology.

pada masa dulu, korban manusia ialah perkara biasa.

What if technology is moving exponentially?

Ini satu cara menggembirakan tuhan.

Jika tidak, langit tak akan hujan,

So as you're thinking about this concept,

matahari tak akan menyinar.

remember human sacrifice used to be normal and natural.

Hukum pancung awam.

Duhulunya satu perkara yang biasa dan sah.

It was a way of appeasing the gods.

Otherwise the rain wouldn't come,

Kamu akan bawa anak-anak pergi melihat pancung kepala di jalan besar Paris.

the sun wouldn't shine.

Public executions.

Satu kesalahan yang terbesar, perhambaan,

They were common, normal, legal.

perhambaan berkontrak,

You used to take your kids to watch beheadings in the streets of Paris.

sesuatu yang telah diamalkan milenial tahun lamanya.

One of the greatest wrongs, slavery,

Ia diamalkan secara berleluasa di Inca, Maya, Negeri China,

indentured servitude,

that was something that was practiced for millennia.

orang asli di Utara dan Selatan Amerika.

It was practiced across the Incas, the Mayas, the Chinese,

Semasa anda fikirkan perkara ini,

cuba fikir, kenapa sesuatu yang begitu salah berlanjutan begitu lama?

the Indians in North and South America.

dan soalan kedua ialah: kenapa ia hilang?

And as you're thinking about this,

one question is why did something so wrong last for so long?

dan dari segi undang-undang, kenapa hilang dalam masa singkat?

Sudah tentu ini hasil usaha

And a second question is: why did it go away?

pejuang pemansuhan perhambaan yang mempertaruhkan nyawa mereka,

And why did it go away in a few short decades in legal terms?

terdapat juga perkara lain yang berlaku selain pejuang yang berani ini

Certainly there was a work

by extraordinary abolitionists who risked their lives,

Ambil kira revolusi tenaga dan industri.

but there may be something else happening alongside these brave abolitionists.

Satu tong minyak bersamaan tenaga kerja

lima ke 10 orang pekerja.

Consider energy and the industrial revolution.

Tambahan pula dengan mesin,

A single barrel of oil contains the energy equivalent

tiba-tiba anda mempunyai berjuta-juta tenaga pekerja

of the work of five to 10 people.

untuk kegunaan anda.

Add that to machines,

Anda tidak perlu lagi tindas orang lain dan mempunyai jangka hayat dua kali ganda

and suddenly you've got millions of people's equivalent labor

selepas jangka hayat rata ribuan tahun.

at your disposal.

You can quit oppressing people and have a doubling in lifespan

Ekonomi dunia yang tidak berubah semenjak beribu-ribu tahun,

tiba-tiba meletup.

after a flattened lifespan for millennia.

Dan anda mendapat kekayaan, bahan makanan dan benda lain

The world economy, which had been flat for millennia,

dari tenaga buruh yang lebih sedikit.

all of a sudden explodes.

And you get enormous amounts of wealth and food and other things

Teknologi menukar cara asas kita berinteraksi antara satu sama lain.

Teknologi baru seperti mesingan

produced by far fewer hands.

menukar sama sekali cara peperangan Perang Dua Pertama.

Technology changes the way we interact with each other in fundamental ways.

Ia menghalau orang masuk ke parit.

Samada anda dalam parit British, atau parit Jerman.

New technologies like the machine gun

completely changed the nature of warfare in World War I.

Kawasan selain ini adalah tiada kepunyaan.

Bila anda masuk kawasan ini,

It drove people into trenches.

anda ditembak. Dibunuh.

You were in the British trench, or you were in the German trench.

Anda cuba untuk tinggalkan parit ini menuju ke arah lain.

Anything in between was no man's land.

Maka pihak anda akan tembak anda

You entered no man's land.

kerana anda pembelot.

You were shot. You were killed.

Dalam dunia kini, sosial media yang berpandangan sempit ialah mesingan.

You tried to leave the trench in the other direction.

Then your own side would shoot you

Kita sedang saling menembak.

because you were a deserter.

Kita menembak mereka yang kita rasa salah

In a weird way, today's machine guns are narrowcast social media.

dengan pos, tweets, gambar, tuduhan dan komen.

We're shooting at each other.

Ini telah menghasilkan dua parit

We're shooting at those we think are wrong

with posts, with tweets, with photographs, with accusations, with comments.

di mana anda harus berada di parit ini atau parit yang lain.

Dan ia hampir tiada tempat tengah untuk mencapai persetujuan,

And what it's done is it's created these two trenches

untuk cuba mencari sesuatu perbincangan di antara betul dan salah.

where you have to be either in this trench or that trench.

And there's almost no middle ground to meet each other,

Apabila anda pandu di Amerika Syariakt, akan nampak papan tanda di padang rumput.

to try and find some sort of a discussion between right and wrong.

Ada yang tulis,“Nyawa Orang Hitam penting”

dan yang tulis,”Kami sokong polis.”

As you drive around the United States, you see signs on lawns.

Jarang nampak dua papan tanda ini di padang rumput yang sama.

Some say, "Black Lives Matter."

Tapi, jika kamu tanya seseorang,

Others say, "We support the police."

ramai mungkin akan sokong Nyawa Orang Hitam Penting

You very rarely see both signs on the same lawn.

dan mereka juga sokong pihak polis.

Jadi bila anda fikirkan masa polarisasi,

And yet if you ask people,

masa anda fikir betul dan salah,

most people would probably support Black Lives Matter

anda harus faham betul dan salah sentiasa berubah

and they would also support their police.

dan kini berubah secara eksponen.

So as you think of these polarized times,

Ambil isu perkahwinan gay.

as you think of right and wrong,

you have to understand that right and wrong changes

Pada 1996, dua per tiga populasi di AS menentang perkahwinan gay.

and is now changing in exponential ways.

Hari ini dua per tiga menyokong.

Take the issue of gay marriage.

Ini hampir 180 darjah anjakan pendapat.

In 1996, two-thirds of the US population was against gay marriage.

Sebahagian disebabkan oleh protes,

Today two-thirds is for.

disebabkan mereka keluar dari almari,

It's almost 180-degree shift in the opinion.

disebabkan oleh AIDS,

tapi sebahagian berkaitan dengan sosial media.

In part, this is because of protests,

Sebahagian besar berkaitan dengan orang dari luar rumah kita,

because people came out of the closet,

because of AIDS,

ruang tamu kita, menerusi televisyen, menerusi filem, menerusi pos,

but a great deal of it has to do with social media.

A great deal of it has to do with people out in our homes,

menerusi keadaan yang selesa,

kawan kita, jiran kita, keluarga kita,

in our living rooms, through television, through film, through posts,

yang berkata, ” Saya gay.”

Ini telah menukar pendapat mereka

through people being comfortable enough,

walaupun di kawasan yang sangat konservatif.

our friends, our neighbors, our family,

Ambil contoh Pope.

to say, "I'm gay."

Sebagai Cardinal pada tahun 2010,

And this has shifted opinion

beliau menentang keras perkahwinan gay.

even in some of the most conservative of places.

Beliau jadi Pope.

Tiga tahun selepas perkataan akhir

Take the Pope.

As Cardinal in 2010,

beliau kata”siapakah saya untuk menilai?”

he was completely against gay marriage.

Dan hari ini, beliau bersetuju dangan Kesatuan Awam.

He becomes Pope.

And three years after the last sentence

Semasa anda fikir teknologi menyebabkan pertukaran etika,

he comes out with "Who am I to judge?"

anda harus fikir yang teknologi berkembang secara ekponen.

And then today, he's in favor of civil unions.

Betul dan salah bertukar-tukar,

As you're thinking about technology changing ethics,

Jika berpendapat,” Saya tahu yang betul.

you also have to consider that technology is now moving exponentially.

Jika anda langsung tak setuju dengan saya, atau sebahagian tak setuju,

As right and wrong changes,

jika anda berdalih dengan saya, maka anda salah.”

if you take the position, "I know right.

tiada perbincangan,

tiada toleransi, tiada evolusi, dan pastinya tiada pembelajaran.

And if you completely disagree with me, if you partially disagree with me,

Kebanyakan kita masih belum vegetarian.

if you even quibble with me, then you're wrong,"

then there's no discussion,

Sekali lagi, kita tiada

daging alternatif yang lebih cepat, lebih baik dan lebih murah.

no tolerance, no evolution, and certainly no learning.

Most of us are not vegetarians yet.

Tetapi sekarang kita dapat daging sintetik,

Then again, we haven't had

harganya turun dari USD380,000 pada tahun 2013

a whole lot of faster, better, cheaper alternatives to meat.

ke harga USD9 hari ini.

But now that we're getting synthetic meats,

ramai orang

as the price drops from 380,000 dollars in 2013

akan mula jadi vegetarian atau separuh vegetarian.

to 9 dollars today,

JIka difikir semula, gambaran

a great big chunk of people

berjalan ke dalam restoran yang terindah dan termahal di bandar

are going to start becoming vegetarian or quasi-vegetarian.

dan berjalan melepasi rak stik daging

And then in retrospect, these pictures

akan kelihatan sangat berbeza pada 10, 20 dan 30 tahun akan datang.

of walking into the fanciest, most expensive restaurants in town

and walking past racks of bloody steaks

Dalam era polarisasi ini,

saya nak membangkitkan semula dua ayat yang jarang didengar:

is going to look very different in 10 years, in 20 years and 30 years.

rendah diri dan kemaafan.

In these polarized times,

Jika anda nak mengkritik masa silam, nenek moyang anda

I'd like to revive two words you rarely hear today:

lakukan dengan penuh rendah diri,

humility and forgiveness.

kerana jika anda dididik pada masa itu,

When you judge the past, your ancestors, your forefathers,

jika anda hidup pada zaman itu,

anda mungkin akan lakukan perkara salah.

do so with a little bit more humility,

Bukan kerana ia adalah betul.

because perhaps if you'd been educated in that time,

Bukan kerana kita tak nampak ia salah pada hari ini,

if you'd lived in that time,

tetapi hanya kerana tanggapan kita,

you would've done a lot of things wrong.

pemahaman kita tentang betul dan salah berubah mengikut edaran masa.

Not because they're right.

Not because we don't see they're wrong today,

Kata kedua, kemaafan.

but simply because our notions,

Kemaafan adalah sangat penting pada masa kini.

our understanding of right and wrong change across time.

Anda tidak boleh batalkan seseorang kerana cakap sesuatu yang salah,

The second word, forgiveness.

kerana melakukan sesuatu 10 tahun dahulu,

Forgiveness is incredibly important these days.

kerana menyinggung perasaan anda dan tidak betul dengan sepenuhnya.

You cannot cancel somebody for saying the wrong word,

Untuk membina satu komuniti, anda harus membinanya dan bercakap

for having done something 10 years ago,

dan belajar dari orang lain.

for having triggered you and not being a hundred percent right.

yang mempunyai pendapat yang berbeza dari anda.

To build a community, you have to build it and talk to people

Anda harus memberi mereka satu ruang

bukannya mewujudkan ruang tiada empunya.

and learn from people

who may have very different points of view from yours.

Satu jalan tengah, satu ciptaan dan satu ruang empati.

You have to allow them a space

Inilah masanya untuk membina komuniti.

instead of creating a no man's land.

Ini bukannya masa untuk terus memecah-belahkan negara.

A middle ground, a ??? and a space of empathy.

Ribuan terima kasih.

This is a time to build community.

This is not a time to continue ripping nations apart.

Thank you very much.