Juan Enriquez: Will our kids be a different species?

202,841 views ใƒป 2012-06-04

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: K Bang ๊ฒ€ํ† : HeeJee Yun
00:15
All right. So, like all good stories,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
00:17
this starts a long, long time ago
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์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋„ ์•„์ฃผ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
when there was basically nothing.
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์„ธ์ƒ์— ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋•Œ์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:21
So here is a complete picture of the universe
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
about 14-odd billion years ago.
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๋Œ€๋žต 140์–ต๋…„ ์ „์ด์ฃ .
00:27
All energy is concentrated into a single point of energy.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํ•œ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
For some reason it explodes,
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ด์œ ์—์„œ์ธ์ง€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํญ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ ,
00:32
and you begin to get these things.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
So you're now about 14 billion years into this.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์•ฝ 140์–ต๋…„ ์ „์˜ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
And these things expand and expand and expand
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์† ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•ด์„œ,
00:39
into these giant galaxies,
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์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์€ํ•˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ ,
00:40
and you get trillions of them.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ช‡ ์กฐ ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
And within these galaxies
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์€ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ์•ˆ์—๋Š”
00:44
you get these enormous dust clouds.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋จผ์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
And I want you to pay particular attention
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์žˆ๋Š”
00:48
to the three little prongs
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์„ธ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜์—
00:49
in the center of this picture.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
If you take a close-up of those,
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ํด๋กœ์ฆˆ์—…์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด,
00:52
they look like this.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
And what you're looking at is columns of dust
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋จผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋Š”
00:57
where there's so much dust --
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๋จผ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
by the way, the scale of this is a trillion vertical miles --
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์•„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋žต 1์กฐ 6์ฒœ์–ต ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •๋„ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
01:03
and what's happening is there's so much dust,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฌด์Šจ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋ƒ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋จผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์•„์„œ
01:06
it comes together and it fuses
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๋จผ์ง€๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์ด๊ณ  ์œตํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ
01:08
and ignites a thermonuclear reaction.
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์—ดํ•ต๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
And so what you're watching
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:13
is the birth of stars.
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๋ณ„์ด ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
These are stars being born out of here.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํƒ„์ƒํ•ด์˜จ ๋ณ„๋“ค์ด๊ณ 
01:16
When enough stars come out,
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์–ผ๋งˆ์ •๋„ ๋ณ„๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด,
01:19
they create a galaxy.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
This one happens to be a particularly important galaxy,
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์ด๊ฑด ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์ธ๋ฐ์š”
01:24
because you are here.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์‚ด๊ณ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:26
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:27
And as you take a close-up of this galaxy,
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์ด ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํด๋กœ์ฆˆ์—…ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด,
01:29
you find a relatively normal,
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๋น„๊ต์  ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:31
not particularly interesting star.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์›Œ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ณ„์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
By the way, you're now about two-thirds of the way into this story.
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์•„, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ 2/3์— ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ค ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
So this star doesn't even appear
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์ด ๋ณ„์€ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ 2/3๊ฐ€
01:40
until about two-thirds of the way into this story.
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์ง€๋‚ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
And then what happens
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด์ œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋ƒ ํ•˜๋ฉด,
01:44
is there's enough dust left over
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ๋จผ์ง€๋Š”
01:45
that it doesn't ignite into a star,
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๋ณ„์ด ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ,
01:47
it becomes a planet.
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๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
And this is about a little over four billion years ago.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋Œ€๋žต 40์–ต๋…„ ์ „์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
And soon thereafter
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ
01:55
there's enough material left over
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋‚จ์•„์„œ
01:57
that you get a primordial soup,
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์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
02:02
and that creates life.
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ํƒœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
And life starts to expand and expand and expand,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š” ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์ปค์ ธ์„œ,
02:07
until it goes kaput.
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๋ฉธ์ข…๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:13
Now the really strange thing
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ •๋ง ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์ ์€,
02:14
is life goes kaput, not once, not twice,
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฉธ์ข…๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๋‘๋ฒˆ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ,
02:17
but five times.
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5๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
So almost all life on Earth
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š”
02:21
is wiped out about five times.
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5๋ฒˆ ์ •๋„ ๊นจ๋—์ด ๋ฉธ์ข…๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
And as you're thinking about that,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
02:25
what happens is you get more and more complexity,
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์‹ค์ œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๋”์šฑ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ ธ์„œ
02:28
more and more stuff
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
02:29
to build new things with.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
And we don't appear
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜
02:34
until about 99.96 percent of the time into this story,
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99.96%๊ฐ€ ๋ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
just to put ourselves and our ancestors in perspective.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ ...
02:44
So within that context, there's two theories of the case
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์•ˆ์—, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ์ด๊ณณ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
02:47
as to why we're all here.
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2๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
The first theory of the case
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š”,
02:51
is that's all she wrote.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์จ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ถ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
Under that theory,
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์ด ์ด๋ก ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด,
02:55
we are the be-all and end-all
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด ์ค‘
02:57
of all creation.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
And the reason for trillions of galaxies,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ช‡ ์กฐ๊ฐœ์˜ ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„์™€
03:02
sextillions of planets,
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1000์˜ 12์ œ๊ณฑ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘,
03:04
is to create something that looks like that
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์ €๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
and something that looks like that.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธด๊ฒƒ๋„์š”.
03:12
And that's the purpose of the universe;
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
and then it flat-lines,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ๋Š” ๋์ด ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
it doesn't get any better.
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๋”ฑํžˆ ๋” ์ข‹์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
03:16
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:21
The only question you might want to ask yourself is,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€,
03:24
could that be just mildly arrogant?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฑด๋ฐฉ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€๊ฐ€์š”?
03:29
And if it is --
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:31
and particularly given the fact that we came very close to extinction.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค...
03:36
There were only about 2,000 of our species left.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—” 2000์ข…์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋งŒ ๋‚จ์•˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:39
A few more weeks without rain,
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๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ๋งŒ ๋” ์•ˆ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:41
we would have never seen any of these.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ( ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ, ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ ,์•ค๋”์Šจ, ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€, ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ)
03:44
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:51
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
03:56
So maybe you have to think about a second theory
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์ฉ ํƒํƒ์น˜ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:59
if the first one isn't good enough.
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์•„๋งˆ 2๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
Second theory is: Could we upgrade?
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด๋ก ์€ : ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ๊ฐ€?
04:03
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:06
Well, why would one ask a question like that?
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์Œ, ์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:10
Because there have been at least 29 upgrades so far
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์–ด๋„ 29๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜
04:12
of humanoids.
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์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
So it turns out that we have upgraded.
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
We've upgraded time and again and again.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ
04:19
And it turns out that we keep discovering upgrades.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
We found this one last year.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž‘๋…„์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
We found another one last month.
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๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋‹ฌ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
04:27
And as you're thinking about this,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:29
you might also ask the question:
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
So why a single human species?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์™œ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋งŒ?
04:34
Wouldn't it be really odd
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด, ์•„์‹œ์•„, ๋‚จ๊ทน์— ๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ
04:36
if you went to Africa and Asia and Antarctica
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:40
and found exactly the same bird --
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์ •๋ง ์ด์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:42
particularly given that we co-existed at the same time
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ํŠนํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์–ด๋„ 8๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ข…๋“ค๊ณผ
04:46
with at least eight other versions of humanoid
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๋™์‹œ์— ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์—์„œ ๊ณต์กดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ 
04:49
at the same time on this planet?
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:51
So the normal state of affairs
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ๋ผ๋ฉด
04:53
is not to have just a Homo sapiens;
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์‚ฌํ”ผ์–ธ์Šค๋งŒ์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
the normal state of affairs
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์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์€
04:57
is to have various versions of humans walking around.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
And if that is the normal state of affairs,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
05:03
then you might ask yourself,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:06
all right, so if we want to create something else,
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์ข‹์•„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:08
how big does a mutation have to be?
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ํ˜•์งˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”์„ ๊ฒช์–ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ?
05:11
Well Svante Paabo has the answer.
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์Šค๋ฐ˜ํ‹ฐ ํŒŒ๋ณด(Svante Paabo)๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
The difference between humans and Neanderthal
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ์ธ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š”
05:16
is 0.004 percent of gene code.
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0.004 ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ฝ”๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
That's how big the difference is
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•œ ์ข…๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข… ์‚ฌ์ด์˜
05:21
one species to another.
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์ฐจ์ด์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
This explains most contemporary political debates.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ์ •์น˜์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:30
But as you're thinking about this,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด,
05:33
one of the interesting things
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ ์€
05:34
is how small these mutations are and where they take place.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜•์งˆ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ•˜์ฐฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์™€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋””์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
Difference human/Neanderthal
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์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ์ธ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š”
05:39
is sperm and testis,
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์ •์ž์™€ ๊ณ ํ™˜,
05:41
smell and skin.
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๋ƒ„์ƒˆ์™€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
And those are the specific genes
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
05:44
that differ from one to the other.
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
So very small changes can have a big impact.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
And as you're thinking about this,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์—๋„
05:51
we're continuing to mutate.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
So about 10,000 years ago by the Black Sea,
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๋Œ€๋žต 10,000๋…„ ์ „์— ํ‘ํ•ด ๋ถ€๊ทผ์—์„œ
05:56
we had one mutation in one gene
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:58
which led to blue eyes.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํŒŒ๋ž€ ๋ˆˆ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
And this is continuing and continuing and continuing.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
And as it continues,
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๊ณ„์†๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
06:06
one of the things that's going to happen this year
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์˜ฌ ํ•ด์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
06:08
is we're going to discover the first 10,000 human genomes,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒซ 10,000๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
because it's gotten cheap enough to do the gene sequencing.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ ์ „์ž์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด๋ถ„์„์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
And when we find these,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ฉด
06:16
we may find differences.
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์ฐจ์ด์  ์—ญ์‹œ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
And by the way, this is not a debate that we're ready for,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค€๋น„๋œ ํ† ๋ก ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
because we have really misused the science in this.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์ •๋ง ์ž˜๋ชป ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
In the 1920s, we thought there were major differences between people.
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1920๋…„๋Œ€์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
That was partly based on Francis Galton's work.
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๊ทธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”„๋žœ์‹œ์Šค ๊ณจํŠผ(Francis Galton)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
He was Darwin's cousin.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์œˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
But the U.S., the Carnegie Institute,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ์นด๋„ค๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ,
06:37
Stanford, American Neurological Association
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์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผํ•™ํšŒ๋Š”
06:40
took this really far.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
That got exported and was really misused.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜๋ชป ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
In fact, it led to some absolutely horrendous
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ฐธํ˜นํ•œ
06:48
treatment of human beings.
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์ธ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์šฐ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
So since the 1940s, we've been saying there are no differences,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 1940๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ 
06:52
we're all identical.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
We're going to know at year end if that is true.
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์—ฐ๋ง์ฏค์— ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
And as we think about that,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ๋•Œ
06:59
we're actually beginning to find things
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ '์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์•ˆ์ง€์˜คํ…์‹  ์ „ํ™˜ํšจ์†Œ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž (ACE ์œ ์ „์ž)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€'์™€
07:00
like, do you have an ACE gene?
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๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
Why would that matter?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒ๊ด€์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:06
Because nobody's ever climbed an 8,000-meter peak without oxygen
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ์ง€์˜คํ…์‹  ์ „ํ™˜ํšจ์†Œ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„
07:10
that doesn't have an ACE gene.
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8000 ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ฌด์‚ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
And if you want to get more specific,
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์ข€ ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
07:14
how about a 577R genotype?
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577R ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•์€ ์–ด๋–ค๊ฐ€์š”?
07:17
Well it turns out that every male Olympic power athelete ever tested
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚จ์ž ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ทผ๋ ฅ ์šด๋™ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€
07:22
carries at least one of these variants.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€์ข…๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ ์–ด๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
If that is true,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
07:27
it leads to some very complicated questions
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค๋กœ
07:29
for the London Olympics.
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์ด์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
Three options:
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์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ต์…˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
Do you want the Olympics to be a showcase
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์ด ์ •๋ง ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋“ค์ด
07:35
for really hardworking mutants?
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์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:38
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:40
Option number two:
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ต์…˜์œผ๋กœ๋Š”:
07:42
Why don't we play it like golf or sailing?
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๊ณจํ”„๋‚˜ ์š”ํŠธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:46
Because you have one and you don't have one,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
07:48
I'll give you a tenth of a second head start.
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0.1์ดˆ ๋จผ์ € ์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ์„ ๋‚˜์„œ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
Version number three:
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
Because this is a naturally occurring gene
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
07:55
and you've got it and you didn't pick the right parents,
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
you get the right to upgrade.
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๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๋  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
Three different options.
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์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:04
If these differences are the difference
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋“ค์ด
08:06
between an Olympic medal and a non-Olympic medal.
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์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
08:09
And it turns out that as we discover these things,
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋“ค์„ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
08:12
we human beings really like to change
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์™ธ๋ชจ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹,
08:15
how we look, how we act,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชธ์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ
08:17
what our bodies do.
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๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
And we had about 10.2 million plastic surgeries in the United States,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์•ฝ 1์ฒœ2์‹ญ๋งŒ๊ฑด์˜ ์„ฑํ˜•์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
08:23
except that with the technologies that are coming online today,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ๋ง๊ณ ๋„, ๊ทผ๋ž˜์— ๋“ค์–ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
08:26
today's corrections, deletions,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์„ฑํ˜•์ด๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ์ˆ 
08:29
augmentations and enhancements
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๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ณผ ์ฆ๊ฐ• ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€
08:31
are going to seem like child's play.
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์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ์žฅ๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
You already saw the work by Tony Atala on TED,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ TED ์—์„œ ํ† ๋‹ˆ ์• ํƒˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์ผ์„ ๋ณด์…จ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
08:37
but this ability to start filling
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์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜
08:41
things like inkjet cartridges with cells
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ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ์˜ ์ž‰ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐˆ์•„๋ผ์šฐ ๋“ฏ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€
08:44
are allowing us to print skin, organs
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋‚˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ, ์ธ์ฒด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ
08:49
and a whole series of other body parts.
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ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด ์ฐ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
And as these technologies go forward,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
08:53
you keep seeing this, you keep seeing this, you keep seeing things --
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ž๊พธ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
2000, human genome sequence --
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2000๋…„์— ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์—ผ๊ธฐ ์„œ์—ด ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:00
and it seems like nothing's happening,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”
09:04
until it does.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—” ์•„๋ฌด ์ผ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋“ฏ ๋ณด์ด์ง€์š”.
09:07
And we may just be in some of these weeks.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
And as you're thinking about
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2000๋…„์— ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ
09:12
these two guys sequencing a human genome in 2000
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์ด ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:15
and the Public Project sequencing the human genome in 2000,
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2000๋…„์— ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋ฒŒ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:19
then you don't hear a lot,
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์ž‘๋…„์— ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”
09:22
until you hear about an experiment last year in China,
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์€ ์ ์ด ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
where they take skin cells from this mouse,
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์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ฅ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—๊ฒจ๋‚ด
09:30
put four chemicals on it,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ™”ํ•™ ์•ฝํ’ˆ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„œ
09:32
turn those skin cells into stem cells,
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๊ทธ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ณ€์ด ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
let the stem cells grow
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•ด์„œ
09:37
and create a full copy of that mouse.
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์›๋ž˜ ์ฅ์˜ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ œํ•ด ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
That's a big deal.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
09:43
Because in essence
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
09:44
what it means is you can take a cell,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ด์„œ
09:46
which is a pluripotent stem cell,
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๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:48
which is like a skier at the top of a mountain,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์Šคํ‚ค๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ •์ƒ์—์„œ ์•„๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋‹ค ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ด์š”.
09:51
and those two skiers become two pluripotent stem cells,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ 
09:55
four, eight, 16,
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๋„ท, ์—ฌ๋Ÿ, ์—ด ์—ฌ์„ฏ,...
09:57
and then it gets so crowded
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ๊ณ„์† ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜
09:58
after 16 divisions
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16๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋ถ„์—ด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ›„์—๋Š”
10:00
that those cells have to differentiate.
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๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
So they go down one side of the mountain,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์Šคํ‚ค๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„์œ ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ด์ชฝ ๋ฉด์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ 
10:04
they go down another.
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๋˜ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:05
And as they pick that,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š”๋Œ€๋กœ
10:07
these become bone,
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ 
10:09
and then they pick another road and these become platelets,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธธ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์ด
10:12
and these become macrophages,
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๋˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
and these become T cells.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ T-์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ฃ .
10:15
But it's really hard, once you ski down,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋‹จ ์Šคํ‚ค๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด
10:17
to get back up.
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๋’ค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋ž€ ์ •๋ง ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์š”.
10:19
Unless, of course, if you have a ski lift.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์Šคํ‚ค๋ฆฌํ”„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
10:24
And what those four chemicals do
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๊ทธ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์šฉ์€
10:27
is they take any cell
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์–ด๋–ค ์„ธํฌ๋“ ์ง€
10:29
and take it way back up the mountain
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์Šคํ‚ค ํƒ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์‚ฐ์œ„๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ ค ๋†“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
so it can become any body part.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ€์œ„๋กœ๋“  ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
And as you think of that,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
10:35
what it means is potentially
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์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”
10:37
you can rebuild a full copy
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
of any organism
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์–ด๋–ค ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋“ 
10:41
out of any one of its cells.
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ๋ถ€๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€...
10:43
That turns out to be a big deal
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์šด ์ผ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
10:46
because now you can take, not just mouse cells,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฅ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํƒํ•ด์„œ
10:48
but you can human skin cells
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•ด์„œ
10:51
and turn them into human stem cells.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:54
And then what they did in October
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์ง€๋‚œ 10์›”์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์€
10:57
is they took skin cells, turned them into stem cells
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พผ ๋‹ค์Œ,
11:01
and began to turn them into liver cells.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐ„ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ณ€์ด ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
So in theory,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ ์–ด๋„ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
11:06
you could grow any organ from any one of your cells.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‹ค์ฒด ์ผ๋ถ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋“  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
Here's a second experiment:
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ :
11:12
If you could photocopy your body,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ œํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:16
maybe you also want to take your mind.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
11:19
And one of the things you saw at TED
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์•ฝ 1๋…„๋ฐ˜ ์ „ ์ฏค,
11:20
about a year and a half ago
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TED ์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹ 
11:21
was this guy.
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์•„์‹œ๋‚˜์š”.
11:23
And he gave a wonderful technical talk.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ํ•ด์ฃผ์…จ์ฃ .
11:26
He's a professor at MIT.
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MIT ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
11:27
But in essence what he said
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์ด ํ•˜์‹  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
11:29
is you can take retroviruses,
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์ฅ์˜ ๋‡Œ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š”
11:31
which get inside brain cells of mice.
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๋ ˆํŠธ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์—
11:34
You can tag them with proteins
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๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์„œ
11:36
that light up when you light them.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋‡Œ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น›์„ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ .
11:38
And you can map the exact pathways
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์ฅ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
11:42
when a mouse sees, feels, touches,
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๊ธฐ์–ต์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘,
11:45
remembers, loves.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‡Œ์—์„œ ์ธ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
And then you can take a fiber optic cable
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๋‡Œ์†์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์„
11:50
and light up some of the same things.
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์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
And by the way, as you do this,
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์•„, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„
11:55
you can image it in two colors,
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๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
11:57
which means you can download this information
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๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ
12:00
as binary code directly into a computer.
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2์ง„ ์ •๋ณด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ๋‚ด๋ ค๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:05
So what's the bottom line on that?
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
12:07
Well it's not completely inconceivable
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์›€... ์ด๊ฑด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์–ด๋ ค์šด๋ฐ์š”...
12:09
that someday you'll be able to download your own memories,
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค(๋‹ค์šด๋กœ๋“œ)๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
maybe into a new body.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์•ž์—์„œ ๋ณต์ œํ•œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
And maybe you can upload other people's memories as well.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ.. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค(์—…๋กœ๋“œ)์ค„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”.
12:21
And this might have just one or two
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€,
12:24
small ethical, political, moral implications.
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์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜ ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ํ•จ์ถ•๋œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
12:27
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:29
Just a thought.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
12:32
Here's the kind of questions
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
that are becoming interesting questions
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์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
12:35
for philosophers, for governing people,
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๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋‚˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„
12:38
for economists, for scientists.
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์ ์  ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋„๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ์š”...
12:41
Because these technologies are moving really quickly.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
And as you think about it,
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ๊ณ ์š”.
12:46
let me close with an example of the brain.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‡Œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์น˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
The first place where you would expect
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ๊ด€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
to see enormous evolutionary pressure today,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ง„ํ™”์  ์••๋ฐ•์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
12:54
both because of the inputs,
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๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์–‘์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ๊ณ 
12:56
which are becoming massive,
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์ ์  ๋” ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”...
12:58
and because of the plasticity of the organ,
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฐ€์†Œ์„ฑ(์ ์‘๋Šฅ๋ ฅ) ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋ฐ..
12:59
is the brain.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‡Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
Do we have any evidence that that is happening?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋„ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
13:05
Well let's take a look at something like autism incidence per thousand.
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์Œ... ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ฒœ๋ช…๋‹น ์žํ์ฆ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
13:10
Here's what it looks like in 2000.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด 2000๋…„๋„์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
Here's what it looks like in 2002,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 2002๋…„๋„๊ตฌ์š”.
13:15
2006, 2008.
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2006๋…„, 2008๋…„.
13:19
Here's the increase in less than a decade.
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10๋…„๋„ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
And we still don't know why this is happening.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
What we do know is, potentially,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์€.. ์•„๋งˆ๋„..
13:30
the brain is reacting in
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณผ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ฒŒ
13:32
a hyperactive, hyper-plastic way,
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๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
and creating individuals that are like this.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:37
And this is only one of the conditions that's out there.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ค‘ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
You've also got people with who are extraordinarily smart,
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์‚ด๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฏฟ์„์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๋งŒํผ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ 
13:44
people who can remember everything they've seen in their lives,
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์ผ์ƒ๋™์•ˆ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ดค๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š”.. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์š”
13:46
people who've got synesthesia,
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๊ณต๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ,
13:47
people who've got schizophrenia.
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์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ...
13:49
You've got all kinds of stuff going on out there,
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์ •๋ง ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
13:51
and we still don't understand
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
how and why this is happening.
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
But one question you might want to ask is,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์  ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”,
13:57
are we seeing a rapid evolution of the brain
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'์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์ž‡๋Š”๊ฑธ๊นŒ...
14:00
and of how we process data?
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์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ... ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌผ์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
Because when you think of how much data's coming into our brains,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ์†์œผ๋กœ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ ๋•Œ
14:05
we're trying to take in as much data in a day
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๋ณดํ†ต ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์™”๋“ฏ์ด
14:08
as people used to take in in a lifetime.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋ ค ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
And as you're thinking about this,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
14:14
there's four theories as to why this might be going on,
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์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:16
plus a whole series of others.
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์ค„์ง€์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ฃ 
14:17
I don't have a good answer.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€ ๋‹ต์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
There really needs to be more research on this.
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์ •๋ง ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
One option is the fast food fetish.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํŒจ์ŠคํŠธํ‘ธ๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง‘์ฐฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:25
There's beginning to be some evidence
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
14:27
that obesity and diet
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๋น„๋งŒ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฒด์ค‘ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€
14:29
have something to do
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„
14:31
with gene modifications,
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์œ ์ „ ์ธ์ž์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:33
which may or may not have an impact
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜•์€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€
14:35
on how the brain of an infant works.
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์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์„์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:39
A second option is the sexy geek option.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์„ฑ(ๆ€ง)์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
14:43
These conditions are highly rare.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ๊ทนํžˆ ๋“œ๋ฏˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:47
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:50
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:55
But what's beginning to happen
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
14:57
is because these geeks are all getting together,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ดด์งœ๋“ค์ด ์ „๋ถ€ ํ•œ๊ตฐ๋ฐ๋กœ ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋“ค๋”๋ผ๋Š”๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
because they are highly qualified for computer programming
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์— ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์ž์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
15:02
and it is highly remunerated,
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์•„์ฃผ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง์—…์— ๋ชป์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ
15:05
as well as other very detail-oriented tasks,
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
15:08
that they are concentrating geographically
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์ด๋“ค์ด ์ง€์—ญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋“ค๊ณ 
15:10
and finding like-minded mates.
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋”๋ผ๋Š”๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:13
So this is the assortative mating hypothesis
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
15:17
of these genes reinforcing one another
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์„œ๋กœ ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”
15:19
in these structures.
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๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์  ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
The third, is this too much information?
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š”, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด์ธ๊ฐ€? ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:24
We're trying to process so much stuff
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋ณด๋‹ˆ
15:26
that some people get synesthetic
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ด ๋˜๊ณ 
15:28
and just have huge pipes that remember everything.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:31
Other people get hyper-sensitive to the amount of information.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์–‘์— ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
15:34
Other people react with various psychological conditions
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
15:38
or reactions to this information.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋‚ด๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:39
Or maybe it's chemicals.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋•Œ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™์  ์•ฝํ’ˆ์ด ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
15:42
But when you see an increase
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
15:44
of that order of magnitude in a condition,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๋Š” ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
15:46
either you're not measuring it right
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ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
15:48
or there's something going on very quickly,
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
15:50
and it may be evolution in real time.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋™์‹œ์ ์ธ ์ง„ํ™”์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:54
Here's the bottom line.
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์ž ์ด ์ •๋„๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:57
What I think we are doing
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
15:59
is we're transitioning as a species.
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์ข…(็จฎ)์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ „์ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:01
And I didn't think this when Steve Gullans and I started writing together.
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์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์ฆˆ(Steve Gullians)์™€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง‘ํ•„์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:06
I think we're transitioning into Homo evolutis
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์—๋ณด๋ฃจํ‹ฐ์Šค(Home Evolutis)๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:08
that, for better or worse,
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์ข‹๋“  ๋‚˜์˜๋“ 
16:10
is not just a hominid that's conscious of his or her environment,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ์ € ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์  ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:14
it's a hominid that's beginning to directly and deliberately
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ข…, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋‚˜ ๋™์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
16:17
control the evolution of its own species,
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์ง์ ‘์ ์ด๊ณ ๋„ ์˜๋„์ ์ธ
16:20
of bacteria, of plants, of animals.
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์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ด€์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:24
And I think that's such an order of magnitude change
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—”, ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€
16:27
that your grandkids or your great-grandkids
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ์†์ž๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ํ›„๋Œ€์ฏค์—๋Š”
16:30
may be a species very different from you.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์ด ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:33
Thank you very much.
376
993781
1586
๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:35
(Applause)
377
995367
5331
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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