How art can shape America's conversation about freedom | Dread Scott

44,874 views ใƒป 2018-09-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Tomer Malovani ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Weisman
00:12
I am a visual artist,
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ืื ื™ ืืžืŸ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™,
00:14
and I make revolutionary art to propel history forward.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
00:18
I'm going to come right out and tell you something:
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช:
00:20
I don't accept the economic foundation,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
00:22
the social relations
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ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื
00:23
or the governing ideas of America.
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ืื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
00:26
My art contributes to fundamental change
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ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™
00:28
by encouraging an audience to address big questions from that perspective.
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ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื–ื•.
00:32
Social change is hard, but ideas matter tremendously.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฉื”,
ืื‘ืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
00:37
When I say I'm an artist, most people think, "Oh, he's a painter."
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืืžืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื•, "ื”ื•, ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืจ."
00:40
Behind me, you can see some of the kind of work I do.
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื™, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”.
"ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ืืžืจื™ืงื”" ื–ื” ืฆื™ื•ืจ,
00:43
"Imagine a World Without America" is a painting,
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00:45
but I work in a range of media,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช,
00:47
including photography, video and performance art.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื•ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ืช.
00:53
A current project, "Slave Rebellion Reenactment,"
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, "ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืจื“ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื,"
00:56
is going to be reenacted on the outskirts of New Orleans
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ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืคืืชื™ ื ื™ื• ืื•ืจืœื™ื ืก
00:59
this November.
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ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘.
01:02
In 1989, I had an artwork that became the center of controversy
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ื‘-1989, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืจื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช
01:06
over its transgressive use of the American flag.
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืจ-ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
01:09
"What is the Proper Way to Display a US Flag?"
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"ืžื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื“ื’ืœ ืืจื”"ื‘?"
01:12
is a conceptual work that encouraged audience participation.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืขื•ื“ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืงื”ืœ.
01:16
It consisted of a photo montage that had text that read,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืคื•ื˜ื•-ืžื•ื ื˜ืื’' ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘,
01:18
"What is the Proper Way to Display a US Flag?"
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"ืžื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื“ื’ืœ ืืจื”"ื‘?"
01:21
Below that were books that people could write responses to that question in,
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืฉืืœื”,
01:24
and below that was a flag that people had the option of standing on.
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ื•ืžืชื—ืช ืœื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื— ื“ื’ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื•.
01:28
The photo montage consisted of images of South Korean students
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•-ืžื•ื ื˜ืื’' ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื”
01:31
burning American flags,
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ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ื“ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
01:32
holding signs that said, "Yankee go home. Son of a bitch,"
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ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื™ืื ืงื™ ืœืš ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื‘ืŸ ื›ืœื‘ื”"
01:35
and below that were flag-draped coffins coming back from Vietnam.
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ื•ืžืชื—ืช ื”ื™ื• ืืจื•ื ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื“ื’ืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ื—ื–ืจื• ืžื•ื™ืื˜ื ื.
01:39
People wrote long and short answers.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืงืฆืจื•ืช.
01:41
Thousands of people engaged with the work in a lot of different languages.
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ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:45
Some of the people said,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื•,
01:47
"I'm a German girl.
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"ืื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื”.
01:48
If we Germans would admire our flag as you all do,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืืช ืฉืœื›ื,
01:51
we would be called Nazis again.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ืงืจืื™ื ื ืืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื‘.
01:53
I think you do have too much trouble about this flag."
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ื™ ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ื’ืœ ื”ื–ื”."
01:57
"I think that the artist should be returned to his heritage,
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"ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืืžืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•,
02:00
i.e., the jungles of Africa,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
02:02
and then he can shovel manure in his artistic way."
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื•."
02:06
"This flag I'm standing on stands for everything oppressive in this system:
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"ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืืช:
02:10
the murder of the Indians and all the oppressed around the world,
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ืจืฆื— ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจื“ืคื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
02:13
including my brother who was shot by a pig,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื—ื™ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–ื™ืจ,
02:15
who kicked over his body to 'make sure the nigger was dead.'
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ืฉื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช 'ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื›ื•ืฉื™ ืžืช'.
02:19
That pig was wearing the flag.
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ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ.
02:21
Thank you, Dread Scott, for this opportunity."
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš, ื“ืจื“ ืกืงื•ื˜, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช."
02:24
"As a veteran defending the flag,
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"ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ืฆื‘ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื’ืœ,
02:25
I personally would never defend your stupid ass!
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ืื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืช ื”ื˜ืคืฉ ืฉืœืš!
02:28
You should be shot!" -- US Navy Seal Team.
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ!" -- ืฆื•ื•ืช ืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ-ื”ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
02:32
As you can see, people had very strong reactions about the flag then,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืœื“ื’ืœ ืื–,
02:35
as they do now.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
02:37
There were demonstrations of veterans in front of the Art Institute of Chicago.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืฆื‘ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื’ื•.
02:41
They chanted things like,
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ืžื•,
02:42
"The flag and the artist, hang them both high,"
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"ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื•ืืช ื”ืืžืŸ, ืชืœื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืœืžืขืœื”,"
02:44
evoking images of lynching.
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ืฅ'.
02:46
I received numerous death threats,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™,
02:48
and bomb threats were phoned in to my school.
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ื•ืื™ื•ืžื™ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™.
02:50
It was a very dangerous situation.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช.
02:52
Later, President Bush called the work "disgraceful,"
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช "ืžื‘ื™ืฉื”,"
02:54
which I viewed as a tremendous honor,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื“ื™ืจ,
02:56
and Congress outlawed the work.
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ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง.
02:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:59
I became part of a Supreme Court case when I and others defied that law,
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ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœื—ืœืง ืžืชื™ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื ื• ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”,
03:03
by burning flags on the steps of the Capitol.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ื’ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ื•ืœ.
03:06
That action and the subsequent legal and political battle
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ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืงืจื” ืื—ืจื™ื•
03:09
led to a landmark First Amendment decision that prevented the government
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘"ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ", ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš, ืฉืžื ืขื” ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœ
03:13
from demanding patriotism be mandatory.
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ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื”.
03:16
But let me back up a bit.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื”.
03:17
These people literally wanted me dead.
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื• ืจืฆื• ืฉืืžื•ืช.
03:20
What I would do at this moment would make a difference.
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ืžื” ืฉืืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
03:23
This is me at the exact same moment,
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ื–ื” ืื ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืข,
03:25
eight stories above that crowd.
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ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ.
03:28
It was supposed to be for a photo shoot
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
03:30
that was going to take place on the steps where the veterans were at that time.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขืžื“ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื, ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื˜ื”.
03:34
It wouldn't have been safe for me to be there, to say the least.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
03:37
But it was really important to do that shoot,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื—ืœืง ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื™, ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื”
03:39
because while some wanted to kill me, it was also a situation
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ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืจืื” ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื›ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™
03:42
where those who viewed the American flag as standing for everything oppressive
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ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืืช
03:45
in this system
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ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืงื•ืœ ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•,
03:47
felt that they had a voice,
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ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืจืžื”.
03:48
and that voice needed to be amplified.
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03:50
The point is this:
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ืืช:
03:52
changing anything --
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ --
03:53
whether it's conventional ideas about US national symbols,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืžืœื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
03:57
traditional thinking challenged by scientific breakthroughs
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ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืžืื•ืชื’ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช
04:00
or ousting an authoritarian president --
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ืื• ื‘ื”ื“ื—ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ --
04:02
requires a lot of things.
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ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:04
It requires courage,
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืื•ืžืฅ,
04:05
luck
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ืžื–ืœ
04:07
and also vision and boldness of action.
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ื•ื’ื ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื–ื•ืช-ืžืฆื— ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
04:10
But on luck --
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ --
04:12
I have to say, the photo shoot we did might not have worked out so well.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘.
04:15
We laughed after we were out of the area.
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ืฆื—ืงื ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฆืื ื• ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ.
04:18
But the thing is, it was worth the risk
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
04:20
because of the stakes that were involved.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•.
04:22
And in this case, the luck led to a wonderful,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžื–ืœ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื”
04:24
profound and powerful situation
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ื ืคืœืื”, ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžืœืืช-ืขื•ืฆืžื”
04:25
that was also humorous.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
04:27
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
04:28
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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