Tom Wujec demos the 13th-century astrolabe

173,673 views ใƒป 2009-11-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
As technology progresses,
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ื›ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช,
00:18
and as it advances,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช,
00:20
many of us assume that these advances
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ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
00:22
make us more intelligent,
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:24
make us smarter and more connected to the world.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื.
00:26
And what I'd like to argue
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ
00:28
is that that's not necessarily the case,
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ื–ื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ืžืงืจื”,
00:30
as progress is simply a word for change,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืงื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื™ืœื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
00:33
and with change you gain something,
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ื•ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•,
00:35
but you also lose something.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•.
00:37
And to really illustrate this point, what I'd like to do
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
00:39
is to show you how technology has dealt with
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ื–ื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ืขื
00:42
a very simple, a very common, an everyday question.
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ืฉืืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ืช.
00:47
And that question is this.
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื•.
00:49
What time is it? What time is it?
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ืžื” ื”ืฉืขื”? ืžื” ื”ืฉืขื”?
00:52
If you glance at your iPhone, it's so simple to tell the time.
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ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื, ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืขื”.
00:55
But, I'd like to ask you, how would you tell the time
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ืื‘ืœ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืชื›ื, ืื™ืš ืชื“ืขื• ืืช ื”ืฉืขื”
00:57
if you didn't have an iPhone?
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ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ?
00:59
How would you tell the time, say, 600 years ago?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืขื”, ื ื’ื™ื“, ืœืคื ื™ 600 ืฉื ื”?
01:02
How would you do it?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
01:04
Well, the way you would do it is by using a device
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ืื–, ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ
01:07
that's called an astrolabe.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœืื‘.
01:11
So, an astrolabe is relatively unknown in today's world.
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ืื–, ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœืื‘ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:15
But, at the time, in the 13th century,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื‘ืžืื” ื”13,
01:17
it was the gadget of the day.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ืื“ื’'ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ.
01:19
It was the world's first popular computer.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:23
And it was a device that, in fact, is a model of the sky.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
01:27
So, the different parts of the astrolabe, in this particular type,
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ืื–, ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœืื‘, ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื”,
01:29
the rete corresponds to the positions of the stars.
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ื”ืขืจืš ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
01:32
The plate corresponds to a coordinate system.
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ื”ื“ื™ืกืงื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช.
01:35
And the mater has some scales and puts it all together.
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ื•ืœืžื˜ืจ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืกืงืืœื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
01:39
If you were an educated child,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ืœื“ ืžืœื•ืžื“,
01:41
you would know how to not only use the astrolabe,
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื ืจืง ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœืื‘,
01:43
you would also know how to make an astrolabe.
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœืื‘.
01:46
And we know this because the first treatise on the astrolabe,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœืื‘,
01:49
the first technical manual in the English language,
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ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช,
01:51
was written by Geoffrey Chaucer.
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ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’'ืคืจื™ ืฆืื•ืกืจ.
01:53
Yes, that Geoffrey Chaucer, in 1391,
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ื’'ืคืจื™ ืฆืื•ืกืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ 1391,
01:56
to his little Lewis, his 11-year-old son.
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ืœืœื•ืื™ืก ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื”11.
02:00
And in this book, little Lewis would know the big idea.
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ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื•ืื™ืก ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™.
02:05
And the central idea that makes this computer work
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
02:07
is this thing called stereographic projection.
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ื ืงืจืื” ื”ืงืจื ื” ืกื˜ืจืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช.
02:10
And basically, the concept is,
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ื”ื•ื,
02:12
how do you represent the three-dimensional image
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ืื™ืš ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช
02:15
of the night sky that surrounds us
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ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•
02:17
onto a flat, portable, two-dimensional surface.
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื ื™ื™ื“ ื•ื“ื• ืžื™ืžื“ื™.
02:20
The idea is actually relatively simple.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื.
02:22
Imagine that that Earth is at the center of the universe,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
02:25
and surrounding it is the sky projected onto a sphere.
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ื•ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ืงืจื ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืคืจื”.
02:28
Each point on the surface of the sphere
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ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืกืคืจื”
02:31
is mapped through the bottom pole,
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ืžืžื•ืคื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ,
02:33
onto a flat surface, where it is then recorded.
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืฉื˜ื•ื—, ื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช.
02:35
So the North Star corresponds to the center of the device.
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ืื– ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ.
02:39
The ecliptic, which is the path of the sun, moon, and planets
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ื”ืืœื™ืคื˜ื™, ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื”ื™ืจื— ื•ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
02:42
correspond to an offset circle.
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ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื—.
02:44
The bright stars correspond to little daggers on the rete.
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ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื˜ื”.
02:48
And the altitude corresponds to the plate system.
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ื•ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืช.
02:51
Now, the real genius of the astrolabe is not just the projection.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœืื‘ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™.
02:54
The real genius is that it brings together two coordinate systems
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ื”ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช
02:58
so they fit perfectly.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
03:00
There is the position of the sun, moon and planets on the movable rete.
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื”ื™ืจื—, ื•ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื”ืจื˜ื” ื”ื–ื–ื”.
03:03
And then there is their location on the sky
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ื•ืื– ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื
03:05
as seen from a certain latitude on the back plate. Okay?
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืžืงื• ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื‘ื’ื‘ ื”ื“ื™ืกืงื”. ืื•ืงื™ื™?
03:10
So how would you use this device?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืชืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”?
03:15
Well, let me first back up for a moment.
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ืื–, ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
03:21
This is an astrolabe. Pretty impressive, isn't it?
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ื–ื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœืื‘. ืžืจืฉื™ื ืœืžื“ื™, ืœื?
03:26
And so, this astrolabe is on loan from us
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ืื–, ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœืื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืืœ ืœื ื•
03:29
from the Oxford School of -- Museum of History.
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ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“.
03:32
And you can see the different components.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:35
This is the mater, the scales on the back.
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื”ืกืงืืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
03:37
This is the rete. Okay. Do you see that?
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื˜ื”. ืื•ืงื™. ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
03:39
That's the movable part of the sky.
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื– ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
03:42
And in the back you can see
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ื•ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
03:44
a spider web pattern.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
03:46
And that spider web pattern corresponds to the local coordinates in the sky.
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ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ืงืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
03:50
This is a rule device. And on the back
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ื–ื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื“ื™ื“ื”. ื•ืžืื—ื•ืจ
03:52
are some other devices, measuring tools
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ื™ืฉ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ื”,
03:55
and scales, to be able to make some calculations. Okay?
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ื•ืกืงืืœื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื. ืื•ืงื™ื™?
04:01
You know, I've always wanted one of these.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืชืžื™ื“ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื”.
04:03
For my thesis I actually built one of these out of paper.
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ืœืชื–ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื ื™ื™ืจ.
04:08
And this one, this is a replica
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ื•ื–ื”, ื–ื” ืจืคืœื™ืงื”
04:10
from a 15th-century device.
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ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”15.
04:13
And it's worth probably about three MacBook Pros.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืงื‘ื•ืง ืคืจื•.
04:16
But a real one would cost about as much as my house,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™,
04:19
and the house next to it, and actually every house on the block,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ื“ื•, ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืง,
04:22
on both sides of the street,
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ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ,
04:24
maybe a school thrown in, and some -- you know, a church.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืกื™ืคื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ, ื•ืขื•ื“ -- ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”.
04:26
They are just incredibly expensive.
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืงืจื™ื ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื“.
04:28
But let me show you how to work this device.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
04:30
So let's go to step one.
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ืื– ื‘ื ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
04:33
First thing that you do is you select a star
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘
04:35
in the night sky, if you're telling time at night.
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ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืฉืขื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
04:38
So, tonight, if it's clear you'll be able to see the summer triangle.
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ืื–, ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืื ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื”ืงื™ื™ืฅ.
04:41
And there is a bright star called Deneb. So let's select Deneb.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ื•ื”ืง ืฉื ืงืจื ื“ื ื‘. ืื– ื‘ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ื“ื ื‘.
04:44
Second, is you measure the altitude of Deneb.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืชืžื“ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื ื‘.
04:47
So, step two, I hold the device up,
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ืื–, ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ืื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœืžืขืœื”,
04:50
and then I sight its altitude there
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ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ืฉื
04:53
so I can see it clearly now.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
04:55
And then I measure its altitude.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•.
04:58
So, it's about 26 degrees. You can't see it from over there.
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ืื–, ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 26 ืžืขืœื•ืช. ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžืฉื.
05:01
Step three is identify the star on the front of the device.
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ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ.
05:06
Deneb is there. I can tell.
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ื“ื ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉื. ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช.
05:08
Step four is I then move the rete,
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ืฉืœื‘ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืจื˜ื”,
05:11
move the sky, so the altitude of the star
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ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘
05:14
corresponds to the scale on the back.
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ืžืชืื™ื ืœืกืงืืœื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื”.
05:17
Okay, so when that happens
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ืื•ืงื™, ืื– ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”
05:20
everything lines up.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉืจ.
05:22
I have here a model of the sky
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื
05:24
that corresponds to the real sky. Okay?
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ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื. ืื•ืงื™?
05:27
So, it is, in a sense,
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ืื–, ื–ื”, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
05:29
holding a model of the universe in my hands.
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
05:32
And then finally, I take a rule,
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ื•ืื– ืœืกื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืกืจื’ืœ,
05:35
and move the rule to a date line
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ื•ืžื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืกืจื’ืœ ืœืงื• ืชืืจื™ืš
05:37
which then tells me the time here.
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ืฉืื– ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืคื”.
05:40
Right. So, that's how the device is used.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื–, ื›ื›ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ.
05:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:44
So, I know what you're thinking:
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
05:46
"That's a lot of work, isn't it? Isn't it a ton of work to be able to tell the time?"
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"ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืœื? ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืฉืขื”?"
05:50
as you glance at your iPod to just check out the time.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื™ืคื•ื“ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
05:54
But there is a difference between the two, because with your iPod
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ื“
05:56
you can tell -- or your iPhone, you can tell exactly
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช -- ืื• ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
05:59
what the time is, with precision.
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ืžื” ื”ืฉืขื”, ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง.
06:01
The way little Lewis would tell the time
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืœื•ืื™ืก ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืฉืขื”
06:03
is by a picture of the sky.
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ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
06:05
He would know where things would fit in the sky.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืคื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
06:08
He would not only know what time it was,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืœื ืจืง ืžื” ื”ืฉืขื”,
06:11
he would also know where the sun would rise,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืคื” ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืชืขืœื”,
06:13
and how it would move across the sky.
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืชื–ื•ื– ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
06:16
He would know what time the sun would rise, and what time it would set.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืฉืขื” ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืชื–ืจื—, ื•ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืชืฉืงืข.
06:20
And he would know that for essentially every celestial object
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ื–ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ
06:22
in the heavens.
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ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
06:24
So, in computer graphics
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ืื–, ื‘ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช,
06:26
and computer user interface design,
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ื•ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉ,
06:29
there is a term called affordances.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื ื— ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช.
06:32
So, affordances are the qualities of an object
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ืื–, ืžื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆื
06:35
that allow us to perform an action with it.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื™ืชื•.
06:38
And what the astrolabe does is it allows us,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœืื‘ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•,
06:40
it affords us, to connect to the night sky,
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ื–ื” ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื•, ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
06:43
to look up into the night sky and be much more --
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ --
06:46
to see the visible and the invisible together.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืจืื” ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
06:49
So, that's just one use. Incredible,
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ืื–, ื–ื” ืจืง ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื—ื“. ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
06:53
there is probably 350, 400 uses.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 350, 400 ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื.
06:56
In fact, there is a text, and that has over a thousand uses
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืžืืžืจ, ื•ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœืฃ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื
06:58
of this first computer.
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ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
07:00
On the back there is scales and measurements
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ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืกืงืืœื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื“ื•ืช
07:02
for terrestrial navigation.
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ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืืจืฆื™.
07:04
You can survey with it. The city of Baghdad was surveyed with it.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืงื•ืจ ืื™ืชื•. ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื“ ื ืกืงืจื” ืื™ืชื•.
07:07
It can be used for calculating mathematical equations of all different types.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
07:11
And it would take a full university course to illustrate it.
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ื•ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืงื•ืจืก ืื•ื ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
07:14
Astrolabes have an incredible history.
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ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ืœืื‘ ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
07:16
They are over 2,000 years old.
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ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž2000 ืฉื ื”.
07:18
The concept of stereographic projection
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ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื ื” ืกื˜ืจืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช
07:21
originated in 330 B.C.
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ื”ื•ื ืž330 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
07:23
And the astrolabes come in many different
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ื•ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœืื‘ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
07:25
sizes and shapes and forms.
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ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช.
07:27
There is portable ones. There is large display ones.
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ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืฆื•ื’ื”.
07:30
And I think what is common to all astrolabes
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื” ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœืื‘ื™ื
07:32
is that they are beautiful works of art.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื•ืช.
07:34
There is a quality of craftsmanship and precision
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ื™ืฉ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื•ืง
07:37
that is just astonishing and remarkable.
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื•ืžืคืœื™ืื”.
07:40
Astrolabes, like every technology, do evolve over time.
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœืื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
07:43
So, the earliest retes, for example, were very simple and primitive.
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ืื–, ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
07:47
And advancing retes became cultural emblems.
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ื•ื”ืจื˜ื” ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
07:49
This is one from Oxford.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“.
07:52
And I find this one really extraordinary because the rete pattern
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื•ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื˜ื”
07:54
is completely symmetrical,
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
07:56
and it accurately maps a completely asymmetrical, or random sky.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืžืคื” ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืจื ื“ื•ืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื.
08:00
How cool is that? This is just amazing.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ื–ื”? ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
08:02
So, would little Lewis have an astrolabe?
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ืื–, ื”ืื ืœืœื•ืื™ืก ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœืื‘?
08:05
Probably not one made of brass. He would have one made out of wood,
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืื—ื“ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืคืœื™ื–. ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืื—ื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืขืฅ,
08:08
or paper. And the vast majority of this first computer
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ืื• ื ื™ื™ืจ. ื•ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
08:11
was a portable device
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื
08:13
that you could keep in the back of your pocket.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืก ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™.
08:16
So, what does the astrolabe inspire?
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ืื–, ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœืื‘ ื”ื–ื” ?
08:19
Well, I think the first thing is that
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
08:21
it reminds us just how resourceful people were,
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ ืชื•ืฉื™ื”,
08:25
our forebears were, years and years ago.
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ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื•, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื.
08:27
It's just an incredible device.
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ื–ื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
08:30
Every technology advances.
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ื›ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช.
08:32
Every technology is transformed and moved by others.
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ื›ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื•ืžืงื•ื“ืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:35
And what we gain with a new technology, of course,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
08:37
is precision and accuracy.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ื•ืง ื•ื“ื™ื™ืงื ื•ืช.
08:39
But what we lose, I think, is
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืื‘ื“ื™ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื–ื”
08:41
an accurate -- a felt sense
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง -- ืชื—ื•ืฉื”
08:44
of the sky, a sense of context.
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ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ.
08:47
Knowing the sky, knowing your relationship with the sky,
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ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืขื ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื,
08:51
is the center of the real answer
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ื–ื” ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
08:55
to knowing what time it is.
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ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ืฉืขื”.
08:57
So, it's -- I think astrolabes are just remarkable devices.
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ืื–, ื–ื” -- ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืกื˜ืจื•ืœืื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
09:01
And so, what can you learn from these devices?
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
09:04
Well, primarily that there is a subtle knowledge
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ืื–, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžืขื•ื“ื ืช
09:07
that we can connect with the world.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื.
09:09
And astrolabes return us to this subtle sense
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ื•ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœืื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•
09:12
of how things all fit together,
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
09:15
and also how we connect to the world.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื.
09:17
Thanks very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
09:19
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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