Eric Giler demos wireless electricity

87,657 views ใƒป 2009-08-31

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Roi Shpaner ืžื‘ืงืจ: Itai Turbahn
00:12
Early visions of wireless power
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ื—ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™
00:16
actually were thought of by Nikola Tesla
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื”ื’ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืงื•ืœื” ื˜ืกืœื”
00:19
basically about 100 years ago.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืฉื ื™ื.
00:21
The thought that
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉ..
00:23
you wouldn't want to transfer electric power wirelessly,
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ืฉืœื ืชืจืฆื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ืช,
00:26
no one ever thought of that.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
00:28
They thought, "Who would use it if you didn't?"
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•, "ืžื™ ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืื ืœื ืชืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืš?"
00:30
And so, in fact, he actually set about
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
00:33
doing a variety of things.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
00:35
Built the Tesla coil. This tower was built
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ื‘ื ื” ืืช "ืกืœื™ืœ ื˜ืกืœื”". ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื ื‘ื ื”
00:37
on Long Island back at the beginning of the 1900s.
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ื‘ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื™ืœื ื“ (ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง) ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช.
00:41
And the idea was, it was supposed to be able to transfer power
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”, ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ
00:43
anywhere on Earth.
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ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:45
We'll never know if this stuff worked. Actually, I think the
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื“ืข ืื ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“. ื”ืืžืช ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
00:47
Federal Bureau of Investigation
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ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืœืฉืช ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช (FBI)
00:49
took it down for security purposes,
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
00:51
sometime in the early 1900s.
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ืžืชื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช.
00:54
But the one thing that did come out of electricity
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืจื” ืžื”ื—ืฉืžืœ
00:56
is that we love this stuff so much.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
00:58
I mean, think about how much we love this.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
01:00
If you just walk outside, there are trillions of dollars
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ืื ืจืง ืชืฆืื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื™ืฉื ื ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
01:04
that have been invested in infrastructure around the world,
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ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงืขื• ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
01:06
putting up wires to get power from where it's created
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ื”ืชืงื ืช ื›ื‘ืœื™ื, ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืื™ืคื” ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ
01:09
to where it's used.
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ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•.
01:11
The other thing is, we love batteries.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช.
01:14
And for those of us that have an environmental element to us,
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ื•ืœืืœื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
01:18
there is something like 40 billion
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ื‘ืขืจืš 40 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“
01:20
disposable batteries built every year
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ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
01:22
for power that, generally speaking,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ื— ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ,
01:24
is used within a few inches or a few feet
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืื• ืžื˜ืจื™ื
01:27
of where there is very inexpensive power.
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ืžืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ืฉืžืœ ื–ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“.
01:29
So, before I got here,
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ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื›ืืŸ,
01:32
I thought, "You know, I am from North America.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, "ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื™ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
01:34
We do have a little bit of a reputation in the United States."
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ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ืงืฆืช ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื"
01:37
So I thought I'd better look it up first.
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื–ื” ืงื•ื“ื.
01:39
So definition number six is the North American
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ืื– ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืฉ ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
01:42
definition of the word "suck."
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ืœืžื™ืœื” ืœืฉืื•ื‘.
01:45
Wires suck, they really do.
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ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ื›ื— (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช - ื’ื ื“ืคื•ืงื™ื), ื•ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืืœื”.
01:47
Think about it. Whether that's you in that picture
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืืชื” ืฉื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”
01:50
or something under your desk.
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ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื.
01:52
The other thing is, batteries suck too.
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื’ื ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉื•ืื‘ื•ืช ื›ื—. (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช - ื’ื ื“ืคื•ืงื•ืช)
01:55
And they really, really do.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืืœื”.
01:57
Do you ever wonder what happens to this stuff?
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ืื™ ืคืขื ืชื”ื™ืชื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”?
01:59
40 billion of these things built.
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40 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
02:01
This is what happens.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
02:03
They fall apart, they disintegrate,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืชืคืจืงื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืžืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช,
02:05
and they end up here.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื›ืืŸ.
02:07
So when you talk about expensive power,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื™ืงืจ
02:10
the cost per kilowatt-hour
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ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœืงื™ืœื•-ื•ื•ืื˜ ืœืฉืขื”
02:14
to supply battery power to something
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ืœืกืคืง ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืกื•ืœืœื” ืœืžืฉื”ื•
02:16
is on the order of two to three hundred pounds.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 200 ืขื“ 300 ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜.
02:19
Think about that.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
02:21
The most expensive grid power in the world
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ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
02:23
is thousandths of that.
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ืขื•ืœื” ืืœืคื™ืช ืžื–ื”.
02:26
So fortunately, one of the other definitions
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ืื– ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืื—ืช ืžื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช
02:29
of "suck" that was in there, it does create a vacuum.
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ืฉืœ "ืฉืื™ื‘ื”" ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื, ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื•ืืงื•ื.
02:32
And nature really does abhor a vacuum.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืขื‘ ื•ืืงื•ื.
02:35
What happened back a few years ago
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
02:37
was a group of theoretical physicists at MIT
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘-MIT
02:41
actually came up with this concept of transferring power over distance.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง.
02:45
Basically they were able to light a 60 watt light bulb
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืื™ืจ ื ื•ืจืช 60 ื•ื•ืื˜
02:49
at a distance of about two meters.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
02:51
It got about 50 percent of the efficiency --
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ื”ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 50 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
02:54
by the way, that's still a couple thousand times
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ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ื
02:56
more efficient than a battery would be, to do the same thing.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืžืืฉืจ ืกื•ืœืœื” ืฉืชืขืฉื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
02:59
But were able to light that,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”,
03:01
and do it very successfully.
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
03:03
This was actually the experiment. So you can see
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™. ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
03:05
the coils were somewhat larger.
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ืฉื”ืกืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
03:08
The light bulb was a fairly simple task, from their standpoint.
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ื”ื ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื”ื.
03:11
This all came from a professor
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ
03:14
waking up at night to the third night in a row
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ืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช
03:16
that his wife's cellphone was beeping
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ืžืฆืคืฆื•ืฃ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉืชื•
03:18
because it was running out of battery power.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ืขืžื“ื” ืœื”ืชืจื•ืงืŸ.
03:21
And he was thinking, "With all the electricity that's out there in the walls,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘, "ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช,
03:25
why couldn't some of that just come into the phone so I could get some sleep?"
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ืœืžื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืงืฆืช?"
03:28
And he actually came up with this concept
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
03:30
of resonant energy transfer.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื”ื•ื“ื”.
03:32
But inside a standard transformer are two coils of wire.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ืื™ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืกืœื™ืœื™ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื.
03:36
And those two coils of wire are really, really close to each other,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ืกืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืœ ื”ืฉื ื™,
03:39
and actually do transfer power
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ --
03:43
magnetically and wirelessly, only over a very short distance.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ืช, ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืจื—ืง ืงืฆืจ ืžืื•ื“.
03:46
What Dr. Soljacic figured out how to do
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ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืกื•ืœื™ืืฆ'ื™ืฅ' ืžืฆื ื“ืจืš
03:49
was separate the coils in a transformer
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ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกืœื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืื™
03:52
to a greater distance than the size of those transformers
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ืœืžืจื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:56
using this technology, which is not dissimilar
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื”
03:58
from the way an opera singer shatters a glass on the other side of the room.
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ืžื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื–ืžืจืช ืื•ืคืจื” ืžื ืคืฆืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ.
04:02
It's a resonant phenomenon
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ื•ื–ืืช ืชื•ืคืขืช ืชื”ื•ื“ื”
04:04
for which he actually received a MacArthur Fellowship Award,
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ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืคืจืก ืื—ื•ื•ืช ืžืงืืจืชื•ืจ,
04:07
which is nicknamed the Genius Award,
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ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ืคืจืก ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื,
04:09
last September, for his discovery.
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ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
04:12
So how does it work?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?
04:14
Imagine a coil. For those of you that are engineers,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืกืœื™ืœ. ืœืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื,
04:17
there's a capacitor attached to it too.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืงื‘ืœ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื•.
04:19
And if you can cause that coil to resonate,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืกืœื™ืœ ืœื”ื“ื”ื“,
04:22
what will happen is it will pulse
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืคืขื,
04:24
at alternating current frequencies --
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ื‘ืชื“ืจื™ ื–ืจื ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ,
04:26
at a fairly high frequency, by the way.
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ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘.
04:29
And if you can bring another device
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ
04:33
close enough to the source,
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืžืงื•ืจ,
04:35
that will only work at exactly that frequency,
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ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืจืง ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ื”ื–ืืช,
04:38
you can actually get them to do what's called strongly couple,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืฆื™ืžื•ื“ ื—ื–ืง,
04:42
and transfer magnetic energy between them.
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ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
04:46
And then what you do is, you start out with electricity,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื”, ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ื—ืฉืžืœ,
04:48
turn it into magnetic field, take that magnetic field,
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™, ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
04:50
turn it back into electricity,
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ืฉืžืœ.
04:52
and then you can use it.
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•.
04:55
Number one question I get asked.
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™.
04:57
I mean, people are worried about cellphones being safe.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
04:59
You know. What about safety?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื. ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช?
05:01
The first thing is this is not a "radiative" technology.
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืงืจื™ื ื”.
05:03
It doesn't radiate.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืงืจื™ื ื”.
05:05
There aren't electric fields here. It's a magnetic field.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ. ื–ื” ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™.
05:08
It stays within either what we call the source,
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจ,
05:10
or within the device.
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ืื• ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ.
05:12
And actually, the magnetic fields we're using
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
05:14
are basically about the same as the Earth's magnetic field.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:17
We live in a magnetic field.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™.
05:19
And the other thing that's pretty cool about the technology is
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื“ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช
05:22
that it only transfers energy to things that work at exactly the same frequency.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืจืง ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืชื“ืจ.
05:26
And it's virtually impossible in nature to make that happen.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช.
05:30
Then finally we have governmental bodies everywhere
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
05:32
that will regulate everything we do.
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ืฉื™ืกื“ื™ืจื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
05:34
They've pretty much set field exposure limits,
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืงื‘ืขื• ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืฉื“ื•ืช
05:36
which all of the things in the stuff I'll show you today
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ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื
05:38
sort of sit underneath those guidelines.
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ื“ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืœื”.
05:41
Mobile electronics.
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ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื ื™ื™ื“ืช.
05:43
Home electronics.
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ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
05:45
Those cords under your desk, I bet everybody here
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ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื, ืื ื™ ืžืชืขืจื‘ ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื›ืืŸ
05:47
has something that looks like that or those batteries.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื”, ืื• ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
05:50
There are industrial applications.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื.
05:52
And then finally, electric vehicles.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื.
05:54
These electric cars are beautiful.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื•ืช.
05:56
But who is going to want to plug them in?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืฉืงืข?
05:59
Imagine driving into your garage -- we've built a system to do this --
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื -- ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” --
06:02
you drive into your garage, and the car charges itself,
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ืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื—ื ื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื, ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื”.
06:06
because there is a mat on the floor that's plugged into the wall.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ื— ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื” ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ.
06:09
And it actually causes your car to charge safely and efficiently.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
06:13
Then there's all kinds of other applications. Implanted medical devices,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉืชืœื•.
06:16
where people don't have to die of infections anymore
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:18
if you can seal the thing up.
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ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช.
06:20
Credit cards, robot vacuum cleaners.
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ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืืฉืจืื™, ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ ืื‘ืง.
06:22
So what I'd like to do is take a couple minutes
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช
06:24
and show you, actually, how it works.
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ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
06:28
And what I'm going to do is to show you pretty much what's here.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ.
06:33
You've got a coil.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืกืœื™ืœ.
06:36
That coil is connected to an R.F. amplifier
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ื”ืกืœื™ืœ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžื’ื‘ืจ ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• (R.F)
06:39
that creates a high-frequency oscillating magnetic field.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืžืชื ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืชื“ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
06:43
We put one on the back of the television set.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
06:45
By the way, I do make it look a little bit easier than it is.
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ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื•ืจื ืœื–ื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื–ื”.
06:48
There's lots of electronics and secret sauce
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื•"ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ืกื•ื“ื™"
06:50
and all kinds of intellectual property that go into it.
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ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื–ื”.
06:55
But then what's going to happen is, it will create a field.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื, ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื“ื”,
06:58
It will cause one to get created
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ื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ,
07:00
on the other side.
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
07:03
And if the demo gods are willing,
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ื•ืื ืืœื™ ื”ื”ื“ื’ืžื•ืช ื™ืจืฆื•,
07:05
in about 10 seconds or so we should see it.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
07:07
The 10 seconds actually are because we --
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10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• --
07:09
I don't know if any of you have ever thought about plugging a T.V. in
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื›ื ืื™ ืคืขื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉืžืœ
07:12
when you use just a cord.
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ื›ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื˜.
07:14
Generally, you have to go over and hit the button. So I thought
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ. ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™
07:16
we put a little computer in it that has to wake up
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ืฉื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฉื™ืชืขื•ืจืจ
07:18
to tell it to do that.
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ืฉื™ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
07:26
So, I'll plug that in.
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ืื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
07:28
It creates a magnetic field here.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื›ืืŸ.
07:31
It causes one to be created out here.
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืคื”.
07:33
And as I said, in sort of about 10 seconds
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช
07:36
we should start to see ...
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช...
07:40
This is a commercially --
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ื–ืืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” --
07:42
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
07:49
available color television set.
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ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืงื ื™ื™ื”.
07:52
Imagine, you get one of these things. You want to hang them on the wall.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉืืชื ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจ ื›ื–ื” ื•ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืชืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ.
07:54
How many people want to hang them on the wall?
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืชืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ?
07:56
Think about it. You don't want those ugly cords coming down.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”. ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ืขืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืžื ื”.
07:58
Imagine if you can get rid of it.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื–ื”.
08:00
The other thing I wanted to talk about was safety.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช.
08:02
So, there is nothing going on. I'm okay.
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ืื–, ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืงื•ืจื”, ืื ื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
08:06
And I'll do it again, just for safety's sake.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘, ืจืง ืœื”ื“ื’ืžืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช.
08:08
Almost immediately, though, people ask,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื,
08:11
"How small can you make this? Can you make this small enough?"
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"ื›ืžื” ืงื˜ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”? ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง?"
08:14
Because remember Dr. Soljacic's original idea
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืชื–ื›ืจื• ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืกื•ืœื™ืืฆ'ื™ืฅ'
08:18
was his wife's cellphone beeping.
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆืคืฆื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉืชื•.
08:20
So, I wanted to show you something.
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ืื– ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื•.
08:23
We're an equal opportunity designer of this sort of thing.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”.
08:25
This a Google G1.
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ื–ื” ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ G1 ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ.
08:27
You know, it's the latest thing that's come out.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื™ืฆื.
08:29
It runs the Android operating system.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืจื™ืฅ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” Android.
08:31
I think I heard somebody talk about that before.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืงื•ื“ื.
08:33
It's odd. It has a battery.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ. ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกื•ืœืœื”.
08:35
It also has coiled electronics
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืกืœื™ืœื™ืช
08:37
that WiTricity has put into the back of it.
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ืฉ- WiTricity ื”ืชืงื™ื ื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™.
08:39
And if I can get the camera --
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ื•ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”,
08:42
okay, great --
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ื™ื•ืคื™ ื ื”ื“ืจ,
08:44
you'll see, as I get sort of close...
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ืืชื ืชืจืื•, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืงืจื‘...
08:50
you're looking at a cellphone powered completely wirelessly.
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ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืฉื ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
08:54
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:59
And I know some of you are Apple aficionados.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ ืืคืœ.
09:02
So, you know they don't make it easy at Apple to get inside their phones.
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ืื–, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืงืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืืคืœ.
09:04
So we put a little sleeve on the back,
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ืื– ืฉืžื ื• ืฉืจื•ื•ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื”.
09:06
but we should be able to get this guy to wake up too.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
09:09
And those of you that have an iPhone recognize the green center.
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ื•ืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
09:16
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:17
And Nokia as well.
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ื•ื ื•ืงื™ื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
09:19
You'll see that what we did there is put a little thing in the back, to do that,
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืฉืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
09:23
and it probably beeps, actually, as it goes on as well.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืฆืคืฆืฃ, ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื“ืœืง, ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
09:26
But they typically use it to light up the screen.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืš.
09:28
So, imagine these things could go ... they could go in your ceiling.
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ืื– ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืจื” ืฉืœื›ื.
09:31
They could go in the floor. They could go, actually, underneath your desktop.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆืคื”. ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
09:34
So that when you walk in or you come in from home,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืฉืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื”, ืื• ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช,
09:37
if you carry a purse, it works in your purse.
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ืื ืืชื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืชื™ืง, ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืชื™ืง ืฉืœืš.
09:39
You never have to worry about plugging these things in again.
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ืืชื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉื•ื‘.
09:43
And think of what that would do for you.
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ื•ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
09:45
So I think in closing,
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ืื– ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
09:49
sort of in the immortal visions of The New Yorker magazine,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืžื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืงืจ,
09:53
I thought I'd put up one more slide.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ืื—ืช.
09:57
And for those of you who can't read it, it says,
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ื•ืœืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื›ืชื•ื‘,
09:59
"It does appear to be some kind of wireless technology."
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"ื‘ืืžืช ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ืช."
10:01
So, thank you very much.
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ืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
10:03
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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