Freeman Dyson: Let's look for life in the outer solar system

110,933 views ใƒป 2008-07-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: amir Goldstein ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:18
How will we be remembered in 200 years?
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ืื™ืš ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ 200 ืฉื ื”?
00:21
I happen to live in a little town, Princeton, in New Jersey,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืงื˜ื ื”, ืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื’'ืจืกื™
00:24
which every year celebrates the great event in Princeton history:
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ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ:
00:29
the Battle of Princeton, which was, in fact, a very important battle.
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ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืงืจื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
00:33
It was the first battle that George Washington won, in fact,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื’'ื•ืจื’ ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื—
00:36
and was pretty much of a turning point in the war of independence.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช
00:41
It happened 225 years ago.
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ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ 225 ืฉื ื™ื.
00:44
It was actually a terrible disaster for Princeton.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ
00:48
The town was burned down; it was in the middle of winter,
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ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื ืฉืจืคื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ,
00:52
and it was a very, very severe winter.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืžืื•ื“,ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”
00:55
And about a quarter of all the people in Princeton died that winter
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ื•ื‘ืขืจืš ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืจืฃ
00:59
from hunger and cold, but nobody remembers that.
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ืžืจืขื‘ ื•ืžืงื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื–ื”
01:04
What they remember is, of course, the great triumph,
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
01:06
that the Brits were beaten, and we won, and that the country was born.
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ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ืกื•, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ืฆื—ื ื•, ื•ืฉื”ืื•ืžื” ื ื•ืœื“ื”.
01:14
And so I agree very emphatically that the pain of childbirth is not remembered.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืื‘ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”
01:21
It's the child that's remembered.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื.
01:23
And that's what we're going through at this time.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
01:27
I wanted to just talk for one minute about the future of biotechnology,
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืœื“ืงื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
01:35
because I think I know very little about that -- I'm not a biologist --
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš -- ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’--
01:38
so everything I know about it can be said in one minute.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ื“ืงื” ืื—ืช.
01:41
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:44
What I'm saying is that we should follow the model
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ
01:47
that has been so successful with the electronic industry,
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ืฉื›ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”,
01:51
that what really turned computers into a great success, in the world
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ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•
01:56
as a whole, is toys. As soon as computers became toys,
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ืืœื• ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื
02:01
when kids could come home and play with them,
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ื›ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ื”ื,
02:04
then the industry really took off. And that has to happen with biotech.
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ืื– ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžืจื™ืื”. ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
02:09
There's a huge --
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ื™ืฉ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” --
02:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:12
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
02:15
-- there's a huge community of people in the world
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-- ื™ืฉ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
02:18
who are practical biologists, who are dog breeders,
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ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื, ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื,
02:21
pigeon breeders, orchid breeders, rose breeders,
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ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื, ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ื•ืจื“ื™ื,
02:28
people who handle biology with their hands,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื
02:31
and who are dedicated to producing beautiful things, beautiful creatures,
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ืฉืžืกื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืคื™ื, ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื™ืคื™ื,
02:38
plants, animals, pets. These people will be empowered with biotech,
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“. ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื•ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
02:45
and that will be an enormous positive step
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆืขื“ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืขื ืง
02:51
to acceptance of biotechnology.
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ืœืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
02:55
That will blow away a lot of the opposition.
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ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช.
03:00
When people have this technology in their hands,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื.
03:02
you have a do-it-yourself biotech kit, grow your own --
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืขืจื›ืช "ืขืฉื”-ื–ืืช-ื‘ืขืฆืžืš" ืœื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžืš --
03:10
grow your dog, grow your own cat.
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ื’ื“ืœ ืœืขืฆืžืš ื›ืœื‘, ื’ื“ืœ ืœืขืฆืžืš ื—ืชื•ืœ,
03:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:14
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
03:18
Just buy the software, you design it. I won't say anymore,
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ืจืง ืชืงื ื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื”, ื•ืชืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžืš. ืœื ืืžืฉื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
03:24
you can take it on from there. It's going to happen, and
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืžืคื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื. ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ,
03:30
I think it has to happen before the technology becomes natural,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช",
03:38
becomes part of the human condition,
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ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
03:41
something that everybody's familiar with and everybody accepts.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื.
03:44
So, let's leave that aside.
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ืื–, ื ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื“.
03:47
I want to talk about something quite different,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
03:50
which is what I know about, and that is astronomy.
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ื•ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ, ื•ื–ื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”.
03:54
And I'm interested in searching for life in the universe.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
03:58
And it's open to us to introduce a new way of doing that,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
04:03
and that's what I'll talk about for 10 minutes,
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ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ 10 ื“ืงื•ืช
04:05
or whatever the time remains.
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ืื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืฉืืจ.
04:12
The important fact is, that most of the real estate
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ
04:15
that's accessible to us -- I'm not talking about the stars,
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ืฉื ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• -- ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
04:18
I'm talking about the solar system, the stuff that's within reach
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื
04:22
for spacecraft and within reach of our earthbound telescopes --
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ --
04:28
most of the real estate is very cold and very far from the Sun.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ื–ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืงืจื” ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ.
04:34
If you look at the solar system, as we know it today,
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ื™ื•ื.
04:38
it has a few planets close to the Sun. That's where we live.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ. ืฉื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:43
It has a fairly substantial number of asteroids between
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ
04:49
the orbit of the Earth out through -- to the orbit of Jupiter.
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ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ืขื“ ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง.
04:54
The asteroids are a substantial amount of real estate,
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ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ืช ื ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืข
04:57
but not very large. And it's not very promising for life,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช. ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื
05:02
since most of it consists of rock and metal, mostly rock.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื• ืกืœืข ื•ืžืชื›ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกืœืข.
05:06
It's not only cold, but very dry.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืงืจ, ืืœื ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื‘ืฉ.
05:11
So the asteroids we don't have much hope for.
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืงื•ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื.
05:17
There stand some interesting places a little further out:
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ:
05:22
the moons of Jupiter and Saturn.
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ื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง ื•ืฉื‘ืชืื™.
05:24
Particularly, there's a place called Europa, which is --
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืงืจื "ืื™ืจื•ืคื”" ืฉื”ื•ื --
05:26
Europa is one of the moons of Jupiter,
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ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง,
05:29
where we see a very level ice surface,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืงืจื—,
05:34
which looks as if it's floating on top of an ocean.
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ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืฆืฃ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก.
05:37
So, we believe that on Europa there is, in fact, a deep ocean.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื™ืฉ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ืขืžื•ืง.
05:41
And that makes it extraordinarily interesting as a place to explore.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืืชืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
05:45
Ocean -- probably the most likely place for life to originate,
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ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก -- ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื,
05:52
just as it originated on the Earth. So we would love to explore Europa,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ. ืื– ื”ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
05:59
to go down through the ice,
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ืœืจื“ืช ืืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจื—
06:01
find out who is swimming around in the ocean,
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ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื™ ืฉื•ื—ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก,
06:04
whether there are fish or seaweed or sea monsters --
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ื”ืื ืืœื• ื“ื’ื™ื, ืื• ืืฆื•ืช, ืื• ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช-ื™ื --
06:09
whatever there may be that's exciting --- or cephalopods.
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ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ -- ืื• ืจืืฉ ืจื’ืœืื™ื.
06:15
But that's hard to do. Unfortunately, the ice is thick.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข. ืœืจื•ืข ืžื–ืœื ื•, ื”ืงืจื— ืขื‘ื”.
06:21
We don't know just how thick it is, probably miles thick,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื” ืขื‘ื” ื”ื•ื, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื™ื• ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
06:24
so it's very expensive and very difficult to go down there --
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ืื– ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืงืจ ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœืจื“ืช --
06:28
send down your submarine or whatever it is -- and explore.
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืžื˜ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืื• ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” -- ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ.
06:32
That's something we don't yet know how to do.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
06:35
There are plans to do it, but it's hard.
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ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื–ื”, ืืš ื–ื” ืงืฉื”.
06:40
Go out a bit further, you'll find that beyond the orbit of Neptune,
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ื ืชืจื—ืง ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช, ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ,
06:43
way out, far from the Sun, that's where the real estate really begins.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ, ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืฉื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ.
06:49
You'll find millions or trillions or billions of objects which,
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ืชืžืฆื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™, ืื• ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ , ืื• ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ื,
06:54
in what we call the Kuiper Belt or the Oort Cloud --
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ืงื•ื™ืคืจ ืื• ืขื ืŸ ืื•ืจื˜ --
06:57
these are clouds of small objects which appear as comets
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ืืœื• ืขื ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื
07:03
when they fall close to the Sun. Mostly, they just live out there
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉืžืฉ. ืœืจื•ื‘, ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
07:07
in the cold of the outer solar system,
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ื‘ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
07:10
but they are biologically very interesting indeed,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
07:14
because they consist primarily of ice with other minerals,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืงืจื— ืขื ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื ืจืืœื™ื,
07:18
which are just the right ones for developing life.
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
07:21
So if life could be established out there,
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ืื ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืฉื
07:24
it would have all the essentials -- chemistry and sunlight --
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ -- ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ --
07:30
everything that's needed.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ.
07:33
So, what I'm proposing
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข
07:36
is that there is where we should be looking for life, rather than on Mars,
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
07:40
although Mars is, of course, also a very promising and interesting place.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืื“ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื•ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžืงื•ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
07:44
But we can look outside, very cheaply and in a simple fashion.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•ืœื” ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
07:49
And that's what I'm going to talk about.
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ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ.
07:53
There is a -- imagine that life originated on Europa,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
07:58
and it was sitting in the ocean for billions of years.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
08:02
It's quite likely that it would move out of the ocean onto the surface,
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื ื•ืขื• ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
08:06
just as it did on the Earth.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
08:08
Staying in the ocean and evolving in the ocean for 2 billion years,
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ื‘ืžืฉืš 2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”,
08:11
finally came out onto the land. And then of course it had great --
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืฆืื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื™ื‘ืฉื”. ื•ืื–, ื‘ื•ื“ืื™, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ --
08:15
much greater freedom, and a much greater variety of creatures
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉ, ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:19
developed on the land than had ever been possible in the ocean.
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ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก.
08:23
And the step from the ocean to the land was not easy, but it happened.
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ื•ื”ืฆืขื“ ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ืœื™ื‘ืฉื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
08:29
Now, if life had originated on Europa in the ocean,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก,
08:33
it could also have moved out onto the surface.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ื’ื ืœืฆืืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
08:35
There wouldn't have been any air there -- it's a vacuum.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืื•ื™ืจ - ื–ื” ื•ืืงื•ื.
08:38
It is out in the cold, but it still could have come.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืงื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช.
08:44
You can imagine that the plants growing up like kelp
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืฆื•ืช
08:48
through cracks in the ice, growing on the surface.
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ื“ืจืš ืกื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืงืจื—, ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
08:52
What would they need in order to grow on the surface?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื ื™ื–ื“ืงืงื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—?
08:54
They'd need, first of all, to have a thick skin to protect themselves
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ื”ื ื™ื–ื“ืงืงื•, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืœืขื•ืจ ืขื‘ื” ืฉื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื
09:00
from losing water through the skin.
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ืžืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืจ.
09:06
So they would have to have something like a reptilian skin.
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ืื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื—ืœ.
09:11
But better -- what is more important
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ -- ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
09:13
is that they would have to concentrate sunlight.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืจื›ื– ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ.
09:16
The sunlight in Jupiter, on the satellites of Jupiter,
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ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื“ืง, ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง,
09:20
is 25 times fainter than it is here,
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ืงืœื•ืฉ ืคื™ 25 ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืืŸ,
09:24
since Jupiter is five times as far from the Sun.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆื“ืง ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ืคื™ ื—ืžืฉื”.
09:26
So they would have to have -- these creatures, which I call sunflowers,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื -- ืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืœื”ื ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืคืจื—ื™-ืฉืžืฉ,
09:30
which I imagine living on the surface of Europa, would have to have
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื
09:36
either lenses or mirrors to concentrate sunlight,
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ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืื• ืžืจืื•ืช ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
09:40
so they could keep themselves warm on the surface.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
09:44
Otherwise, they would be at a temperature of minus 150,
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ืื—ืจืช, ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืก 150 ืžืขืœื•ืช
09:48
which is certainly not favorable for developing life,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื ื•ื—ื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื,
09:51
at least of the kind we know.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.
09:53
But if they just simply could grow, like leaves,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื’ื“ืœ, ื›ืžื• ืขืœื™ื,
09:56
little lenses and mirrors to concentrate sunlight,
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ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืจืื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื›ื– ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
09:59
then they could keep warm on the surface.
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
10:02
They could enjoy all the benefits of the sunlight
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
10:07
and have roots going down into the ocean;
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ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื”ื ื™ืจื“ื• ืœืžื˜ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก.
10:11
life then could flourish much more.
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ืื– ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:13
So, why not look? Of course, it's not very likely
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ืื–, ืœืžื” ืœื ืœื—ืคืฉ? ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
10:16
that there's life on the surface of Europa.
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ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
10:18
None of these things is likely, but my,
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื™ื ื• ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ืื‘ืœ
10:21
my philosophy is, look for what's detectable, not for what's probable.
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ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื, ืชื—ืคืฉ ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช, ืœื ืžื” ืฉืกื‘ื™ืจ.
10:27
There's a long history in astronomy of unlikely things
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื
10:31
turning out to be there. And I mean,
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ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจื• ื›ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื. ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ,
10:33
the finest example of that was radio astronomy as a whole.
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื“ื™ื•-ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื”.
10:36
This was -- originally, when radio astronomy began,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” -- ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ, ื›ืฉืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื”,
10:41
Mr. Jansky, at the Bell labs, detected radio waves coming from the sky.
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ืžืจ ื’'ื ืกืงื™, ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœ, ื’ื™ืœื” ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื
10:51
And the regular astronomers were scornful about this.
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ื•ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื”"ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื" ืœื’ืœื’ื• ืœื ื•ืฉื.
10:55
They said, "It's all right, you can detect radio waves from the Sun,
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ,
11:01
but the Sun is the only object in the universe that's close enough
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง
11:04
and bright enough actually to be detectable. You can easily calculate
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ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื•. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื‘
11:09
that radio waves from the Sun are fairly faint,
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื’ืœื™ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื ื“ื™ ืงืœื•ืฉื™ื,
11:13
and everything else in the universe is millions of times further away,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:19
so it certainly will not be detectable.
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ืื– ืขืฆืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœื ื™ืชื’ืœื•
11:21
So there's no point in looking."
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ"
11:23
And that, of course, that set back the progress of radio astronomy
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ื•ื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืขืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื“ื™ื•-ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”
11:28
by about 20 years.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ 20 ืฉื ื”.
11:33
Since there was nothing there, you might as well not look.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง.
11:36
Well, of course, as soon as anybody did look,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžื™ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ืง,
11:38
which was after about 20 years,
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš,
11:41
when radio astronomy really took off. Because it turned out
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ื›ืฉืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืชืคืกื”. ื›ื™ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ
11:43
the universe is absolutely full of all kinds of wonderful things
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ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื
11:47
radiating in the radio spectrum, much brighter than the Sun.
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ืฉืงื•ืจื ื™ื ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื•, ื•ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ.
11:53
So, the same thing could be true for this kind of life,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื•
11:58
which I'm talking about, on cold objects: that it could in fact
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”, ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื: ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื
12:02
be very abundant all over the universe, and it's not been detected
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ืžืื•ื“ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื”
12:06
just because we haven't taken the trouble to look.
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื˜ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ.
12:10
So, the last thing I want to talk about is how to detect it.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื, ืื™ืš ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
12:15
There is something called pit lamping.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืฆื™ื“ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื ื•ืจื”.
12:17
That's the phrase which I learned from my son George,
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ื–ื• ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื’'ื•ืจื’',
12:19
who is there in the audience.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืคื” ื‘ืงื”ืœ.
12:21
You take -- that's a Canadian expression.
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ืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— -- ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืงื ื“ื™,
12:28
If you happen to want to hunt animals at night,
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ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆื•ื“ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
12:30
you take a miner's lamp, which is a pit lamp.
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ืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ืžื ื•ืจืช-ื›ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื ื•ืจืช ืฆื™ื“,
12:34
You strap it onto your forehead, so you can see
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ืืชื” ืงื•ืฉืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืฆื—, ื›ืš ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช
12:37
the reflection in the eyes of the animal. So, if you go out at night,
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ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืš ืฉืื ืืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
12:41
you shine a flashlight, the animals are bright.
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ืืชื” ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืคื ืก ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ื”ืจื•ืช.
12:48
You see the red glow in their eyes,
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
12:51
which is the reflection of the flashlight.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ืก.
12:53
And then, if you're one of these unsporting characters,
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ื•ืื–, ืื ืืชื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืœื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
12:58
you shoot the animals and take them home.
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
13:01
And of course, that spoils the game
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื–ื” ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืฆื™ื“
13:03
for the other hunters who hunt in the daytime,
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ืœืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืฆื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื,
13:05
so in Canada that's illegal. In New Zealand, it's legal,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™, ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื–ื™ืœื ื“ ื–ื” ื—ื•ืงื™,
13:10
because the New Zealand farmers use this as a way of getting rid of rabbits,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื”ื ื™ื•-ื–ื™ืœื ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช,
13:15
because the rabbits compete with the sheep in New Zealand.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืืจื ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื–ื™ืœื ื“.
13:18
So, the farmers go out at night
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ืื– ื”ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
13:20
with heavily armed jeeps, and shine the headlights,
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ื‘ื’'ื™ืคื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืœืขื™ื™ืคื”, ื•ืžืื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื ืกื™ ืจืืฉ,
13:25
and anything that doesn't look like a sheep, you shoot.
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ื•ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื›ื‘ืฉื”.
13:29
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:31
So I have proposed to apply the same trick
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ืื– ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื˜ืจื™ืง
13:34
to looking for life in the universe.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
13:36
That if these creatures who are living on cold surfaces --
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืงืจื™ื --
13:39
either on Europa, or further out, anywhere where you can live
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ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืง, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
13:43
on a cold surface -- those creatures must be provided with reflectors.
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืงืจื™ื -- ืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™-ืื•ืจ
13:49
In order to concentrate sunlight, they have to have lenses and mirrors --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื›ื– ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื ืขื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืจืื•ืช --
13:52
in order to keep themselves warm.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื—ืžื™ื.
13:54
And then, when you shine sunlight at them,
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ืขืœื™ื”ื
13:58
the sunlight will be reflected back,
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ื”ืื•ืจ ื™ื•ื—ื–ืจ ื—ื–ืจื”
14:01
just as it is in the eyes of an animal.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขื ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช.
14:06
So these creatures will be bright against the cold surroundings.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ื–ื”ืจื• ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงืจื”
14:10
And the further out you go in this, away from the Sun,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื” ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ
14:14
the more powerful this reflection will be. So actually,
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ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขืฆื
14:18
this method of hunting for life gets stronger and stronger
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช
14:21
as you go further away,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื.
14:23
because the optical reflectors have to be more powerful so the reflected light
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ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืงื” ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืจ
14:28
shines out even more in contrast against the dark background.
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ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืืคืœืช ื”ืจืงืข.
14:34
So as you go further away from the Sun,
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ื›ืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื” ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ,
14:36
this becomes more and more powerful.
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ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง.
14:40
So, in fact, you can look for these creatures with telescopes from the Earth.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืขื ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
14:46
Why aren't we doing it? Simply because nobody thought of it yet.
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”? ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
14:50
But I hope that we shall look, and with any --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ืกืชื›ืœ, ื•ืขื ืžืขื˜--
14:55
we probably won't find anything,
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ื ืžืฆื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ,
14:57
none of these speculations may have any basis in fact.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืงื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
15:01
But still, it's a good chance. And of course, if it happens,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘. ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”,
15:04
it will transform our view of life altogether.
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ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
15:07
Because it means that -- the way life can live out there,
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉ -- ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
15:12
it has enormous advantages as compared with living on a planet.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช.
15:15
It's extremely hard to move from one planet to another.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื ื•ืข ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
15:19
We're having great difficulties at the moment
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ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข,
15:23
and any creatures that live on a planet are pretty well stuck.
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื—ื™ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืงื•ืข ืฉื
15:27
Especially if you breathe air,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ืฉื ืื•ื™ืจ,
15:29
it's very hard to get from planet A to planet B,
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ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ื' ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ื‘'
15:32
because there's no air in between. But if you breathe air --
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ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ืฉื ืื•ื™ืจ --
15:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:43
-- you're dead --
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-- ืืชื” ืžืช --
15:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:46
-- as soon as you're off the planet, unless you have a spaceship.
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-- ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื” ืœื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืกืคื™ื ืช ื—ืœืœ.
15:50
But if you live in a vacuum, if you live on the surface
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื” ื—ื™ ื‘ื•ืืงื•ื, ืื ืืชื” ื—ื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
15:53
of one of these objects, say, in the Kuiper Belt,
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ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื ื’ื™ื“, ื‘ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ืงื•ื™ืคืจ,
15:56
this -- an object like Pluto, or one of the
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ื ื’ื™ื“-- ืขืฆื ื›ืžื• ืคืœื•ื˜ื•, ืื• ืื—ื“
15:59
smaller objects in the neighborhood of Pluto,
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ืžื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืคืœื•ื˜ื•,
16:03
and you happened -- if you're living on the surface there,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” -- ืื ืืชื” ื—ื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื
16:05
and you get knocked off the surface by a collision,
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ื•ืืชื” ื ื–ืจืง ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช,
16:08
then it doesn't change anything all that much.
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ืื– ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชืš.
16:11
You still are on a piece of ice, you can still have sunlight
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ืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ืกืช ืงืจื—, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ,
16:15
and you can still survive while you're traveling from one place to another.
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ.
16:19
And then if you run into another object, you can stay there
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ื•ืื–, ืื ืืชื” ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ืื—ืจ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืฉื
16:23
and colonize the other object. So life will spread, then,
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ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื ื”ืื—ืจ. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื
16:26
from one object to another. So if it exists at all in the Kuiper Belt,
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ืžืขืฆื ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ. ื•ื›ืš ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ืงื•ื™ืคืจ,
16:30
it's likely to be very widespread. And you will have then
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ืื– ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื. ื•ืื–
16:33
a great competition amongst species -- Darwinian evolution --
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื -- ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื ื•ืกื— ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ --
16:38
so there'll be a huge advantage to the species
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืžื™ืŸ
16:41
which is able to jump from one place to another
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ
16:45
without having to wait for a collision. And there'll be advantages
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ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช. ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ
16:49
for spreading out long, sort of kelp-like forest of vegetation.
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ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ืžื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ืช ืืฆื•ืช.
16:56
I call these creatures sunflowers.
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืคืจื—ื™-ืฉืžืฉ.
16:58
They look like, maybe like sunflowers.
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ื”ื ื™ืจืื•, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื™ืจืื• ื›ืžื• ื—ืžื ื™ื•ืช.
17:01
They have to be all the time pointing toward the Sun,
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ื”ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
17:04
and they will be able to spread out in space,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
17:07
because gravity on these objects is weak.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื—ืœืฉื”.
17:11
So they can collect sunlight from a big area.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืจ-ืฉืžืฉ ืžืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
17:14
So they will, in fact, be quite easy for us to detect.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื•, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื“ื™ ืงืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
17:18
So, I hope in the next 10 years, we'll find these creatures,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ 10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
17:21
and then, of course, our whole view of life in the universe will change.
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ื›ืœ ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืชืฉืชื ื”.
17:26
If we don't find them, then we can create them ourselves.
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ื•ืื ืœื ื ืžืฆื ืื•ืชื, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•.
17:30
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:33
That's another wonderful opportunity that's opening.
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ื–ื• ืขื•ื“ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ืคืœืื” ืฉื ืคืชื—ืช.
17:40
We can -- as soon as we have a little bit more understanding
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื -- ื›ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ื”ื‘ื ื”
17:43
of genetic engineering, one of the things you can do with your
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ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช
17:48
take-it-home, do-it-yourself genetic engineering kit --
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ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ืงื—-ืืช-ื–ื”-ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ืขืฉื”-ื–ืืช-ื‘ืขืฆืžืš,
17:51
(Laughter) --
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:53
is to design a creature that can live on a cold satellite,
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ื–ื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจ,
17:56
a place like Europa, so we could colonize Europa with our own creatures.
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ืžืงื•ื ื›ืžื• ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืœื ื•
18:01
That would be a fun thing to do.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืžื“.
18:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
18:08
In the long run, of course,
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
18:11
it would also make it possible for us to move out there.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•.
18:16
What's going to happen in the end,
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
18:18
it's not going to be just humans colonizing space,
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ,
18:21
it's going to be life moving out from the Earth,
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ืืœื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืขื• ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
18:25
moving it into its kingdom. And the kingdom of life,
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ื™ื ื•ืขื• ืœืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื•ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
18:28
of course, is going to be the universe. And if life is already there,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื•ืœื•. ื•ืื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื,
18:33
it makes it much more exciting, in the short run.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ.
18:36
But in the long run, if there's no life there, we create it ourselves.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš, ืื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื—ื™ื™ื, ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•.
18:42
We transform the universe into something much more rich and beautiful
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ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื™ืคื”
18:46
than it is today.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
18:48
So again, we have a big and wonderful future to look forward.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืฉื•ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื™ืคื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื•
18:53
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”
18:54
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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