Freeman Dyson: Let's look for life in the outer solar system

110,736 views ใƒป 2008-07-14

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Seongsu JEONG ๊ฒ€ํ† : InHyuk Song
00:18
How will we be remembered in 200 years?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 200๋…„ ๋’ค์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
00:21
I happen to live in a little town, Princeton, in New Jersey,
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์ €๋Š” ๋‰ด ์ €์ง€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
which every year celebrates the great event in Princeton history:
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์ด ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งค๋…„ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด์—์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:29
the Battle of Princeton, which was, in fact, a very important battle.
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ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด ์ „ํˆฌ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๊ฑด ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ „ํˆฌ์˜€์–ด์š”.
00:33
It was the first battle that George Washington won, in fact,
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์กฐ์ง€ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ „ํˆฌ ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ,
00:36
and was pretty much of a turning point in the war of independence.
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๋ฏธ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ํฐ ์ „ํ™˜์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋–„๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
00:41
It happened 225 years ago.
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์ „ํˆฌ๋Š” 225๋…„ ์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
It was actually a terrible disaster for Princeton.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์žฌ๋‚œ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
The town was burned down; it was in the middle of winter,
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๋งˆ์„์ด ๋ถˆํƒ€ ์—†์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๊ฒจ์šธ์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
and it was a very, very severe winter.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ, ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํ˜น๋…ํ•œ ๊ฒจ์šธ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:55
And about a quarter of all the people in Princeton died that winter
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ํ”„๋ฆฐ์Šคํ„ด ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 4๋ถ„์˜ 1์ด ๊ตถ์ฃผ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
00:59
from hunger and cold, but nobody remembers that.
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๋™์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
What they remember is, of course, the great triumph,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์Šน๋ฆฌ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
that the Brits were beaten, and we won, and that the country was born.
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์˜๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์น˜๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒผ์ฃ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๊ฑด๊ตญ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
And so I agree very emphatically that the pain of childbirth is not remembered.
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์ €๋Š” '์ถœ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์€ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค' ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์— ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋™๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
It's the child that's remembered.
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๊ธฐ์–ต์— ๋‚จ๋Š” ์ชฝ์€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์•„์ด ์ด์ฃ .
01:23
And that's what we're going through at this time.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ์„ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
I wanted to just talk for one minute about the future of biotechnology,
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์ƒ๋ช…๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋”ฑ 1๋ถ„๋™์•ˆ๋งŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
because I think I know very little about that -- I'm not a biologist --
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์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋ฐ–์— ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
so everything I know about it can be said in one minute.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ 1๋ถ„์ด๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š”๊ฑด ๋‹ค ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:44
What I'm saying is that we should follow the model
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๊ฑด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „์ž์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ
01:47
that has been so successful with the electronic industry,
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
01:51
that what really turned computers into a great success, in the world
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์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋งˆ์น˜
01:56
as a whole, is toys. As soon as computers became toys,
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๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒŒ ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ž
02:01
when kids could come home and play with them,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ง‘์— ์™€์„œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋†€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
then the industry really took off. And that has to happen with biotech.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ์‚ฐ์—…์ด ๋น„์•ฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ์ฃ . ์ด ์ผ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
There's a huge --
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๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜
02:10
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:12
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
02:15
-- there's a huge community of people in the world
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜
02:18
who are practical biologists, who are dog breeders,
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์‹ค์šฉ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€ ์‚ฌ์œก์‚ฌ,
02:21
pigeon breeders, orchid breeders, rose breeders,
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๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์œก์‚ฌ, ๋‚œ์ดˆ ์œก์ข…๊ฐ€, ์žฅ๋ฏธ ์œก์ข…๊ฐ€๋“ค ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
people who handle biology with their hands,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ
02:31
and who are dedicated to producing beautiful things, beautiful creatures,
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค, ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค, ์‹๋ฌผ, ๋™๋ฌผ, ์• ์™„๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„
02:38
plants, animals, pets. These people will be empowered with biotech,
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์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ „๋…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
02:45
and that will be an enormous positive step
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
02:51
to acceptance of biotechnology.
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ํฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ๋„์•ฝ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
That will blow away a lot of the opposition.
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์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ๋“ค์„ ์ผ์ถ•ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
When people have this technology in their hands,
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋˜๋ฉด
03:02
you have a do-it-yourself biotech kit, grow your own --
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์ง์ ‘ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ‚คํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋งŒ์˜
03:10
grow your dog, grow your own cat.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋งŒ์˜ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:14
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
03:18
Just buy the software, you design it. I won't say anymore,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•ด์„œ, ๋””์ž์ธํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:24
you can take it on from there. It's going to happen, and
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ƒ์ƒ์— ๋งก๊ธฐ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
I think it has to happen before the technology becomes natural,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
03:38
becomes part of the human condition,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋„
03:41
something that everybody's familiar with and everybody accepts.
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์ˆ˜์šฉํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์•ผ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
So, let's leave that aside.
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์ž, ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ ‘์–ด๋‘๊ณ 
03:47
I want to talk about something quite different,
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์ด์ œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
which is what I know about, and that is astronomy.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ์ธ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
And I'm interested in searching for life in the universe.
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
And it's open to us to introduce a new way of doing that,
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ œ์•ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
and that's what I'll talk about for 10 minutes,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 10๋ถ„, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
04:05
or whatever the time remains.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋  ๋•Œ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
The important fact is, that most of the real estate
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ† ์ง€
04:15
that's accessible to us -- I'm not talking about the stars,
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-- ๋ณ„๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
I'm talking about the solar system, the stuff that's within reach
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์—์š”. ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:22
for spacecraft and within reach of our earthbound telescopes --
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์ง€์ƒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
most of the real estate is very cold and very far from the Sun.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ† ์ง€๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์ถฅ๊ณ  ํƒœ์–‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
If you look at the solar system, as we know it today,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
04:38
it has a few planets close to the Sun. That's where we live.
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ํƒœ์–‘์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ณณ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
04:43
It has a fairly substantial number of asteroids between
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๊ฝค๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์†Œํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ด
04:49
the orbit of the Earth out through -- to the orbit of Jupiter.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ชฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ถค๋„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
The asteroids are a substantial amount of real estate,
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์ด ์†Œํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ํ† ์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:57
but not very large. And it's not very promising for life,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งค์šฐ ๋งŽ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ณณ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
since most of it consists of rock and metal, mostly rock.
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์†Œํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฐ”์œ„์™€ ๊ธˆ์†, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฐ”์œ„๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
It's not only cold, but very dry.
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์ถ”์šธ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
So the asteroids we don't have much hope for.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์†Œํ–‰์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
There stand some interesting places a little further out:
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ข€ ๋” ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ณณ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:22
the moons of Jupiter and Saturn.
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๋ชฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ† ์„ฑ์˜ ์œ„์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ณณ ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
Particularly, there's a place called Europa, which is --
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ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ทธ ์œ„์„ฑ์ค‘์— ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:26
Europa is one of the moons of Jupiter,
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-- ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์œ„์„ฑ์ด์ฃ .
05:29
where we see a very level ice surface,
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์ด ์œ„์„ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํ‰ํ‰ํ•œ ์–ผ์Œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:34
which looks as if it's floating on top of an ocean.
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์ด ์–ผ์Œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์œ„์— ๋– ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
So, we believe that on Europa there is, in fact, a deep ocean.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ์— ๊นŠ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊บผ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
And that makes it extraordinarily interesting as a place to explore.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ๋ฅผ ํƒ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
Ocean -- probably the most likely place for life to originate,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:52
just as it originated on the Earth. So we would love to explore Europa,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์œ ๋ž˜ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ ํƒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
05:59
to go down through the ice,
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์–ผ์Œ ๋ฐ‘์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€
06:01
find out who is swimming around in the ocean,
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์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ ํ—ค์—„์ณ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
whether there are fish or seaweed or sea monsters --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ด๋˜, ํ•ด์ดˆ์ด๋˜, ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ดด๋ฌผ์ด๋˜
06:09
whatever there may be that's exciting --- or cephalopods.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์–ด์ด๋˜ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ„์— ํฅ๋ฏธ์ง„์ง„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
But that's hard to do. Unfortunately, the ice is thick.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฑด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„, ์–ผ์Œ์ด ๋‘๊ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
We don't know just how thick it is, probably miles thick,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ผ์Œ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‘๊บผ์šด์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ ์ˆ˜ ๋งˆ์ผ ๋‘๊ป˜ ์ •๋„ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
so it's very expensive and very difficult to go down there --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ฑด ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ฑด, ๊ทธ ๋ฐ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€ ํƒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑด
06:28
send down your submarine or whatever it is -- and explore.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค๊ณ , ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
That's something we don't yet know how to do.
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ํƒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
There are plans to do it, but it's hard.
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ํƒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ธด ํ•˜์ฃ . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
Go out a bit further, you'll find that beyond the orbit of Neptune,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ข€ ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ, ํ•ด์™•์„ฑ ๊ถค๋„ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ์ฒœ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
way out, far from the Sun, that's where the real estate really begins.
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ํƒœ์–‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ. ์ด๊ณณ์ด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ "ํ† ์ง€"๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
You'll find millions or trillions or billions of objects which,
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๊ฐœ, ์ˆ˜์กฐ๊ฐœ ๋‚ด์ง€๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์„
06:54
in what we call the Kuiper Belt or the Oort Cloud --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์นด์ดํผ ๋ฒจํŠธ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ฅดํŠธ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
these are clouds of small objects which appear as comets
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์ด ์˜์—ญ์€ ํƒœ์–‘ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์—์„œ ํ˜œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์—†์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
when they fall close to the Sun. Mostly, they just live out there
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ถ”์šด ํƒœ์–‘์˜ ์™ธํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณ„์—
07:07
in the cold of the outer solar system,
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๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
but they are biologically very interesting indeed,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
because they consist primarily of ice with other minerals,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:18
which are just the right ones for developing life.
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์ด ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
07:21
So if life could be established out there,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ € ๋„ˆ๋จธ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:24
it would have all the essentials -- chemistry and sunlight --
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ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ํƒœ์–‘๋น›๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
everything that's needed.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
So, what I'm proposing
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑด
07:36
is that there is where we should be looking for life, rather than on Mars,
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ํ™”์„ฑ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์œ ๋งํ•œ ๊ณณ์ด๊ณ  ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ณณ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
07:40
although Mars is, of course, also a very promising and interesting place.
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ํ™”์„ฑ ๋ง๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ด์•ผ ํ•  ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
But we can look outside, very cheaply and in a simple fashion.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ € ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
And that's what I'm going to talk about.
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
There is a -- imagine that life originated on Europa,
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜์„œ
07:58
and it was sitting in the ocean for billions of years.
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
08:02
It's quite likely that it would move out of the ocean onto the surface,
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์ด ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
08:06
just as it did on the Earth.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
Staying in the ocean and evolving in the ocean for 2 billion years,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์†์—์„œ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ฉด์„œ 20์–ต๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•˜๊ณ ,
08:11
finally came out onto the land. And then of course it had great --
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐ– ์œก์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ
08:15
much greater freedom, and a much greater variety of creatures
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์ด
08:19
developed on the land than had ever been possible in the ocean.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œก์ง€์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:23
And the step from the ocean to the land was not easy, but it happened.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ์œก์ง€๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฑธ์Œ์„ ๋‚ด๋”›๋Š”๊ฑธ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์ฃ .
08:29
Now, if life had originated on Europa in the ocean,
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์ž, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:33
it could also have moved out onto the surface.
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์ด ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™”์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
There wouldn't have been any air there -- it's a vacuum.
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๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง„๊ณต์ƒํƒœ์ฃ .
08:38
It is out in the cold, but it still could have come.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐ–์€ ์ถฅ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™”์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
You can imagine that the plants growing up like kelp
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์–ผ์Œ์˜ ๊ท ์—ด์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ๋Š”
08:48
through cracks in the ice, growing on the surface.
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์ผˆํ”„(ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜)์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
What would they need in order to grow on the surface?
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์ด ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ํ•„์š”ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
08:54
They'd need, first of all, to have a thick skin to protect themselves
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์šฐ์„  ๊ทธ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊ป์งˆ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ง‰์„
09:00
from losing water through the skin.
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๋‘๊บผ์šด ๊ป์งˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
So they would have to have something like a reptilian skin.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ป์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
But better -- what is more important
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:13
is that they would have to concentrate sunlight.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๋ชจ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
The sunlight in Jupiter, on the satellites of Jupiter,
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๋ชฉ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ชฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์œ„์„ฑ๋“ค์—์„œ ํƒœ์–‘๋น›์€
09:20
is 25 times fainter than it is here,
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๋ชฉ์„ฑ์€ ํƒœ์–‘์—์„œ 5๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
09:24
since Jupiter is five times as far from the Sun.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ํƒœ์–‘๋น›์ด 25๋ฐฐ ๋” ํฌ๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
So they would have to have -- these creatures, which I call sunflowers,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ชฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์œ„์„ฑ๋“ค์—๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ "ํ•ด๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ธฐ" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
which I imagine living on the surface of Europa, would have to have
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์œ ๋กœํŒŒ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์„œ์‹ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณธ ์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„
09:36
either lenses or mirrors to concentrate sunlight,
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์œ„์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
09:40
so they could keep themselves warm on the surface.
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๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ์šธ ๊ฐ™์€๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
Otherwise, they would be at a temperature of minus 150,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ•˜ 150๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ์„œ
09:48
which is certainly not favorable for developing life,
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ
09:51
at least of the kind we know.
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ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์—๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
But if they just simply could grow, like leaves,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์žŽ์‚ฌ๊ท€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ,
09:56
little lenses and mirrors to concentrate sunlight,
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ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๋ชจ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ์™€ ๊ฑฐ์šธ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ž๋ž€๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:59
then they could keep warm on the surface.
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์œ„์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
10:02
They could enjoy all the benefits of the sunlight
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ํ–‡๋น›์„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
10:07
and have roots going down into the ocean;
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋ป—์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
life then could flourish much more.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ž˜ ์ž๋ž„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
So, why not look? Of course, it's not very likely
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ --๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
10:16
that there's life on the surface of Europa.
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์œ ๋กœํŒŒ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊บผ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ.
10:18
None of these things is likely, but my,
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์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•ด๋ณด์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
10:21
my philosophy is, look for what's detectable, not for what's probable.
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์ €๋Š” ์žˆ์„๋ฒ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹Œ, ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐพ์ž๋Š” ์ฃผ์˜ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
There's a long history in astronomy of unlikely things
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์˜ค๋ž˜์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
10:31
turning out to be there. And I mean,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋“ฏํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
the finest example of that was radio astronomy as a whole.
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์ „ํŒŒ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
This was -- originally, when radio astronomy began,
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์ „ํŒŒ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ
10:41
Mr. Jansky, at the Bell labs, detected radio waves coming from the sky.
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๋ฒจ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ์  ์Šคํ‚ค ์”จ๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š˜์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ์ „ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ํƒ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
And the regular astronomers were scornful about this.
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๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์กฐ๋กฑํ–ˆ์ฃ 
10:55
They said, "It's all right, you can detect radio waves from the Sun,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์•„์š”. ํƒœ์–‘์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋Š” ์ „ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ํƒ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์นฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
11:01
but the Sun is the only object in the universe that's close enough
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํƒœ์–‘์€ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ณ  ๋ฐ์•„์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ
11:04
and bright enough actually to be detectable. You can easily calculate
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ํƒ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒœ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํƒœ์–‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ค๋Š”
11:09
that radio waves from the Sun are fairly faint,
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์ „ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:13
and everything else in the universe is millions of times further away,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฒœ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ํƒœ์–‘๋ณด๋‹ค ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ฐฐ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
11:19
so it certainly will not be detectable.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€ ํƒ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
So there's no point in looking."
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ „ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑด ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:23
And that, of course, that set back the progress of radio astronomy
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋‹น์—ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ด ์˜๊ฒฌ๋“ค์€ ์•ฝ 20๋…„๋™์•ˆ
11:28
by about 20 years.
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์ „ํŒŒ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
Since there was nothing there, you might as well not look.
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์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํŽธ์ด ๋‚˜์•˜์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
Well, of course, as soon as anybody did look,
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๋„ค, ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์•ฝ 20๋…„ ํ›„์—
11:38
which was after about 20 years,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธก์„ ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ
11:41
when radio astronomy really took off. Because it turned out
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์ „ํŒŒ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š”
11:43
the universe is absolutely full of all kinds of wonderful things
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์ „ํŒŒ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ „์ž๊ธฐํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š”, ํƒœ์–‘๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐ์€
11:47
radiating in the radio spectrum, much brighter than the Sun.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
So, the same thing could be true for this kind of life,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•œ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ์œ„์„ฑ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„
11:58
which I'm talking about, on cold objects: that it could in fact
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์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ „ ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
12:02
be very abundant all over the universe, and it's not been detected
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ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํƒ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์–ด๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์–ด์„œ
12:06
just because we haven't taken the trouble to look.
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ํƒ์ง€๋œ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
So, the last thing I want to talk about is how to detect it.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฑธ ํƒ์ง€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
There is something called pit lamping.
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pit lamping ์ด๋ผ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:17
That's the phrase which I learned from my son George,
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๊ฐ์„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ ์•„๋“ค ์กฐ์ง€๊ฐ€
12:19
who is there in the audience.
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๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ์ค€ ์šฉ์–ด ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
You take -- that's a Canadian expression.
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์‹ ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
12:28
If you happen to want to hunt animals at night,
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์ €๋…์— ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:30
you take a miner's lamp, which is a pit lamp.
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๊ด‘๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋žจํ”„์ธ pit lamp๋ฅผ ์ง‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:34
You strap it onto your forehead, so you can see
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๋žจํ”„๋ฅผ ์ด๋งˆ์— ๋ฌถ์œผ๋ฉด
12:37
the reflection in the eyes of the animal. So, if you go out at night,
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๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์ด ๋ฐ˜์ง์ด๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ €๋…์— ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€
12:41
you shine a flashlight, the animals are bright.
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ํ”Œ๋ž˜์‰ฌ๋“ฑ์„ ๋น„์ถ”๋ฉด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
You see the red glow in their eyes,
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ˆˆ์ด ์„ฌ๊ด‘์— ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋˜์–ด
12:51
which is the reflection of the flashlight.
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๋ถ‰๊ฒŒ ๋น›๋‚˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
And then, if you're one of these unsporting characters,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ, ํŽ˜์–ดํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด
12:58
you shoot the animals and take them home.
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๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์žก์•„ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:01
And of course, that spoils the game
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ, ์ด๊ฑด ๋‚ฎ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š”
13:03
for the other hunters who hunt in the daytime,
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์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ ๋ง์น˜๋Š” ์ง“์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
so in Canada that's illegal. In New Zealand, it's legal,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ ์ด๊ฑด ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ด๊ตฌ์š”
13:10
because the New Zealand farmers use this as a way of getting rid of rabbits,
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๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ํ† ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”
13:15
because the rabbits compete with the sheep in New Zealand.
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๋‰ด์งˆ๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ† ๋ผ์™€ ์–‘์ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:18
So, the farmers go out at night
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ์ €๋…์—
13:20
with heavily armed jeeps, and shine the headlights,
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์ค‘๋ฌด์žฅํ•œ ์ง€ํ”„ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํ—ค๋“œ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋น„์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:25
and anything that doesn't look like a sheep, you shoot.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ์–‘์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์€๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ์ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:29
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
13:31
So I have proposed to apply the same trick
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ํŠธ๋ฆญ์„
13:34
to looking for life in the universe.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธธ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:36
That if these creatures who are living on cold surfaces --
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋จผ๊ณณ,
13:39
either on Europa, or further out, anywhere where you can live
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์–ด๋””๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์ƒ์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๊ณณ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:43
on a cold surface -- those creatures must be provided with reflectors.
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๊ทธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์€ ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
In order to concentrate sunlight, they have to have lenses and mirrors --
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์ด ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
13:52
in order to keep themselves warm.
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๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ์šธ ๊ฐ™์€๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:54
And then, when you shine sunlight at them,
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๊ทธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋น›์„ ๋น„์ถ”๋ฉด
13:58
the sunlight will be reflected back,
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๊ทธ ๋น›์ด ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋˜์–ด ๋Œ์•„์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
just as it is in the eyes of an animal.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ˆˆ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:06
So these creatures will be bright against the cold surroundings.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:10
And the further out you go in this, away from the Sun,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํƒœ์–‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์ข€ ๋” ๊ฐ€๋‹ค๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:14
the more powerful this reflection will be. So actually,
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๊ด‘์€ ๋” ์„ธ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
14:18
this method of hunting for life gets stronger and stronger
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜๋ก
14:21
as you go further away,
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๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:23
because the optical reflectors have to be more powerful so the reflected light
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ด‘ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฝ์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๋” ์ข‹์•„์งˆ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๊ด‘์ด
14:28
shines out even more in contrast against the dark background.
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์–ด๋‘์šด ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜์ง์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:34
So as you go further away from the Sun,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ, ํƒœ์–‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก
14:36
this becomes more and more powerful.
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:40
So, in fact, you can look for these creatures with telescopes from the Earth.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:46
Why aren't we doing it? Simply because nobody thought of it yet.
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์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๋‹จ์ง€ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:50
But I hope that we shall look, and with any --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:55
we probably won't find anything,
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์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:57
none of these speculations may have any basis in fact.
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์ด ์ถ”์ธก์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:01
But still, it's a good chance. And of course, if it happens,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ, ์ด๊ฑด ์ข‹์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:04
it will transform our view of life altogether.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
Because it means that -- the way life can live out there,
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์ด๊ฑด ์ € ๋„ˆ๋จธ ๋จผ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ
15:12
it has enormous advantages as compared with living on a planet.
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:15
It's extremely hard to move from one planet to another.
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ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
We're having great difficulties at the moment
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:23
and any creatures that live on a planet are pretty well stuck.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋น ์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:27
Especially if you breathe air,
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ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜ธํกํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:29
it's very hard to get from planet A to planet B,
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ํ–‰์„ฑ A์—์„œ ํ–‰์„ฑ B๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:32
because there's no air in between. But if you breathe air --
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์™œ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋‘ ํ–‰์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ˜ธํก์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:38
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
15:43
-- you're dead --
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์ฃฝ์ฃ 
15:44
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
15:46
-- as soon as you're off the planet, unless you have a spaceship.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜์ž ๋งˆ์ž ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:50
But if you live in a vacuum, if you live on the surface
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ง„๊ณต ์†์—์„œ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด, ์ด๋ฅผํ…Œ๋ฉด
15:53
of one of these objects, say, in the Kuiper Belt,
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์นด์ดํผ ๋ฒจํŠธ์˜ ๋ฌผ์ฒด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
15:56
this -- an object like Pluto, or one of the
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๋ช…์™•์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜
15:59
smaller objects in the neighborhood of Pluto,
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๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ ์–ด๋Š ๋ฌผ์ฒด์—์„œ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค
16:03
and you happened -- if you're living on the surface there,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ
16:05
and you get knocked off the surface by a collision,
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์ถฉ๋Œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
16:08
then it doesn't change anything all that much.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ดค์ž ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:11
You still are on a piece of ice, you can still have sunlight
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ณ„์† ์–ผ์Œ ์กฐ๊ฐ ์œ„์— ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:15
and you can still survive while you're traveling from one place to another.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ €๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์—๋„ ๊ณ„์† ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:19
And then if you run into another object, you can stay there
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฒœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ฉด์„œ
16:23
and colonize the other object. So life will spread, then,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์‹ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:26
from one object to another. So if it exists at all in the Kuiper Belt,
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์ด ์ฒœ์ฒด์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฒœ์ฒด๋กœ์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์นด์ดํผ ๋ฒจํŠธ ๋‚ด์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์กด์žฌ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
16:30
it's likely to be very widespread. And you will have then
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด
16:33
a great competition amongst species -- Darwinian evolution --
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์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ "์ข…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ" ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์œˆ์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
16:38
so there'll be a huge advantage to the species
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ„์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ ์—†์ด๋„ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข… ๋“ค์€
16:41
which is able to jump from one place to another
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ด์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:45
without having to wait for a collision. And there'll be advantages
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผˆํ”„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด ์ˆฒ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ
16:49
for spreading out long, sort of kelp-like forest of vegetation.
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์˜์—ญ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ข… ๋“ค๋„ ์ด์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:56
I call these creatures sunflowers.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ "ํ•ด๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ธฐ" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:58
They look like, maybe like sunflowers.
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์ด ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ํ•ด๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ธฐ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:01
They have to be all the time pointing toward the Sun,
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๊ทธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ํƒœํ–ฅ์„ ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
17:04
and they will be able to spread out in space,
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์ด ์ฒœ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์€ ์•ฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
17:07
because gravity on these objects is weak.
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์šฐ์ฃผ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:11
So they can collect sunlight from a big area.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ๋งค์šฐ ๋„“์€ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:14
So they will, in fact, be quite easy for us to detect.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด, ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์„ ํƒ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑด ๊ฝค ์‰ฌ์›Œ์งˆ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:18
So, I hope in the next 10 years, we'll find these creatures,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ–ฅํ›„ 10๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:21
and then, of course, our whole view of life in the universe will change.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์  ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
17:26
If we don't find them, then we can create them ourselves.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:30
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
17:33
That's another wonderful opportunity that's opening.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ ค ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:40
We can -- as soon as we have a little bit more understanding
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์œ ์ „๊ณตํ•™์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ๋” ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
17:43
of genetic engineering, one of the things you can do with your
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
17:48
take-it-home, do-it-yourself genetic engineering kit --
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๊ฐ€์ •์šฉ ์ž์ž‘ ๊ณตํ•™ ํ‚คํŠธ๋กœ
17:51
(Laughter) --
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
17:53
is to design a creature that can live on a cold satellite,
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์œ ๋กœํŒŒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ถ”์šด ์œ„์„ฑ์—์„œ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:56
a place like Europa, so we could colonize Europa with our own creatures.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์œ ๋กœํŒŒ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:01
That would be a fun thing to do.
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์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:05
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
18:08
In the long run, of course,
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๋จผ ํ›—๋‚ ์—, ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ
18:11
it would also make it possible for us to move out there.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฐ– ์ฒœ์ฒด๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง€๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
18:16
What's going to happen in the end,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ผ์€
18:18
it's not going to be just humans colonizing space,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
18:21
it's going to be life moving out from the Earth,
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:25
moving it into its kingdom. And the kingdom of life,
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋™ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์˜์—ญ์€
18:28
of course, is going to be the universe. And if life is already there,
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฏธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
18:33
it makes it much more exciting, in the short run.
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๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์ข€ ๋” ์žฌ๋ฐŒ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:36
But in the long run, if there's no life there, we create it ourselves.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:42
We transform the universe into something much more rich and beautiful
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ›จ์”ฌ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:46
than it is today.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:48
So again, we have a big and wonderful future to look forward.
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๋‹ค์‹œํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ์•ž์„ ๋‚ด๋‹ค๋ณผ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:53
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:54
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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