Freeman Dyson: Let's look for life in the outer solar system

110,761 views ・ 2008-07-14

TED


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Prevoditelj: Suzana Baric Recezent: Danijela Rako
00:18
How will we be remembered in 200 years?
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Kako će nas pamtiti za 200 godina?
00:21
I happen to live in a little town, Princeton, in New Jersey,
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Ja živim u malenom gradu, Princetonu, u New Jerseyu,
00:24
which every year celebrates the great event in Princeton history:
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u kojem se svake godine slavi veliki događaj iz Princetonove povijesti:
00:29
the Battle of Princeton, which was, in fact, a very important battle.
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Bitka kod Princetona, koja je, u biti, bila veoma važna bitka.
00:33
It was the first battle that George Washington won, in fact,
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To je bila prva bitka koju je George Washington osvojio
00:36
and was pretty much of a turning point in the war of independence.
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i bila je prekretnica u ratu za nezavisnost.
00:41
It happened 225 years ago.
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Dogodila se prije 225 godina.
00:44
It was actually a terrible disaster for Princeton.
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Zapravo je to bila velika katastrofa za Princeton.
00:48
The town was burned down; it was in the middle of winter,
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Grad je bio spaljen; bilo je to usred zime,
00:52
and it was a very, very severe winter.
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a bila je to jako oštra zima.
00:55
And about a quarter of all the people in Princeton died that winter
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I oko četvrtine svih ljudi u Princetonu je umrlo te zime
00:59
from hunger and cold, but nobody remembers that.
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od gladi i hladnoće, ali nitko se toga ne sjeća.
01:04
What they remember is, of course, the great triumph,
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Ono čega se sjećaju, naravno, je veliki trijumf,
01:06
that the Brits were beaten, and we won, and that the country was born.
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da su Britanci poraženi, a mi pobijedili i da je država rođena.
01:14
And so I agree very emphatically that the pain of childbirth is not remembered.
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I u potpunosti se slažem da se bol pri porođaju ne pamti.
01:21
It's the child that's remembered.
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Pamti se dijete.
01:23
And that's what we're going through at this time.
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I to je ono kroz što mi prolazimo u ovo vrijeme.
01:27
I wanted to just talk for one minute about the future of biotechnology,
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Htio sam samo jednu minutu govoriti o budućnosti biotehnologije,
01:35
because I think I know very little about that -- I'm not a biologist --
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zato što mislim da vrlo malo znam o tome - nisam biolog -
01:38
so everything I know about it can be said in one minute.
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pa sve što znam o tome se može ispričati u jednoj minuti.
01:41
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:44
What I'm saying is that we should follow the model
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Želim reći da bismo trebali slijediti model
01:47
that has been so successful with the electronic industry,
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koji je bio toliko uspješan u elektroničkoj industriji.
01:51
that what really turned computers into a great success, in the world
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Ono što je zbilja kompjutere pretvorilo u velik uspjeh,
01:56
as a whole, is toys. As soon as computers became toys,
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u svijetu kao cjelini, su igračke. Čim su kompjuteri postali igračke,
02:01
when kids could come home and play with them,
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kad su djeca mogla doći doma i igrati se njima,
02:04
then the industry really took off. And that has to happen with biotech.
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tada je industrija uistinu procvala. I to se mora dogoditi i biotehnologiji.
02:09
There's a huge --
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Postoji ogromna...
02:10
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:12
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
02:15
-- there's a huge community of people in the world
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Na svijetu postoji ogromna zajednica ljudi
02:18
who are practical biologists, who are dog breeders,
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koji su primijenjeni biolozi, koji su uzgajivači pasa,
02:21
pigeon breeders, orchid breeders, rose breeders,
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uzgajivači golubova, orhideja, ruža,
02:28
people who handle biology with their hands,
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ljudi koji se svojim rukama bave biologijom,
02:31
and who are dedicated to producing beautiful things, beautiful creatures,
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i koji su predani proizvodnji prekrasnih stvari, prekrasnih stvorenja,
02:38
plants, animals, pets. These people will be empowered with biotech,
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biljaka, životinja, ljubimaca. Ti ljudi će se osnažiti biotehnologijom,
02:45
and that will be an enormous positive step
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i to će biti jedan ogroman pozitivni korak
02:51
to acceptance of biotechnology.
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prema prihvaćanju biotehnologije.
02:55
That will blow away a lot of the opposition.
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To će ukloniti mnoga suprotna stajališta.
03:00
When people have this technology in their hands,
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Kada ljudi imaju tu tehnologiju u svojim rukama,
03:02
you have a do-it-yourself biotech kit, grow your own --
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imate sam-svoj-majstor biotehnološki pribor, uzgojite vlastitog -
03:10
grow your dog, grow your own cat.
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uzgojite vlastitog psa, uzgojite vlastitu mačku.
03:12
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:14
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
03:18
Just buy the software, you design it. I won't say anymore,
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Samo kupite software i dizajnirajte ih. Neću ništa više reći,
03:24
you can take it on from there. It's going to happen, and
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dalje ostaje na vama. Dogodit će se, i mislim
03:30
I think it has to happen before the technology becomes natural,
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da se mora dogoditi prije nego tehnologija postane prirodna,
03:38
becomes part of the human condition,
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postane dio ljudskog stanja,
03:41
something that everybody's familiar with and everybody accepts.
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nešto sa čime su svi upoznati i što svi prihvaćaju.
03:44
So, let's leave that aside.
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Ostavimo to postrani.
03:47
I want to talk about something quite different,
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Želim govoriti o nečemu posve drugačijem,
03:50
which is what I know about, and that is astronomy.
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o nečemu u što se razumijem, a to je astronomija.
03:54
And I'm interested in searching for life in the universe.
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A zanima me potraga za životom u svemiru.
03:58
And it's open to us to introduce a new way of doing that,
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I na nama je da izmislimo novi način kako to učiniti,
04:03
and that's what I'll talk about for 10 minutes,
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i o tome ću govoriti preostalih 10 minuta,
04:05
or whatever the time remains.
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ili koliko je već vremena ostalo.
04:12
The important fact is, that most of the real estate
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Važno je da većina zemljišta
04:15
that's accessible to us -- I'm not talking about the stars,
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koja su nam dostupna - ne govorim o zvijezdama,
04:18
I'm talking about the solar system, the stuff that's within reach
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već o Sunčevom sustavu, onome što je unutar dohvata
04:22
for spacecraft and within reach of our earthbound telescopes --
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svemirskih letjelica i naših zemaljskih teleskopa -
04:28
most of the real estate is very cold and very far from the Sun.
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većina zemljišta je veoma hladna i veoma udaljena od Sunca.
04:34
If you look at the solar system, as we know it today,
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Ako pogledate Sunčev sustav, kakvog ga danas poznajemo,
04:38
it has a few planets close to the Sun. That's where we live.
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ima nekoliko planeta blizu Sunca. Tu mi živimo.
04:43
It has a fairly substantial number of asteroids between
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Ima povelik broj asteroida između
04:49
the orbit of the Earth out through -- to the orbit of Jupiter.
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orbite Zemlje i orbite Jupitera.
04:54
The asteroids are a substantial amount of real estate,
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Asteroidi čine značajnu količinu zemljišta,
04:57
but not very large. And it's not very promising for life,
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ali ne jako veliku. A i ne obećavaju što se tiče života,
05:02
since most of it consists of rock and metal, mostly rock.
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zato što se većina sastoji od kamena i metala, većinom kamena.
05:06
It's not only cold, but very dry.
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Nije samo hladno, već i veoma suho.
05:11
So the asteroids we don't have much hope for.
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Tako da za asteroide nemamo mnogo nade.
05:17
There stand some interesting places a little further out:
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Neka zanimljiva mjesta nalaze se malo dalje:
05:22
the moons of Jupiter and Saturn.
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Jupiterovi i Saturnovi sateliti.
05:24
Particularly, there's a place called Europa, which is --
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Točnije, postoji mjesto koje se zove Europa -
05:26
Europa is one of the moons of Jupiter,
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Europa je jedan od Jupiterovih mjeseca,
05:29
where we see a very level ice surface,
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gdje vidimo veoma ravnu ledenu površinu,
05:34
which looks as if it's floating on top of an ocean.
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koja izgleda kao da pluta na oceanu.
05:37
So, we believe that on Europa there is, in fact, a deep ocean.
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Dakle, vjerujemo da se na Europi nalazi duboki ocean.
05:41
And that makes it extraordinarily interesting as a place to explore.
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I to ga čini neobično zanimljivim mjestom za istraživanje.
05:45
Ocean -- probably the most likely place for life to originate,
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Ocean - mjesto iz kojega bi život najvjerojatnije potekao,
05:52
just as it originated on the Earth. So we would love to explore Europa,
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kao što je potekao na Zemlji. Voljeli bismo istražiti Europu,
05:59
to go down through the ice,
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spustiti se dolje kroz led,
06:01
find out who is swimming around in the ocean,
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otkriti tko pliva u oceanu,
06:04
whether there are fish or seaweed or sea monsters --
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ima li riba ili morske trave ili morskih čudovišta -
06:09
whatever there may be that's exciting --- or cephalopods.
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bilo čega što bi moglo biti zanimljivo - ili glavonožaca.
06:15
But that's hard to do. Unfortunately, the ice is thick.
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Ali to je teško izvesti. Na žalost, led je debeo.
06:21
We don't know just how thick it is, probably miles thick,
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Ne znamo koliko točno je debeo, vjerojatno kilometrima
06:24
so it's very expensive and very difficult to go down there --
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pa je veoma skupo i veoma teško spustiti se ondje -
06:28
send down your submarine or whatever it is -- and explore.
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poslati svoju podmornicu ili što već - i istraživati.
06:32
That's something we don't yet know how to do.
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Još ne znamo kako to učiniti.
06:35
There are plans to do it, but it's hard.
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Postoje planovi kako to učiniti, ali teško je.
06:40
Go out a bit further, you'll find that beyond the orbit of Neptune,
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Otiđite malo dalje, otkrit ćete da iza orbite Neptuna,
06:43
way out, far from the Sun, that's where the real estate really begins.
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daleko od Sunca, zapravo počinje zemljište.
06:49
You'll find millions or trillions or billions of objects which,
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Naći ćete milijune ili bilijune ili milijarde objekata,
06:54
in what we call the Kuiper Belt or the Oort Cloud --
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u onome što zovemo Kuiperov pojas ili Oortov oblak -
06:57
these are clouds of small objects which appear as comets
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to su oblaci malih objekata koji izgledaju kao kometi
07:03
when they fall close to the Sun. Mostly, they just live out there
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kada padnu blizu Sunca. Većinom samo žive ondje
07:07
in the cold of the outer solar system,
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u hladnoći u udaljenom dijelu Sunčevog sustava,
07:10
but they are biologically very interesting indeed,
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ali biološki su zaista veoma zanimljivi
07:14
because they consist primarily of ice with other minerals,
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zato što se sastoje prvenstveno od leda i drugih minerala,
07:18
which are just the right ones for developing life.
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točno onih koji su potrebni za razvoj života.
07:21
So if life could be established out there,
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Kada bi se ondje moglo utvrditi postojanje života,
07:24
it would have all the essentials -- chemistry and sunlight --
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imao bi sve što je potrebno - kemiju i sunčevu svjetlost -
07:30
everything that's needed.
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sve što treba.
07:33
So, what I'm proposing
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Pa predlažem da
07:36
is that there is where we should be looking for life, rather than on Mars,
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bismo ondje trebali tražiti život, umjesto na Marsu,
07:40
although Mars is, of course, also a very promising and interesting place.
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iako je Mars, naravno, također veoma obećavajuće i zanimljivo mjesto.
07:44
But we can look outside, very cheaply and in a simple fashion.
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Ali možemo tražiti dalje, vrlo jeftino i na jednostavan način.
07:49
And that's what I'm going to talk about.
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I o tome ću govoriti.
07:53
There is a -- imagine that life originated on Europa,
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Zamislite da je život započeo na Europi
07:58
and it was sitting in the ocean for billions of years.
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i da je sjedio u oceanu milijardama godina.
08:02
It's quite likely that it would move out of the ocean onto the surface,
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Vrlo je vjerojarno da bi se premjestio iz oceana na površinu,
08:06
just as it did on the Earth.
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baš kao na Zemlji.
08:08
Staying in the ocean and evolving in the ocean for 2 billion years,
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Bio je u oceanu i razvijao se ondje 2 milijarde godina,
08:11
finally came out onto the land. And then of course it had great --
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konačno je izašao na kopno. A onda je, naravno, imao veliku -
08:15
much greater freedom, and a much greater variety of creatures
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mnogo veću slobodu i mnogo veću raznolikost stvorenja
08:19
developed on the land than had ever been possible in the ocean.
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koje su se razvile se na kopnu nego što je to ikad bilo moguće u oceanu.
08:23
And the step from the ocean to the land was not easy, but it happened.
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A korak od oceana do kopna nije bio lak, ali dogodio se.
08:29
Now, if life had originated on Europa in the ocean,
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Ako je život započeo na Europi u oceanu,
08:33
it could also have moved out onto the surface.
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mogao se premjestiti i van na površinu.
08:35
There wouldn't have been any air there -- it's a vacuum.
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Ondje uopće ne bi bilo zraka - ondje je vakuum.
08:38
It is out in the cold, but it still could have come.
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Vani je na hladnoći, ali ipak je mogao nastati.
08:44
You can imagine that the plants growing up like kelp
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Možete zamislite kako biljke poput morske trave
08:48
through cracks in the ice, growing on the surface.
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kroz pukotine na ledu rastu na površinu.
08:52
What would they need in order to grow on the surface?
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Što bi im bilo potrebno da narastu na površini?
08:54
They'd need, first of all, to have a thick skin to protect themselves
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Morale bi, kao prvo, imati debelu kožu da se zaštite
09:00
from losing water through the skin.
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od gubitka vode kroz kožu.
09:06
So they would have to have something like a reptilian skin.
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Morale bi imati nešto poput kože gmazova.
09:11
But better -- what is more important
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Ali važnije je
09:13
is that they would have to concentrate sunlight.
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da bi morale sakupljati sunčevu svjetlost.
09:16
The sunlight in Jupiter, on the satellites of Jupiter,
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Sunčeva svjetlost na Jupiteru, na Jupiterovim satelitima,
09:20
is 25 times fainter than it is here,
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25 je slabija nego kod nas,
09:24
since Jupiter is five times as far from the Sun.
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zato što je Jupiter 5 puta udaljeniji od Sunca.
09:26
So they would have to have -- these creatures, which I call sunflowers,
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Morala bi imati - ta bića, koja ja zovem suncokretima,
09:30
which I imagine living on the surface of Europa, would have to have
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koja zamišljam da žive na površini Europe, morala bi imati
09:36
either lenses or mirrors to concentrate sunlight,
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ili leće ili zrcala za sakupljanje sunčeve svjetlosti,
09:40
so they could keep themselves warm on the surface.
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kako bi se mogla održati toplima na površini.
09:44
Otherwise, they would be at a temperature of minus 150,
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U protivnom bi bila na temperaturi od -150,
09:48
which is certainly not favorable for developing life,
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što nikako nije pogodno za razvoj života,
09:51
at least of the kind we know.
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barem ne one vrste koju mi znamo.
09:53
But if they just simply could grow, like leaves,
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Ali kada bi ta bića jednostavno mogla izrasti, poput lišća,
09:56
little lenses and mirrors to concentrate sunlight,
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malene leće i zrcala za skupljanje sunčeve svjetlosti,
09:59
then they could keep warm on the surface.
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tada bi mogla održati toplinu na površini.
10:02
They could enjoy all the benefits of the sunlight
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Mogla bi uživati u pogodnostima sunčeve svjetlosti
10:07
and have roots going down into the ocean;
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i imati korijenje spušteno u ocean;
10:11
life then could flourish much more.
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život bi tada mnogo više mogao bujati.
10:13
So, why not look? Of course, it's not very likely
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Dakle, zašto ne pogledati? Naravno, mala je vjerojatnost
10:16
that there's life on the surface of Europa.
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da postoji život na površini Europe.
10:18
None of these things is likely, but my,
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Sve ovo je malo vjerojatno, ali
10:21
my philosophy is, look for what's detectable, not for what's probable.
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moja filozofija je: Traži ono što se može naći, a ne ono što je vjerojatno.
10:27
There's a long history in astronomy of unlikely things
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U astronomiji postoji duga povijest nemogućih stvari
10:31
turning out to be there. And I mean,
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za koje je ispalo da su moguće. Mislim,
10:33
the finest example of that was radio astronomy as a whole.
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najbolji primjer tog je bila radio astronomija kao cjelina.
10:36
This was -- originally, when radio astronomy began,
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U početku, kada je radio astronomija započela,
10:41
Mr. Jansky, at the Bell labs, detected radio waves coming from the sky.
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gospodin Jansky, u Bell Labs-u, otkrio je radiovalove koji dolaze s neba.
10:51
And the regular astronomers were scornful about this.
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A obični astronomi bili su puni prezira prema tome.
10:55
They said, "It's all right, you can detect radio waves from the Sun,
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Rekli su: "U redu, možete otkriti radiovalove sa Sunca,
11:01
but the Sun is the only object in the universe that's close enough
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ali Sunce je jedini objekt u svemiru dovoljno blizu
11:04
and bright enough actually to be detectable. You can easily calculate
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i dovoljno sjajan da bi se registrirao. Lako možete izračunati
11:09
that radio waves from the Sun are fairly faint,
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da su radiovalovi sa Sunca prilično slabi,
11:13
and everything else in the universe is millions of times further away,
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a sve drugo u svemiru je milijune puta dalje
11:19
so it certainly will not be detectable.
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pa se sigurno neće moći registrirati.
11:21
So there's no point in looking."
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Pa nema smisla tražiti."
11:23
And that, of course, that set back the progress of radio astronomy
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I to je, naravno, unazadilo napredak radio astronomije
11:28
by about 20 years.
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za 20-ak godina.
11:33
Since there was nothing there, you might as well not look.
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Kako ničega nije bilo ondje, tamo ne treba ni gledati.
11:36
Well, of course, as soon as anybody did look,
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Naravno, kad je netko i pogledao,
11:38
which was after about 20 years,
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to je bilo nakon 20-ak godina,
11:41
when radio astronomy really took off. Because it turned out
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tada je radio astronomija zbilja postala popularna. Zato što se ispostavilo
11:43
the universe is absolutely full of all kinds of wonderful things
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da je svemir pun svakakvih prekrasnih stvari
11:47
radiating in the radio spectrum, much brighter than the Sun.
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koje zrače u radio spektru, još sjajnije od Sunca.
11:53
So, the same thing could be true for this kind of life,
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Tako bi ista stvar mogla biti istinita za ovaj oblik života,
11:58
which I'm talking about, on cold objects: that it could in fact
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o kojem pričam, na hladnim objektima; u biti bi ga
12:02
be very abundant all over the universe, and it's not been detected
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moglo biti u izobilju posvuda po svemiru, a nije ga se registriralo
12:06
just because we haven't taken the trouble to look.
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samo zato što se nismo potrudili pogledati.
12:10
So, the last thing I want to talk about is how to detect it.
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Zadnja stvar o kojoj želim govoriti je način na koji ga otkriti.
12:15
There is something called pit lamping.
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Postoji nešto što se zove "osvjetljivanje jama".
12:17
That's the phrase which I learned from my son George,
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To je izraz koji sam naučio od svog sina Georgea,
12:19
who is there in the audience.
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koji je ondje u publici.
12:21
You take -- that's a Canadian expression.
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To je kanadski izraz.
12:28
If you happen to want to hunt animals at night,
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Ako zaželite loviti životinje noću,
12:30
you take a miner's lamp, which is a pit lamp.
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uzmete rudarsku svjetiljku, što je svjetiljka za jame.
12:34
You strap it onto your forehead, so you can see
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Pričvrstite je na čelo da može vidjeti
12:37
the reflection in the eyes of the animal. So, if you go out at night,
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odsjaj u očima životinje. Dakle, ako izađete noću,
12:41
you shine a flashlight, the animals are bright.
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svjetlite džepnom lampom, životinje su sjajne.
12:48
You see the red glow in their eyes,
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Vidite crveni sjaj u njihovim očima,
12:51
which is the reflection of the flashlight.
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što je odsjaj džepne lampe.
12:53
And then, if you're one of these unsporting characters,
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A onda, ako niste sportskog duha,
12:58
you shoot the animals and take them home.
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upucate životinju i odnesete je doma.
13:01
And of course, that spoils the game
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Naravno, to kvari igru
13:03
for the other hunters who hunt in the daytime,
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drugim lovcima koji love danju
13:05
so in Canada that's illegal. In New Zealand, it's legal,
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pa je u Kanadi to protuzakonito. Na Novom Zelandu je legalno,
13:10
because the New Zealand farmers use this as a way of getting rid of rabbits,
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zato što se novozelandski farmeri na taj način rješavaju zečeva.
13:15
because the rabbits compete with the sheep in New Zealand.
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Zečevi se, naime, natječu s ovcama na Novom Zelandu.
13:18
So, the farmers go out at night
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Pa farmeri izađu noću
13:20
with heavily armed jeeps, and shine the headlights,
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s teško naoružanim džipovima i svijetle prednjim svjetlima,
13:25
and anything that doesn't look like a sheep, you shoot.
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i upucaju sve što ne liči na ovcu.
13:29
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
13:31
So I have proposed to apply the same trick
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Pa sam predložio da se isti trik primijeni
13:34
to looking for life in the universe.
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na traženje života u svemiru.
13:36
That if these creatures who are living on cold surfaces --
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Ta bića koja žive na hladnim površinama -
13:39
either on Europa, or further out, anywhere where you can live
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ili na Europi, ili još dalje, bilo gdje gdje možete živjeti
13:43
on a cold surface -- those creatures must be provided with reflectors.
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na hladnoj površini - ta bića moraju imati reflektore.
13:49
In order to concentrate sunlight, they have to have lenses and mirrors --
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Kako bi sakupljala sunčevu svjetlost, moraju imati leće i zrcala -
13:52
in order to keep themselves warm.
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kako bi se održavala toplima.
13:54
And then, when you shine sunlight at them,
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A kada na njih zasja sunčeva svjetlost,
13:58
the sunlight will be reflected back,
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svjetlost će se odbiti natrag,
14:01
just as it is in the eyes of an animal.
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baš kao što je to s očima životinja.
14:06
So these creatures will be bright against the cold surroundings.
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Dakle, ta bića bit će sjajna u usporedbi s hladnim okruženjem.
14:10
And the further out you go in this, away from the Sun,
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A što dalje odete, dalje od Sunca,
14:14
the more powerful this reflection will be. So actually,
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to će odsjaj biti jači. Pa, zapravo,
14:18
this method of hunting for life gets stronger and stronger
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ova metoda lova na život postaje sve jača
14:21
as you go further away,
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kako se udaljavate,
14:23
because the optical reflectors have to be more powerful so the reflected light
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zato što optički reflektori moraju biti snažni pa se reflektirana svjetlost
14:28
shines out even more in contrast against the dark background.
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još više sjaji u kontrastu na tamnu pozadinu.
14:34
So as you go further away from the Sun,
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Kako se sve više udaljavate od Sunca,
14:36
this becomes more and more powerful.
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tako to postaje sve jače i jače.
14:40
So, in fact, you can look for these creatures with telescopes from the Earth.
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Dakle, u biti možete tražiti ta stvorenja teleskopima sa Zemlje.
14:46
Why aren't we doing it? Simply because nobody thought of it yet.
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Zašto to ne činimo? Jednostavno zato što se toga još nitko nije sjetio.
14:50
But I hope that we shall look, and with any --
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Ali nadam se da ćemo tražiti, i s malo sreće ...
14:55
we probably won't find anything,
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vjerojatno ništa nećemo naći,
14:57
none of these speculations may have any basis in fact.
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nijedna od ovih pretpostavki zapravo možda nema temelje.
15:01
But still, it's a good chance. And of course, if it happens,
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Ali ipak, dobra je to prilika. I, naravno, ako se to dogodi,
15:04
it will transform our view of life altogether.
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u cjelosti će promijeniti naš pogled na život.
15:07
Because it means that -- the way life can live out there,
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To bi značilo da način na koji život može postojati ondje,
15:12
it has enormous advantages as compared with living on a planet.
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ima velike prednosti u usporedbi sa životom na planetu.
15:15
It's extremely hard to move from one planet to another.
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Veoma je teško ići od jednog planeta do drugog.
15:19
We're having great difficulties at the moment
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Trenutno imamo velike poteškoće
15:23
and any creatures that live on a planet are pretty well stuck.
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i bilo koje biće koje živi na planetu zapravo je zapelo.
15:27
Especially if you breathe air,
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Posebice ako udišete zrak,
15:29
it's very hard to get from planet A to planet B,
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vrlo je teško doći od planeta A do planeta B,
15:32
because there's no air in between. But if you breathe air --
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zato što nema zraka između. Ali ako dišete zrak...
15:38
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
15:43
-- you're dead --
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...mrtvi ste...
15:44
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
15:46
-- as soon as you're off the planet, unless you have a spaceship.
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...čim odete s planeta, osim ako imate svemirsku letjelicu.
15:50
But if you live in a vacuum, if you live on the surface
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Ali ako živite u vakuumu, ako živite na površini
15:53
of one of these objects, say, in the Kuiper Belt,
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jednog od ovih objekata, recimo, u Kuiperovu pojasu,
15:56
this -- an object like Pluto, or one of the
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na ovom objektu sličnom Plutonu, ili jednome od
15:59
smaller objects in the neighborhood of Pluto,
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manjih objekata u blizini Plutona,
16:03
and you happened -- if you're living on the surface there,
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ako ondje živite na površini,
16:05
and you get knocked off the surface by a collision,
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i zbog sudara sletite s površine,
16:08
then it doesn't change anything all that much.
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onda to ne mijenja puno toga.
16:11
You still are on a piece of ice, you can still have sunlight
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I dalje ste na komadu leda, i dalje imate sunčevu svjetlost
16:15
and you can still survive while you're traveling from one place to another.
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te i dalje možete preživjeti dok putujete od jednog do drugog mjesta.
16:19
And then if you run into another object, you can stay there
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A, ako naiđete na neki drugi objekt, možete ostati ondje
16:23
and colonize the other object. So life will spread, then,
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i kolonizirati ga. Pa će se život tako širiti
16:26
from one object to another. So if it exists at all in the Kuiper Belt,
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s jednog objekta na drugi. Dakle, ako uopće postoji u Kuiperovu pojasu,
16:30
it's likely to be very widespread. And you will have then
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vjerojatno je da je vrlo raširen. A onda će se odvijati
16:33
a great competition amongst species -- Darwinian evolution --
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veliko natjecanje među vrstama - Darwinova teorija evolucije -
16:38
so there'll be a huge advantage to the species
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pa će veliku prednost imati vrste
16:41
which is able to jump from one place to another
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koje mogu skočiti s jednog mjesta na drugo
16:45
without having to wait for a collision. And there'll be advantages
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a da ne moraju očekivati sudar. I bit će prednosti
16:49
for spreading out long, sort of kelp-like forest of vegetation.
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za širenje dugih šuma vegetacije nalik na morsku travu.
16:56
I call these creatures sunflowers.
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Ta bića zovem suncokretima.
16:58
They look like, maybe like sunflowers.
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Možda nalikuju na suncokrete.
17:01
They have to be all the time pointing toward the Sun,
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Uvijek moraju biti okrenuti prema Suncu
17:04
and they will be able to spread out in space,
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i moći će se širiti svemirom
17:07
because gravity on these objects is weak.
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zato što je gravitacijska sila na tim objektima slaba.
17:11
So they can collect sunlight from a big area.
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Mogu skupljati sunčevu svjetlost s velikog područja.
17:14
So they will, in fact, be quite easy for us to detect.
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Pa će ih, zapravo, biti vrlo lako otkriti.
17:18
So, I hope in the next 10 years, we'll find these creatures,
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Nadam se da ćemo kroz sljedećih 10 godina naći ta bića,
17:21
and then, of course, our whole view of life in the universe will change.
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a onda će se, naravno, naš pogled na život u svemiru promijeniti.
17:26
If we don't find them, then we can create them ourselves.
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Ako ih ne nađemo, onda ih možemo sami stvoriti.
17:30
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
17:33
That's another wonderful opportunity that's opening.
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To je još jedna prekrasna mogućnost koja se pojavljuje.
17:40
We can -- as soon as we have a little bit more understanding
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Možemo, čim budemo imali malo više znanja
17:43
of genetic engineering, one of the things you can do with your
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o genetičkom inženjerstvu, jedna od stvari koju možete učini sa svojim
17:48
take-it-home, do-it-yourself genetic engineering kit --
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kućnim, sam-svoj-majstor genetičkim inžinjerskim priborom -
17:51
(Laughter) --
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(Smijeh) -
17:53
is to design a creature that can live on a cold satellite,
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dizajnirati bića koja mogu živjeti na hladnom satelitu,
17:56
a place like Europa, so we could colonize Europa with our own creatures.
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mjestu poput Europe pa bismo mogli kolonizirati Europu vlastitim bićima.
18:01
That would be a fun thing to do.
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To bi bilo zabavno učiniti.
18:05
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
18:08
In the long run, of course,
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Dugoročno gledano, naravno,
18:11
it would also make it possible for us to move out there.
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to bi i nama omogućilo da se ondje preselimo.
18:16
What's going to happen in the end,
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Na kraju neće
18:18
it's not going to be just humans colonizing space,
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samo ljudi kolonizirati svemir,
18:21
it's going to be life moving out from the Earth,
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već će se život preseliti sa Zemlje,
18:25
moving it into its kingdom. And the kingdom of life,
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preseliti u svoje carstvo. A carstvo života će,
18:28
of course, is going to be the universe. And if life is already there,
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naravno, biti svemir. A ako život ondje već postoji,
18:33
it makes it much more exciting, in the short run.
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onda je mnogo uzbudljivije, kratkoročno gledano.
18:36
But in the long run, if there's no life there, we create it ourselves.
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Ali, dugoročno gledano, ako nema života ondje, sami ćemo ga stvoriti.
18:42
We transform the universe into something much more rich and beautiful
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Pretvaramo svemir u nešto mnogo bogatije i ljepše
18:46
than it is today.
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nego što je danas.
18:48
So again, we have a big and wonderful future to look forward.
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Ponavljam, pred nama je velika i prekrasna budućnost.
18:53
Thank you.
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Hvala.
18:54
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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