Steven Levitt on child carseats

407,947 views ใƒป 2008-06-24

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: tali sapir ืžื‘ืงืจ: Avshalom Aloni
00:18
Once upon a time, there was a dread disease that afflicted children.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ืœื” ืื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืคื’ืขื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื
00:23
And in fact, among all the diseases that existed in this land,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื•,
00:27
it was the worst. It killed the most children.
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ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
00:30
And along came a brilliant inventor, a scientist,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืžืฆื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืง, ืžื“ืขืŸ,
00:33
who came up with a partial cure for that disease.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื™ืคืื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
00:36
And it wasn't perfect. Many children still died,
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,ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•
00:40
but it was certainly better than what they had before.
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.ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืกืคืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ
00:43
And one of the good things about this cure was that it was free,
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,ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื”, ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื ื
00:49
virtually free, and was very easy to use.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื, ื•ืงืœื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
00:51
But the worst thing about it was that you couldn't use it
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ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืชื”, ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”
00:54
on the youngest children, on infants, and on one-year-olds.
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.ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื: ืขื ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืคืขื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื ื”
00:58
And so, as a consequence, a few years later,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ
01:00
another scientist -- perhaps maybe this scientist
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ืžื“ืขืŸ ืื—ืจ - ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”
01:02
not quite as brilliant as the one who had preceded him,
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- ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ืฉืงื“ื ืœื•
01:06
but building on the invention of the first one --
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
01:08
came up with a second cure.
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.ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉื ื™ื”
01:11
And the beauty of the second cure for this disease
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืคื” ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
01:14
was that it could be used on infants and one-year-olds.
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.ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื”
01:18
And the problem with this cure was it was very expensive,
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,ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืงืจื” ืžืื•ื“
01:23
and it was very complicated to use.
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.ื•ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
01:24
And although parents tried as hard as they could to use it properly,
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,ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืื•ื“ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ
01:28
almost all of them ended up using it wrong in the end.
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.ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
01:32
But what they did, of course, since it was so complicated and expensive,
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,ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื™ืงืจื”
01:35
they only used it on the zero-year-olds and the one-year-olds.
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.ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื” ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื”
01:38
And they kept on using the existing cure that they had
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื
01:41
on the two-year-olds and up.
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.ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžืขืœื”
01:42
And this went on for quite some time. People were happy.
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.ื•ื›ืš ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”
01:44
They had their two cures. Until a particular mother,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื. ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช. ืขื“ ืฉืืžื ืื—ืช
01:47
whose child had just turned two, died of this disease.
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,ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉืœื”, ืฉืžืœืื• ืœื” ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืžืชื” ืžื”ืžื—ืœื”
01:52
And she thought to herself, "My child just turned two,
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,ื•ื”ืืžื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืขืฆืžื”: "ืœื™ืœื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžืœืื• ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื
01:56
and until the child turned two, I had always used
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ื•ืขื“ ืฉืžืœืื• ืœื” ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™
02:00
this complicated, expensive cure, you know, this treatment.
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.ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ื•ื”ื™ืงืจื” - ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื - ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”
02:05
And then the child turned two, and I started using
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,ื•ืื– ืœื™ืœื“ื” ืžืœืื• ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื
02:06
the cheap and easy treatment, and I wonder" --
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"...ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื•ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื”
02:09
and she wondered, like all parents who lose children wonder --
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืชื”, ื›ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ,ืœืชื”ื•ืช
02:11
"if there isn't something that I could have done,
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,ืื ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช..."
02:13
like keep on using that complicated, expensive cure."
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".ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ื•ื”ื™ืงืจื”
02:17
And she told all the other people, and she said,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืคื ืชื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”
02:20
"How could it possibly be that something
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื”ื•"
02:22
that's cheap and simple works as well as something
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืœ ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืžื•
02:25
that's complicated and expensive?"
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"?ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื•ื™ืงืจ
02:27
And the people thought, "You know, you're right.
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.ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•: "ืืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช, ืืช ืฆื•ื“ืงืช
02:29
It probably is the wrong thing to do to switch
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ื–ื• ื‘ื˜ื— ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ
02:31
and use the cheap and simple solution."
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".ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜
02:34
And the government, they heard her story and the other people,
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ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ื ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื”, ื•ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
02:37
and they said, "Yeah, you're right, we should make a law.
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.ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื•: "ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืงืง ื—ื•ืง
02:40
We should outlaw this cheap and simple treatment
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜
02:42
and not let anybody use this on their children."
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".ื•ืœื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
02:45
And the people were happy. They were satisfied.
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.ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื‘ืขื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ
02:47
For many years this went along, and everything was fine.
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.ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื—ืœืคื•, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ
02:50
But then along came a lowly economist, who had children himself,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ืฆื ื•ืข, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื
02:55
and he used the expensive and complicated treatment.
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.ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื•ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ืš
03:02
But he knew about the cheap and simple one.
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.ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜
03:04
And he thought about it, and the expensive one
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ืงืจ
03:06
didn't seem that great to him. So he thought,
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,ืœื ื ืจืื” ืœื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื”ื“ืจ. ืื– ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘
03:09
"I don't know anything about science, but I do know something about data,
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,ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืžื“ืขื™, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื"
03:12
so maybe I should go and look at the data
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
03:14
and see whether this expensive and complicated treatment
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื•ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ืš
03:18
actually works any better than the cheap and simple one."
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".ื‘ืืžืช ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜
03:21
And lo and behold, when he went through the data,
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ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
03:23
he found that it didn't look like the expensive, complicated
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืงืจ, ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ืš
03:26
solution was any better than the cheap one,
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.ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ืœ
03:29
at least for the children who were two and older --
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.ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื
03:31
the cheap one still didn't work on the kids who were younger.
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.ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:34
And so, he went forth to the people and he said,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืžืจ
03:38
"I've made this wonderful finding:
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,ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืžืฆื ื ื”ื“ืจ"
03:40
it looks as if we could just use the cheap and simple solution,
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.ื ืจืื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜
03:43
and by doing so we could save ourselves 300 million dollars a year,
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,ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืกื•ืš 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”
03:46
and we could spend that on our children in other ways."
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".ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช
03:48
And the parents were very unhappy, and they said,
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:ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉืžื—ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืืžืจื•
03:52
"This is a terrible thing, because how can the cheap and easy thing
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,ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจื ืœื•ืžืจ"
03:54
be as good as the hard thing?" And the government was very upset.
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"?ื›ื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื”ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœืžืกื•ื‘ืš
03:58
And in particular, the people who made this expensive solution
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืงืจ
04:01
were very upset because they thought,
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:ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•
04:03
"How can we hope to compete with something that's essentially free?
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?ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื™ื ื"
04:06
We would lose all of our market."
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".ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœื ื•
04:08
And people were very angry, and they called him horrible names.
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.ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืขืกื•, ื•ืงืจืื• ืœื• ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื
04:11
And he decided that maybe he should leave the country
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ
04:14
for a few days, and seek out some more intelligent,
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,ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
04:18
open-minded people in a place called Oxford,
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,"ืขื ืจืืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืชื•ื—, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืงืจื "ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“
04:21
and come and try and tell the story at that place.
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.ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืฉื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
04:24
And so, anyway, here I am. It's not a fairy tale.
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.ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื”ื ื” ืื ื™. ื–ื• ืœื ืื’ื“ื”
04:28
It's a true story about the United States today,
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•
04:30
and the disease I'm referring to is actually
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื
04:33
motor vehicle accidents for children.
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.ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘
04:36
And the free cure is adult seatbelts, and the expensive cure --
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ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื—ื™ื ื ื”ื™ื ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืงืจื”
04:42
the 300-million-dollar-a-year cure -- is child car seats.
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.ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื‘-300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ - ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘
04:46
And what I'd like to talk to you about today
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,ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ื
04:48
is some of the evidence why I believe this to be true:
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื™ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
04:51
that for children two years old and up,
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ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžืขืœื”
04:53
there really is no real benefit -- proven benefit -- of car seats,
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ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™ - ื™ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื— - ืœื›ืกื ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘
04:58
in spite of the incredible energy
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื”
05:03
that has been devoted toward expanding the laws
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ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื” ืœื”ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื
05:06
and making it socially unacceptable
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ื•ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื—ื’ื™ืจืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื›ื ื‘ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
05:08
to put your children into seatbelts. And then talk about why --
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,"ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื•ืื– ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ "ืžื“ื•ืข
05:13
what is it that makes that true?
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?ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืš ื”ื ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
05:14
And then, finally talk a little bit about a third way,
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,ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช
05:17
about another technology, which is probably better than anything we have,
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ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข
05:20
but which -- there hasn't been any enthusiasm for adoption
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืœืืžืฅ ืื•ืชื”
05:23
precisely because people are so enamored
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื
05:25
with the current car seat solution. OK.
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.ื‘ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘. ื‘ืกื“ืจ
05:28
So, many times when you try to do research on data,
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,ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
05:31
it records complicated stories -- it's hard to find in the data.
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ื”ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื. ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื - ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžืงืจื”
05:35
It doesn't turn out to be the case when you look at seatbelts versus car seats.
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ื›ืฉืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื›ืกืื•ืช .ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘
05:38
So the United States keeps a data set
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ืื– ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
05:40
of every fatal accident that's happened since 1975.
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.ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1975
05:43
So in every car crash in which at least one person dies,
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,ืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืื•ื ืช ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื ื”ืจื’
05:46
they have information on all of the people.
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.ื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
05:48
So if you look at that data -- it's right up on the National Highway
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ืื– ืื ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื - ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ
05:51
Transportation Safety Administration's website --
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.(ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื (ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘
05:53
you can just look at the raw data,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื™ื
05:55
and begin to get a sense of the limited amount of evidence
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช
05:59
that's in favor of car seats for children aged two and up.
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.ืฉื”ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘
06:02
So, here is the data. Here I have, among two- to six-year-olds --
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-ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื™, ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
06:06
anyone above six, basically no one uses car seats,
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ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืฉ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ,ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
06:08
so you can't compare -- 29.3 percent of the children who are unrestrained
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช. 29.3 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ื’ื•ืจื™ื
06:14
in a crash in which at least one person dies, themselves die.
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.ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืชืื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื ื”ืจื’, ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื
06:18
If you put a child in a car seat, 18.2 percent of the children die.
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ืื ืืชื” ืฉื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, 18.2 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื .ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื
06:23
If they're wearing a lap-and-shoulder belt, in this raw data,
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,ืื ื”ื ื—ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ืื’ืŸ-ื›ืชืฃ
06:25
19.4 percent die. And interestingly, wearing a lap-only seatbelt,
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ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, 19.4 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื. ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขื ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื™ืจื›ื™ื™ื
06:30
16.7 percent die. And actually, the theory tells you
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ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื 16.7 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื
06:32
that the lap-only seatbelt's got to be worse
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ืฉื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื™ืจื›ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ .ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื”ืื’ืŸ-ื›ืชืฃ
06:35
than the lap-and-shoulder belt. And that just reminds you
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ื•ื–ื” ืจืง ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื
06:36
that when you deal with raw data, there are hundreds
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ืฉื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื™ื,
06:38
of confounding variables that may be getting in the way.
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.ื™ืฉื ื ืžืื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ
06:41
So what we do in the study is -- and this is just presenting
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื•ื - ื•ื–ื” ืจืง ืœื”ืฆื™ื’
06:46
the same information, but turned into a figure to make it easier.
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ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื™ื“ืข, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ .ืœื”ื‘ื ื”
06:49
So the yellow bar represents car seats,
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,ืื– ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
06:52
the orange bar lap-and-shoulder, and the red bar lap-only seatbelts.
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ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ืžื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื›ืชืฃ-ืื’ืŸ, ื•ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” .ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื™ืจื›ื™ื™ื
06:56
And this is all relative to unrestrained --
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.ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื—ื’ื•ืจื”
06:58
the bigger the bar, the better. Okay.
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.ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ - ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืกื“ืจ
06:59
So, this is the data I just showed, OK?
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?ืื– ืืœื” ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืจืืชื™ ื–ื” ืขืชื”, ื‘ืกื“ืจ
07:01
So the highest bar is what you're striving to beat.
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.ืื– ืืชื ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:04
So you can control for the basic things, like how hard the crash was,
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืื™ืจืขื” ื”ืชืื•ื ื”
07:08
what seat the child was sitting in, etc., the age of the child.
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.ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืื•ื˜ื• ื™ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืืœื”. ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“
07:12
And that's that middle set of bars.
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.ื•ื–ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช
07:14
And so, you can see that the lap-only seatbelts
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ื•ื›ืš ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืจื›ื™ื™ื
07:17
start to look worse once you do that.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ื›ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
07:19
And then finally, the last set of bars,
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ื•ืื–, ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
07:21
which are really controlling for everything
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืขืชื›ื
07:24
you could possibly imagine about the crash,
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.ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืชืื•ื ื”
07:26
50, 75, 100 different characteristics of the crash.
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.ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื, ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ, 100 ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื•ื ื”
07:29
And what you find is that the car seats and the lap-and-shoulder belts,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืกืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ ื•ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ,ืื’ืŸ-ื›ืชืฃ
07:32
when it comes to saving lives, fatalities look exactly identical.
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื ืจืื™ื .ื–ื”ื™ื
07:36
And the standard error bands are relatively small around these estimates as well.
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.ื•ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื•ืžื“ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
07:40
And it's not just overall. It's very robust
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืงืœืœื™ื. ื–ื” ืชืงืฃ ื’ื
07:43
to anything you want to look at.
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.ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืชืจืฆื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ
07:45
One thing that's interesting: if you look at frontal-impact crashes --
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-ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ: ืื ืืชื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ื•ืช
07:48
when the car crashes, the front hits into something --
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-ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืื•ื ื”, ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•
07:51
indeed, what you see is that the car seats look a little bit better.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื ืจืื” ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘ .ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:55
And I think this isn't just chance.
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.ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื”
07:57
In order to have the car seat approved,
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,ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืงืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืกื ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
07:58
you need to pass certain federal standards,
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,ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
08:01
all of which involve slamming your car into a direct frontal crash.
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.ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช
08:06
But when you look at other types of crashes, like rear-impact crashes,
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,ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช
08:08
indeed, the car seats don't perform as well.
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.ืื›ืŸ, ื›ืกืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื ืžืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš
08:11
And I think that's because they've been optimized to pass,
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,ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื›ืกืื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”
08:13
as we always expect people to do,
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ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืื ืฉื™ื
08:15
to optimize relative to bright-line rules
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ืœืžืงืกื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช
08:17
about how affected the car will be.
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.ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืžื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ื›ืกื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื”
08:21
And the other thing you might argue is,
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,ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืชื˜ืขื ื• ื”ื•ื
08:22
"Well, car seats have got a lot better over time.
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.ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ,ืฉื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ
08:24
And so if we look at recent crashes --
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืืจืขื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” - ื”ืžืกื“ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 30 ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
08:27
the whole data set is almost 30 years' worth of data --
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ืœื ืชืจืื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ื–ื”
08:29
you won't see it in the recent crashes. The new car seats are far, far better."
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ื•ื›ืกืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ .ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
08:31
But indeed, in recent crashes the lap-and-shoulder seatbelts,
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,ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื, ื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืชืฃ-ืื’ืŸ
08:35
actually, are doing even better than the car seats.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืฉื™ื’ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื™ืกืื•ืช .ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
08:38
They say, "Well, that's impossible, that can't be."
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".ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
08:41
And the line of argument, if you ask parents, is,
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:ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื
08:43
"But car seats are so expensive and complicated,
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,ืื‘ืœ ื›ืกืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืงืจื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื"
08:46
and they have this big tangle of latches,
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,ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชืกื‘ื•ื›ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ึทืจื™ื
08:49
how could they possibly not work better than seatbelts
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
08:52
because they are so expensive and complicated?"
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"?ื›ืฉื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืงืจื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื
08:54
It's kind of an interesting logic,
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,ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
08:57
I think, that people use. And the other logic, they say,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•. ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจ, ื”ื :ืื•ืžืจื™ื
09:00
"Well, the government wouldn't have told us [to] use them
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืื•ืกืจืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช"
09:02
if they weren't much better."
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".ืื ื›ืกืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:04
But what's interesting is the government telling us to use them
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื• ,ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืกืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
09:06
is not actually based on very much.
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.ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื”
09:08
It really is based on some impassioned pleas of parents
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืชื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื
09:11
whose children died after they turned two,
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,ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉื ืชื™ื™ื
09:14
which has led to the passage of all these laws -- not very much on data.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• - ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ .ืกืžืš ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
09:18
So you can only get so far, I think, in telling your story
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,ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื“ื™, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ
09:22
by using these abstract statistics.
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.ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
09:24
And so I had some friends over to dinner, and I was asking --
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-ื•ื›ืš ื”ื–ืžื ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘, ื•ืฉืืœืชื™
09:29
we had a cookout -- I was asking them what advice they might have for me
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืคื™ืงื ื™ืง - ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืื™ื–ื• ืขืฆื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™
09:32
about proving my point. They said, "Why don't you run some crash tests?"
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื™. ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ืชืขืจื•ืš "?ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืจื™ืกื•ืง
09:36
And I said, "That's a great idea."
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".ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื“ืจ
09:38
So we actually tried to commission some crash tests.
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.ืื– ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืจื™ืกื•ืง
09:40
And it turns out that as we called around to the independent
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื”ืชืงืฉืจื ื• ืœื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช
09:45
crash test companies around the country,
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,ืฉืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืจื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”
09:48
none of them wanted to do our crash test
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ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืœื ืจืฆืชื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืง ืฉืœื ื•
09:50
because they said, some explicitly, some not so explicitly,
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-ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืืžืจื• - ื—ืœืงืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ื—ืœืงืŸ ืœื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ
09:54
"All of our business comes from car seat manufacturers.
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.ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช"
09:56
We can't risk alienating them by testing seatbelts relative to car seats."
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื‘ืจื—ืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ".ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
10:00
Now, eventually, one did. Under the conditions of anonymity,
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,ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื›ื™ื. ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœ ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
10:04
they said they would be happy to do this test for us --
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.ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉืžื—ื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืœืžืขื ื ื•
10:07
so anonymity, and 1,500 dollars per seat that we crashed.
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.ืื– ื‘ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื•-1,500 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืจื™ืกืงื ื•
10:12
And so, we went to Buffalo, New York,
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,ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœื‘ื•ืคืืœื•, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
10:14
and here is the precursor to it.
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.ื•ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช
10:16
These are the crash test dummies,
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืง
10:18
waiting for their chance to take the center stage.
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.ืžื—ื›ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืจืŸ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืžื”
10:21
And then, here's how the crash test works.
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.ื•ื”ื ื” ืื™ืš ืฉื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื
10:23
Here, they don't actually crash the entire car, you know --
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-ื›ืืŸ, ื”ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืจืกืงื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
10:26
it's not worth ruining a whole car to do it.
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.ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ
10:29
So they just have these bench seats,
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,ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืง ืืช ืกืคืกืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืœืœื•
10:30
and they strap the car seat and the seatbelt onto it.
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.ื•ื”ื ืจื•ืชืžื™ื ืืช ื›ืกืื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื
10:32
So I just wanted you to look at this.
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.ืื– ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื–ื”
10:34
And I think this gives you a good idea of why parents think
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
10:36
car seats are so great. Look at the kid in the car seat.
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ืฉื›ืกืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื. ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื›ืกื .ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
10:38
Does he not look content, ready to go,
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,ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืฉื™ืจ, ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ
10:41
like he could survive anything? And then, if you look at the kid in back,
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ? ื•ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ,ืžืื—ื•ืจ
10:43
it looks like he's already choking before the crash even happens.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื—ื ืง ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืื•ื ื” .ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”
10:46
It's hard to believe, when you look at this, that
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,ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื
10:49
that kid in back is going to do very well when you get in a crash.
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.ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื”
10:51
So this is going to be a crash
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ืื– ื–ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืื•ื ื”
10:53
where they're going to slam this thing forward into a wall
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ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื ื™ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœืชื•ืš ืงื™ืจ
10:56
at 30 miles an hour, and see what happens. OK?
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 48 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื” ื•ื ืจืื” ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”. ?ื‘ืกื“ืจ
10:59
So, let me show you what happens.
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.ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”
11:01
These are three-year-old dummies, by the way.
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.ืืœื” ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘
11:04
So here -- this is the car seat. Now watch two things:
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.ืื– ื›ืืŸ - ื–ื” ื›ืกื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
11:06
watch how the head goes forward,
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,ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ืœืš ืงื“ื™ืžื”
11:08
and basically hits the knees -- and this is in the car seat --
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.ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื™ื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
11:10
and watch how the car seat flies around, in the rebound, up in the air.
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.ื•ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื›ืกื ืžืชืขื•ืคืฃ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื”ื”ื“ืฃ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”
11:15
The car seat's moving all over the place.
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.ื”ื›ืกื ืžืชื ื•ืขืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื
11:17
Bear in mind there are two things about this.
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.ืงื—ื• ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
11:19
This is a car seat that was installed by someone
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ื–ื” ื›ื™ืกื ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื
11:22
who has installed 1,000 car seats, who knew exactly how to do it.
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ืฉื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ 1,000 ื›ืกืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช .ืืช ื–ื”
11:25
And also it turned out these bench seats
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืกืคืกืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืœืœื•
11:26
are the very best way to install car seats.
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.ื”ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื›ืกืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื
11:29
Having a flat back makes it much easier to install them.
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.ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืฉืขื ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืžืงื™ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื”
11:32
And so this is a test that's very much rigged in favor of the car seat,
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,ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื›ื™ืกื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
11:35
OK? So, that kid in this crash fared very well.
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.ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ืื– ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืชืื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื™ืคื”
11:38
The federal standards are
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ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื
11:40
that you have to score below a 1,000
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ื”ื ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ืช ืœ-1,000
11:42
to be an approved car seat on this crash,
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,ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
11:44
in some metric of units which are not important.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
11:48
And this crash would have been about a 450.
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.ื•ื”ืชืื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš 450
11:51
So this car seat was actually an above-average car seat
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ืื– ื›ื™ืกื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขืœ ืœืžืžื•ืฆืข
11:53
from Consumer Reports, and did quite well.
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.ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื, ื•ืขืžื“ ื™ืคื” ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ
11:55
So the next one. Now, this is the kid, same crash,
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,ืื– ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ, ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ืœื“, ืื•ืชื” ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช
11:58
who is in the seatbelt. He hardly moves at all, actually,
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ื•ื”ืคืขื ื‘ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื–ื–, ืœืžืขืฉื”
12:03
relative to the other child. The funny thing is,
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื™ืœื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ื. ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื—ื™ืง ื”ื•ื
12:06
the cam work is terrible because they've only set it up
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ืฉื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ืื™ื•ืžื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืจืง
12:09
to do the car seats, and so, they actually don't even have a way
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ืืœ ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืื– ื‘ืขืฆื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื“ืจืš
12:11
to move the camera so you can see the kid that's on the rebound.
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ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื“ืฃ .ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช
12:13
Anyway, it turns out that those two crashes, that actually
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ
12:17
the three-year-old did slightly worse. So, he gets about a 500
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ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ืื– ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 500
12:21
out of -- you know, on this range -- relative to a 400 and something.
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.ืžืชื•ืš, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื–ื”, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœ-400 ื•ืžืฉื”ื•
12:25
But still, if you just took that data from that crash
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืจื™ืกื•ืง
12:28
to the federal government, and said, "I have invented a new car seat.
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.ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื”ืžืฆืืชื™ ื›ื™ืกื ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉ
12:31
I would like you to approve it for selling,"
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,"ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•
12:34
then they would say, "This is a fantastic new car seat, it works great.
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื–ื” ื›ื™ืกื ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ."ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ
12:37
It only got a 500, it could have gotten as high up as a 1,000."
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.ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืจืง 500, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขื“ 1,000
12:39
And this seatbelt would have passed with flying colors
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ืกื ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
12:42
into being approved as a car seat.
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.ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
12:44
So, in some sense, what this is suggesting
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื–ื”
12:46
is that it's not just that people are setting up their car seats wrong,
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ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื–ืืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ,ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
12:49
which is putting children at risk. It's just that, fundamentally,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
12:51
the car seats aren't doing much.
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.ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”
12:53
So here's the crash. So these are timed at the same time,
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.ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืจื™ืกื•ืง. ืื– ืืœื” ืžืชื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ
12:55
so you can see that it takes much longer with the car seat --
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื›ื™ืกื -ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
12:57
at rebound, it takes a lot longer --
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-ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื“ืฃ ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช ืœื•ืงื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ
12:59
but there's just a lot less movement for child who's in the seatbelt.
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.ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
13:03
So, I'll show you the six-year-old crashes as well.
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.ืื– ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืฉ ืžืชืจืกืง
13:05
The six-year-old is in a car seat, and it turns out
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-ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ
13:10
that looks terrible, but that's great. That's like a 400, OK?
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื ื•ืจื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ, ืœืžืขืฉื”. ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ,400 ?ื‘ืกื“ืจ
13:15
So that kid would do fine in the crash.
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.ืื– ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืชืื•ื ื”
13:16
Nothing about that would have been problematic to the child at all.
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.ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื™ืœื“
13:20
And then here's the six-year-old in the seatbelt,
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,ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืฉ ื‘ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
13:23
and in fact, they get exactly within, you know,
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,ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
13:25
within one or two points of the same. So really, for the six-year-old,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืœื›ืืŸ ืื• ืœื›ืืŸ. ืื– ื‘ืืžืช, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ,ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืฉ
13:29
the car seat did absolutely nothing whatsoever.
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.ื›ื™ืกื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ
13:33
That's some more evidence, so in some sense --
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-ื–ื• ืขื•ื“ ืขื“ื•ืช, ืื– ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
13:36
I was criticized by a scientist, who said, "You could never publish
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ืžื“ืขืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช: "ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืจืกื
13:40
a study with an n of 4," meaning those four crashes.
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.ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืŸ 4 ืžื“ื’ืžื™ื", ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืืจื‘ืข ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืงื™ื
13:42
So I wrote him back and I said, "What about an n of 45,004?"
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?"ืื– ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ืืžืจืชื™: "ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœ-45,004
13:46
Because I had the other 45,000 other real-world crashes.
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.ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื™ 45,000 ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
13:48
And I just think that it's interesting that the idea
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
13:52
of using real-world crashes, which is very much something
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช, ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ
13:54
that economists think would be the right thing to do,
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,ืฉื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
13:56
is something that scientists don't actually, usually think --
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-ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
13:58
they would rather use a laboratory,
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,ื”ื ื™ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
14:01
a very imperfect science of looking at the dummies,
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ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจื™ืกื•ืง ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ,ืžื“ืขื™ืช
14:03
than actually 30 years of data of what we've seen
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,ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœ-30 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื ื•
14:07
with children and with car seats.
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.ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
14:10
And so I think the answer to this puzzle
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื—ื™ื“ื”
14:14
is that there's a much better solution out there,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:17
that's gotten nobody excited because everyone
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ืฉืœื ื”ืœื”ื™ื‘ ืืฃ ืื—ื“, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื
14:20
is so delighted with the way car seats are presumably working.
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.ืžื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”
14:24
And if you think from a design perspective,
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,ื•ืื ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื
14:27
about going back to square one, and say,
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:ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื
14:29
"I just want to protect kids in the back seat."
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".ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืกืœ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™"
14:31
I don't there's anyone in this room who'd say,
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:ืœื ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืฉื™ืืžืจ
14:33
"Well, the right way to start would be,
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,ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ"
14:34
let's make a great seat belt for adults.
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.ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
14:37
And then, let's make this really big contraption
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื•ื ื ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
14:39
that you have to rig up to it in this daisy chain."
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".ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจืชื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
14:42
I mean, why not start -- who's sitting in the back seat anyway except for kids?
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ - ืžื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืกืคืกืœ ?ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
14:45
But essentially, do something like this,
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,ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืชืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”
14:48
which I don't know exactly how much it would cost to do,
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,ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื” ื™ืขืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
14:50
but there's no reason I could see
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”
14:51
why this should be much more expensive than a regular car seat.
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.ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ืจื›ื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ
14:53
It's just actually -- you see, this is folding up -- it's behind the seat.
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.ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง - ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื–ื” ืžืชืงืคืœ - ื–ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ืกื
14:57
You've got a regular seat for adults, and then you fold it down,
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,ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื›ืกื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ, ื•ืื– ืืชื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืขื ืช
14:59
and the kid sits on top, and it's integrated.
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.ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘
15:01
It seems to me that this can't be a very expensive solution,
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,ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื™ืงืจ
15:05
and it's got to work better than what we already have.
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.ื•ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
15:08
So the question is, is there any hope for adoption of something like this,
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,ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืื•ืžืฅ ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื”
15:13
which would presumably save a lot of lives?
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?ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฆื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื™ื
15:15
And I think the answer, perhaps, lies in a story.
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.ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืื•ืœื™, ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ึผึฐืกื™ืคื•ืจ
15:19
The answer both to why has a car seat been so successful,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช, ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ืกืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื• ,ื›ื–ื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
15:23
and why this may someday be adopted or not,
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,ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื™ืื•ืžืฅ ืื• ืœื
15:26
lies in a story that my dad told me, relating to when he was a doctor
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™, ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ,ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืจื•ืคื
15:30
in the U.S. Air Force in England. And this is a long time ago:
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ื‘ื›ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” .ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘
15:33
you were allowed to do things then you can't do today.
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.ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื
15:35
So, my father would have patients come in
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ืื– ืืœ ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื
15:39
who he thought were not really sick.
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.ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื
15:42
And he had a big jar full of placebo pills that he would give them,
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืฆื ืฆื ืช ืžืœืื” ื‘ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช-ื“ืžื” ("ืคืœืกื‘ื•") ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” .ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื
15:46
and he'd say, "Come back in a week, if you still feel lousy."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื: "ืชื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ".ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื˜ื•ื‘
15:49
OK, and most of them would not come back,
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,ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ืจื•ื‘ื ืœื ื—ื–ืจื•
15:50
but some of them would come back.
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.ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื—ื–ืจื•
15:52
And when they came back, he, still convinced they were not sick,
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,ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื–ืจื•, ื”ื•ื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉื”ื ืœื ื—ื•ืœื™ื
15:56
had another jar of pills. In this jar were huge horse pills.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ืฆื ืฆื ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืฆื ืฆื ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื• ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื .ืขื ืงื™ื™ื
16:01
They were almost impossible to swallow.
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.ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืื•ืชื
16:03
And these, to me, are the analogy for the car seats.
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.ื•ืืœื”, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื”ื™ื ื ื”ืžืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืกืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘
16:07
People would look at these and say, "Man, this thing is so big
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,ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื•ื•ืื•, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ
16:11
and so hard to swallow. If this doesn't make me feel better,
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,ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ืœื•ืข. ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘
16:13
you know, what possibly could?"
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"?ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ
16:16
And it turned out that most people wouldn't come back,
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื—ื–ืจื•
16:18
because it worked. But every once in a while,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืขื‘ื“. ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื
16:21
there was still a patient convinced that he was sick,
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,ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœื”
16:26
and he'd come back. And my dad had a third jar of pills.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ. ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ืฆื ืฆื ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ .ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช
16:29
And the jar of pills he had, he said,
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,ื•ื”ืฆื ืฆื ืช ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ
16:31
were the tiniest little pills he could find,
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,ื”ื™ื• ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช-ืคืฆืคื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื
16:34
so small you could barely see them.
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.ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื
16:36
And he would say, listen, I know I gave you that huge pill,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ: "ืชืงืฉื™ื‘, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื ืชืชื™ ืœืš
16:38
that complicated, hard-to-swallow pill before,
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,ืืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืœื” ื”ืขื ืงื™ืช, ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช, ื”ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ืœื™ืขื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ
16:42
but now I've got one that's so potent,
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,ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื’ืœื•ืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืงื”
16:44
that is really tiny and small and almost invisible.
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,"ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช
16:46
It's almost like this thing here, which you can't even see."
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.ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ, ืฉืืชื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
16:49
And it turned out that never,
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,ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœืขื•ืœื
16:51
in all the times my dad gave out this pill, the really tiny pill,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื’ืœื•ืœื” ื”ืžืžืฉ ,ืงื˜ื ื”
16:54
did anyone ever come back still complaining of sickness.
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.ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื—ื–ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืจืขื”
16:57
So, my dad always took that as evidence
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ืื– ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืš ื›ืืœ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”
17:00
that this little, teeny, powerful pill
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ืฉืœื’ืœื•ืœื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื”, ื”ืคืฆืคื•ื ืช, ื”ื—ื–ืงื”
17:04
had the ultimate placebo effect. And in some sense, if that's the right story,
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,ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ,ืื ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
17:08
I think integrated car seats you will see, very quickly,
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,ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘, ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ
17:10
becoming something that everyone has. The other possible conclusion
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ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื•ืœื. ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช
17:14
is, well, maybe after coming to my father three times,
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ื”ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื ืืœ ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืคืขื ,ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช
17:17
getting sent home with placebos, he still felt sick,
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,ื•ื ืฉืœื— ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืขื ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช ื“ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘
17:19
he went and found another doctor.
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.ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ื•ืžืฆื ืœืขืฆืžื• ืจื•ืคื ืื—ืจ
17:21
And that's completely possible. And if that's the case,
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,ื•ื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืคืฉืจื™. ื•ืื ื–ื” ื”ืžืงืจื”
17:23
then I think we're stuck with conventional car seats for a long time to come.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ืขื ื›ืกืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ .ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ
17:26
Thank you very much.
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.ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื
17:27
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:31
(Audience: I just wanted to ask you, when we wear seatbelts
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ืžื”ืงื”ืœ: ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชืš, ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื’ืจื™ื)
17:33
we don't necessarily wear them just to prevent loss of life,
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,ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื—ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช
17:36
it's also to prevent lots of serious injury.
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.ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืฆื™ืขื” ืงืฉื”
17:38
Your data looks at fatalities. It doesn't look at serious injury.
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ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืจืง ืœืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช. ื”ื ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื .ืœืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช
17:42
Is there any data to show that child seats
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ืžืฆื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืจืื• ืฉื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘
17:44
are actually less effective, or just as effective as seatbelts
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื, ืื• ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช
17:47
for serious injury? Because that would prove your case.)
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(.ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช? ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš
17:49
Steven Levitt: Yeah, that's a great question. In my data, and in another data set
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™, ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจืช
17:52
I've looked at for New Jersey crashes,
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,ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื• ื’'ืจื–ื™ ืฉื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ืชื™ ื‘ื”
17:55
I find very small differences in injury.
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.ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช
17:59
So in this data, it's statistically insignificant differences
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ืื– ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื–ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื–ื ื™ื— ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช
18:01
in injury between car seats and lap-and-shoulder belts.
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.ื‘ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืกืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื—ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื’ืŸ-ื›ืชืฃ
18:05
In the New Jersey data, which is different,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ืชื ื•ื ื™ื ืžื ื™ื• ื’'ืจื–ื™, ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
18:06
because it's not just fatal crashes,
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,ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืœื ืจืง ืžืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช
18:09
but all crashes in New Jersey that are reported,
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.ืืœื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื’'ืจื–ื™
18:11
it turns out that there is a 10 percent difference in injuries,
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,ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ 10%
18:14
but generally they're the minor injuries.
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.ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืœื” ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช
18:16
Now, what's interesting, I should say this as a disclaimer,
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,ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืขืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื”
18:18
there is medical literature that is very difficult to resolve with this other data,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืชื™ืจื” ืฉืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
18:23
which suggests that car seats are dramatically better.
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.ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืฉื›ืกืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
18:27
And they use a completely different methodology that involves --
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-ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืขืจื‘ืช
18:29
after the crash occurs, they get from the insurance companies
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชืื•ื ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช, ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—
18:32
the names of the people who were in the crash,
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,ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชืื•ื ื”
18:34
and they call them on the phone,
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,ื•ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ
18:35
and they asked them what happened.
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.ื•ื”ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื” ืงืจื”
18:36
And I really can't resolve, yet,
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,ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ
18:39
and I'd like to work with these medical researchers
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
18:41
to try to understand how there can be these differences,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื™ืชื›ื ื• ื›ืืœื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื
18:44
which are completely at odds with one another.
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ืฉื”ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืกื•ืชืจื™ื ืืœื” ืืช ืืœื”
18:47
But it's obviously a critical question.
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.ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื‘ืœื™ ืกืคืง ืฉืืœื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช
18:50
The question is even if -- are there enough serious injuries
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื - ื”ืื ื™ืฉื ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช
18:53
to make these cost-effective? It's kind of tricky.
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.ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ืื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช? ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื˜ืขื”
18:56
Even if they're right, it's not so clear
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื, ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ
18:58
that they're so cost-effective.
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.ืฉื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื›ื“ืื™ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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