Jeremy Jackson: How we wrecked the ocean

73,536 views ใƒป 2010-05-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shahar Kaiser
00:16
I'm an ecologist,
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ืื ื™ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’,
00:18
mostly a coral reef ecologist.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
00:20
I started out in Chesapeake Bay
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืฆ'ืกืคื™ืง:
00:22
and went diving in the winter
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ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ,
00:24
and became a tropical ecologist overnight.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœื™ืœื” ืœืืงื•ืœื•ื’ ื˜ืจื•ืคื™.
00:27
And it was really a lot of fun
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื›ื™ืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
00:30
for about 10 years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›-10 ืฉื ื™ื.
00:32
I mean, somebody pays you
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืœื ืœืš
00:34
to go around and travel
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ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
00:36
and look at some of the most
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ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ื“ื™ื
00:38
beautiful places on the planet.
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ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:40
And that was what I did.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืขืกืงืชื™.
00:43
And I ended up in Jamaica,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื’'ืžื™ื™ืงื”,
00:45
in the West Indies,
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ืฉื‘ืื™ื™ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช,
00:47
where the coral reefs were really
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ืฉืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืช
00:49
among the most extraordinary, structurally,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืช,
00:51
that I ever saw in my life.
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ืฉืื™-ืคืขื ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™.
00:54
And this picture here,
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
00:56
it's really interesting, it shows two things:
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ืžืื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžืจืื” ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
00:58
First of all, it's in black and white
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ืœื‘ืŸ
01:00
because the water was so clear
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ื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื›ื” ืฆืœื•ืœื™ื
01:02
and you could see so far,
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ื•ื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
01:04
and film was so slow
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ืช
01:06
in the 1960s and early 70s,
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ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70,
01:08
you took pictures in black and white.
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ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ืœื‘ืŸ.
01:10
The other thing it shows you
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจืื”
01:12
is that, although there's this beautiful
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื–ื”
01:14
forest of coral,
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ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
01:16
there are no fish in that picture.
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”.
01:19
Those reefs at Discovery Bay, Jamaica
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ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืจืฅ ื“ื™ืกืงื‘ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื’'ืžื™ื™ืงื”
01:22
were the most studied coral reefs
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ื—ืงืจื•ืช
01:24
in the world for 20 years.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืš 20 ืฉื ื”.
01:26
We were the best and the brightest.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื.
01:28
People came to study our reefs from Australia,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
01:31
which is sort of funny
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ืฉื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžืฆื—ื™ืง,
01:33
because now we go to theirs.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืขืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:35
And the view of scientists
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™
01:38
about how coral reefs work, how they ought to be,
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ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
01:41
was based on these reefs
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ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”
01:43
without any fish.
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ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื.
01:45
Then, in 1980,
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80,
01:47
there was a hurricane, Hurricane Allen.
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ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ, ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ "ืืœืŸ".
01:50
I put half the lab
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ื”ื›ื ืกืชื™ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
01:52
up in my house.
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ืœื‘ื™ืชื™.
01:54
The wind blew very strong.
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ื”ืจื•ื— ื ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“.
01:56
The waves were 25
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ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื”
01:59
to 50 feet high.
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ืฉืœ 8 ืขื“ 15 ืžื˜ืจ,
02:01
And the reefs disappeared, and new islands formed,
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ื•ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืขืœืžื•, ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
02:04
and we thought, "Well, we're real smart.
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ื•ืื ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•, "ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
02:06
We know that hurricanes
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื
02:08
have always happened in the past."
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื‘ืจื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ."
02:10
And we published a paper in Science,
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ื•ืคื™ืจืกืžื ื• ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ "ืžื“ืข",
02:12
the first time that anybody ever
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
02:14
described the destruction
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ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืจืก
02:16
on a coral reef by a major hurricane.
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ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
02:19
And we predicted what would happen,
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ื•ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื—ื–ื™ื ื• ืžื” ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
02:21
and we got it all wrong.
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ื•ื˜ืขื™ื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™.
02:23
And the reason was
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื”
02:25
because of overfishing,
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ื“ื™ื’-ื™ืชืจ,
02:28
and the fact that a last common grazer,
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžืœื—ืš ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
02:31
a sea urchin, died.
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ืงื™ืคื•ื“ ื”ื™ื, ืžืช.
02:34
And within a few months
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ื•ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื
02:36
after that sea urchin dying, the seaweed started to grow.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืงื™ืคื•ื“-ื™ื ืžืช, ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ,
02:39
And that is the same reef;
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื™ืช,
02:41
that's the same reef 15 years ago;
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ืื•ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ 15 ืฉื ื”.
02:43
that's the same reef today.
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ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื™ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื.
02:46
The coral reefs of the north coast of Jamaica
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ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’'ืžื™ื™ืงื”
02:49
have a few percent live coral cover
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
02:52
and a lot of seaweed and slime.
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขืฉื‘ื™-ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ืฅ.
02:54
And that's more or less the story
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ื•ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
02:56
of the coral reefs of the Caribbean,
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ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™,
02:58
and increasingly, tragically,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืขืฆื‘,
03:01
the coral reefs worldwide.
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ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
03:03
Now, that's my little, depressing story.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื“ื›ื ืฉืœื™.
03:06
All of us in our 60s and 70s
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื•ื”-70,
03:09
have comparable depressing stories.
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
03:12
There are tens of thousands
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ื™ืฉ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื
03:14
of those stories out there,
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
03:16
and it's really hard to conjure up
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ื•ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื”ื
03:18
much of a sense of well-being,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื—,
03:20
because it just keeps getting worse.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžื—ืžื™ืจ.
03:22
And the reason it keeps getting worse
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžื—ืžื™ืจ
03:24
is that after a natural catastrophe,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืืกื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืข,
03:27
like a hurricane,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ,
03:31
it used to be that there was
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
03:33
some kind of successional sequence of recovery,
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ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช,
03:36
but what's going on now is that
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื,
03:39
overfishing and pollution and climate change
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ืฉื“ื™ื’ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื•ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
03:42
are all interacting
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ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉื•ืœื‘
03:44
in a way that prevents that.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ืข ื–ืืช.
03:46
And so I'm going to sort of go through
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ืื– ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ
03:48
and talk about those three
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ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”
03:50
kinds of things.
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ืกื•ื’ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:52
We hear a lot about
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ
03:54
the collapse of cod.
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ืงืจื™ืกืช ื“ื™ื’ ื”ื‘ืงืœื”.
03:56
It's difficult to imagine that
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ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
03:58
two, or some historians would say three world wars
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ืฉืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœื
04:02
were fought during the colonial era
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ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™
04:04
for the control of cod.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื’ื™ ื”ื‘ืงืœื”.
04:06
Cod fed most of the people of Western Europe.
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ื”ื‘ืงืœื” ื”ื–ื™ื ื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืขืžื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
04:09
It fed the slaves
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื
04:11
brought to the Antilles,
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืื™ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื.
04:14
the song "Jamaica Farewell" --
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ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื’'ืžื™ื™ืงื” ืคื™ื™ืจื•ื•ืœ"--
04:16
"Ackee rice salt fish are nice" --
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"ืื•ืจื– ื•ื“ื’ื™ื ื–ื” ื ื—ืžื“"--
04:18
is an emblem of the importance
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ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช
04:21
of salt cod from northeastern Canada.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื“ื’ื™ ื”ื‘ืงืœื” ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื— ืงื ื“ื”.
04:24
It all collapsed in the 80s and the 90s:
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงืจืก ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื•ื”-90,
04:27
35,000 people lost their jobs.
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35,000 ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื,
04:30
And that was the beginning
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”
04:32
of a kind of serial depletion
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืœื“ืœื•ืช ืกื“ืจืชื™ืช
04:34
from bigger and tastier species
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžื™ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:36
to smaller and not-so-tasty species,
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ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื,
04:39
from species that were near to home
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ืžืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ืœื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช,
04:41
to species that were all around the world,
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ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
04:44
and what have you.
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ื•ืืœื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืืฆืœื›ื.
04:46
It's a little hard to understand that,
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ืงืฆืช ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช,
04:48
because you can go to a Costco in the United States
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ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
04:51
and buy cheap fish.
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ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ืœ.
04:53
You ought to read the label to find out where it came from,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืžืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•,
04:55
but it's still cheap,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืœ,
04:57
and everybody thinks it's okay.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
04:59
It's hard to communicate this,
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ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
05:01
and one way that I think is really interesting
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ืื– ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื,
05:04
is to talk about sport fish,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ื“ื™ื’,
05:07
because people like to go out and catch fish.
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ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืœื“ื™ื’.
05:10
It's one of those things.
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ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉื›ื–ื”.
05:12
This picture here shows the trophy fish,
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืจืื” ืืช ื“ื’ ื”ืคืจืก,
05:15
the biggest fish caught
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ื”ื“ื’ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื ืชืคืก
05:17
by people who pay a lot of money
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ืข"ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืœืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ
05:19
to get on a boat,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื™ืจื”,
05:21
go to a place off of Key West in Florida,
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ืœืฉื•ื˜ ืœืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื“ ืงื™-ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืฉื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”,
05:24
drink a lot of beer,
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ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื”,
05:26
throw a lot of hooks and lines into the water,
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ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืจืกื™ื ื•ื—ื›ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืžื™ื,
05:28
come back with the biggest and the best fish,
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ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขื ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
05:31
and the champion trophy fish
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ื•ืืช ื“ื’ ื”ืคืจืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
05:33
are put on this board, where people take a picture,
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ืฉืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆืœืžื• ืื•ืชื•,
05:36
and this guy is obviously
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
05:38
really excited about that fish.
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ืžืื“ ืžืื•ืฉืจ ืžื”ื“ื’ ื”ื–ื”.
05:41
Well, that's what it's like now,
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
05:43
but this is what it was like in the 1950s
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50,
05:45
from the same boat in the same place
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืกื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื
05:48
on the same board on the same dock.
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ืงืจืฉ ื•ืื•ืชื• ืžื–ื—.
05:51
The trophy fish
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ื•ื“ื’ ื”ืคืจืก
05:53
were so big
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
05:55
that you couldn't put any of those small fish up on it.
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ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื™ื“ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:58
And the average size trophy fish
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ื“ื’ ื”ืคืจืก ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
06:00
weighed 250 to 300 pounds, goliath grouper,
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ืฉืงืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 100 ืœ-140 ืงื™ืœื•, ื“ื’ ืœื•ืงื•ืก ืขื ืง.
06:03
and if you wanted to go out and kill something,
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ื•ืื ืจืฆื™ืชื ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืžืฉื”ื•,
06:05
you could pretty much count on
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
06:07
being able to catch one of those fish.
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ืฉืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืชืคื•ืก ื“ื’ ื›ื–ื”,
06:09
And they tasted really good.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื.
06:11
And people paid less in 1950 dollars
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืคื—ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ 1850,
06:14
to catch that
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื,
06:16
than what people pay now
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ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
06:18
to catch those little, tiny fish.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
06:21
And that's everywhere.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
06:23
It's not just the fish, though,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื”ื“ื’ื” ื ืขืœืžืช.
06:25
that are disappearing.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื”ื“ื’ื” ื ืขืœืžืช.
06:27
Industrial fishing uses big stuff,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
06:30
big machinery.
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ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
06:32
We use nets that are 20 miles long.
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจืš 30 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
06:34
We use longlines
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
06:36
that have one million or two million hooks.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื• 2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงืจืกื™ื.
06:39
And we trawl,
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืžื•ืจื•ืช,
06:41
which means to take something
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืžืฉื”ื•
06:43
the size of a tractor trailer truck
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ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืกืžื™-ื˜ืจื™ื™ืœืจ
06:45
that weighs thousands and thousands of pounds,
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ืฉืฉื•ืงืœ ืืœืคื™ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช,
06:48
put it on a big chain,
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ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืจืฉืจืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
06:50
and drag it across the sea floor
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื
06:52
to stir up the bottom and catch the fish.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกืขื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื.
06:55
Think of it as
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš
06:58
being kind of the bulldozing of a city
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ื›ืขืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ
07:00
or of a forest,
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ืื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจ,
07:02
because it clears it away.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžื ืงื” ื”ื›ืœ.
07:04
And the habitat destruction
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ื•ื”ืจืก ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ
07:06
is unbelievable.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื-ื™ื™ืืžืŸ.
07:08
This is a photograph,
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ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื,
07:10
a typical photograph,
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ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™
07:12
of what the continental shelves
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืื™ืš ื”ืžื“ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื
07:14
of the world look like.
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ื ืจืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
07:16
You can see the rows in the bottom,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ืช,
07:19
the way you can see the rows
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื ืฉืจื•ืื™ื
07:21
in a field that has just been plowed
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ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื ื—ืจืฉ
07:23
to plant corn.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืจื™ืขืช ืชื™ืจืก.
07:25
What that was, was a forest of sponges and coral,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœ ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
07:28
which is a critical habitat
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™
07:30
for the development of fish.
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ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื.
07:32
What it is now is mud,
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ื›ืขืช ื–ื” ืกืชื ื‘ื•ืฅ.
07:35
and the area of the ocean floor
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ื•ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก
07:38
that has been transformed from forest
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ืฉื ื”ืคื›ื” ืžื™ืขืจ
07:41
to level mud, to parking lot,
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ืœืžืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื•ืฅ, ืœืžื’ืจืฉ ื—ื ื™ื”,
07:43
is equivalent to the entire area
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ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ
07:46
of all the forests
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช
07:48
that have ever been cut down
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ืฉืื™-ืคืขื ื ื›ืจืชื•
07:50
on all of the earth
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ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช
07:52
in the history of humanity.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
07:54
We've managed to do that
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ื•ืื ื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
07:56
in the last 100 to 150 years.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš 100 ืขื“ 150 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
08:00
We tend to think of oil spills
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ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื ืคื˜
08:02
and mercury
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ื•ืœื›ืกืคื™ืช,
08:04
and we hear a lot about plastic these days.
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ื•ืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.
08:06
And all of that stuff is really disgusting,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื’ืขื™ืœื™ื,
08:08
but what's really insidious
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืžืช
08:10
is the biological pollution that happens
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ
08:13
because of the magnitude of the shifts
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
08:16
that it causes
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืœืœ
08:18
to entire ecosystems.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
08:20
And I'm going to just talk very briefly
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ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื“ ื‘ืงืฆืจื”
08:22
about two kinds of biological pollution:
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ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
08:25
one is introduced species
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ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
08:27
and the other is what comes from nutrients.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื.
08:30
So this is the infamous
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื
08:32
Caulerpa taxifolia,
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ื”ืงืืœื•ืคืจื” ื˜ืงืกื™ืคื•ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืœืฉืžืฆื”,
08:34
the so-called killer algae.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืืฆื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช.
08:37
A book was written about it.
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ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ืกืคืจ.
08:39
It's a bit of an embarrassment.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžื‘ื™ืš.
08:41
It was accidentally released
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื” ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช
08:43
from the aquarium in Monaco,
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ืžืชื•ืš ืืงื•ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื ืงื•.
08:45
it was bred to be cold tolerant
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ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจ,
08:48
to have in peoples aquaria.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืจื™ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื.
08:50
It's very pretty,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืื“ ื™ืคื”,
08:52
and it has rapidly started
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
08:54
to overgrow
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ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคืจื ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜
08:56
the once very rich
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื
08:58
biodiversity of the
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ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืžืื“
09:00
northwestern Mediterranean.
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ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
09:02
I don't know how many of you remember the movie
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜
09:04
"The Little Shop of Horrors,"
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"ื—ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืคื”",
09:06
but this is the plant of "The Little Shop of Horrors."
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฆืžื— ืžื”ืกืจื˜ "ื—ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืคื”".
09:09
But, instead of devouring the people in the shop,
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ืืœื ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื ื•ืช,
09:12
what it's doing is overgrowing
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜
09:14
and smothering
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ื•ื—ื•ื ืง ืœืžืขืฉื”
09:16
virtually all of the bottom-dwelling life
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ืช
09:19
of the entire northwestern
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ื™
09:22
Mediterranean Sea.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
09:24
We don't know anything that eats it,
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ืื ื• ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื”.
09:26
we're trying to do all sorts of genetics
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
09:28
and figure out something that could be done,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
09:31
but, as it stands, it's the monster from hell,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืขืช-ืขืชื”, ื–ื• ืžืคืœืฆืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช,
09:34
about which nobody knows what to do.
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ืฉืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”.
09:37
Now another form of pollution
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ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื
09:40
that's biological pollution
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
09:42
is what happens from excess nutrients.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
09:44
The green revolution,
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ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื”,
09:46
all of this artificial nitrogen fertilizer, we use too much of it.
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ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื“ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื”ื.
09:49
It's subsidized, which is one of the reasons we used too much of it.
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ื”ื ืžืกื•ื‘ืกื“ื™ื, ื•ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื”ื.
09:52
It runs down the rivers,
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ื”ื ื ืฉื˜ืคื™ื ืขื ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช,
09:54
and it feeds the plankton,
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ื•ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ,
09:56
the little microscopic plant cells
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ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื
09:58
in the coastal water.
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ืฉื‘ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื,
10:00
But since we ate all the oysters
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ืืš ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื›ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ืคื•ืช,
10:02
and we ate all the fish that would eat the plankton,
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ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ,
10:04
there's nothing to eat the plankton
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ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ.
10:06
and there's more and more of it,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื,
10:08
so it dies of old age,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืชื™ื ืžื–ืงื ื”,
10:10
which is unheard of for plankton.
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ืฉื–ื” ื—ืกืจ-ืชืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ.
10:12
And when it dies, it falls to the bottom
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื™ื, ื”ื ืฉื•ืงืขื™ื ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช
10:14
and then it rots,
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ื•ื ืจืงื‘ื™ื ืฉื,
10:16
which means that bacteria break it down.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืื•ืชื.
10:18
And in the process
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ื•ืื’ื‘ ื›ืš
10:20
they use up all the oxygen,
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ื”ื ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
10:22
and in using up all the oxygen
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
10:24
they make the environment utterly lethal
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
10:26
for anything that can't swim away.
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื.
10:28
So, what we end up with
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื
10:30
is a microbial zoo
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ื’ืŸ-ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
10:32
dominated by bacteria
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ืฉืžื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
10:34
and jellyfish, as you see
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
10:36
on the left in front of you.
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ืœืคื ื™ื›ื, ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ.
10:38
And the only fishery left --
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ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื’ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ,
10:40
and it is a commercial fishery --
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ ืžืกื—ืจื™,
10:42
is the jellyfish fishery
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ื”ื•ื ืื–ื•ืจ ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช
10:44
you see on the right, where there used to be prawns.
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ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ืคืขื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ ืžืื›ืœ.
10:46
Even in Newfoundland
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ื•ืคืื•ื ื“ืœื ื“,
10:48
where we used to catch cod,
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ืฉื ื“ื’ื ื• ืคืขื ื“ื’ื™ ื‘ืงืœื”,
10:50
we now have a jellyfish fishery.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืขืช ืื–ื•ืจ-ื“ื™ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช.
10:53
And another version of this sort of thing
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ื•ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”
10:55
is what is often called red tides
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ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ื’ืื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื”
10:57
or toxic blooms.
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ืฉืœ ืชืคืจื—ื•ืช ืืจืกื™ื•ืช.
10:59
That picture on the left is just staggering to me.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžื–ืขื–ืขืช ืื•ืชื™.
11:02
I have talked about it a million times,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืขื,
11:04
but it's unbelievable.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืื•ืชื™.
11:06
In the upper right of that picture on the left
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ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืืœ
11:08
is almost the Mississippi Delta,
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืคืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™,
11:10
and the lower left of that picture
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ื•ืœืžื˜ื” ืžืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
11:12
is the Texas-Mexico border.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก, ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•,
11:14
You're looking at the entire
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
11:16
northwestern Gulf of Mexico;
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ ืžืคืจืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•.
11:18
you're looking at one toxic
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ืืชื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืจื—ืช ืฉื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ืช
11:20
dinoflagellate bloom that can kill fish,
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื“ื’ื™ื,
11:22
made by that beautiful little creature
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ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ืคื”ืคื” ื•ื”ืงื˜ืŸ
11:24
on the lower right.
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ืฉืœืžื˜ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ.
11:26
And in the upper right you see this
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ื•ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
11:28
black sort of cloud
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ืžืขื™ืŸ ืขื ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ
11:30
moving ashore.
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ืฉื ืข ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
11:32
That's the same species.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืŸ.
11:34
And as it comes to shore and the wind blows,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืจื•ื— ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช,
11:37
and little droplets of the water get into the air,
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื ื™ืฉืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
11:40
the emergency rooms of all the hospitals fill up
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ื•ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืชืžืœืื™ื
11:43
with people with acute respiratory distress.
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ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžืฆื•ืงืช ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื—ืจื™ืคื”.
11:45
And that's retirement homes
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ืžืœืื•ืช
11:47
on the west coast of Florida.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”.
11:49
A friend and I did this thing in Hollywood
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ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืฆื’ื ื• ื‘ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“
11:51
we called Hollywood ocean night,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื™ื ื™ื ื• "ืขืจื‘ ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก".
11:53
and I was trying to figure out how to
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš
11:55
explain to actors what's going on.
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ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
11:57
And I said,
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™,
11:59
"So, imagine you're in a movie called 'Escape from Malibu'
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"ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืืชื ื‘ืกืจื˜ 'ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืžืžืืœื™ื‘ื•',
12:02
because all the beautiful people have moved
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ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ืขื‘ืจื•
12:04
to North Dakota, where it's clean and safe.
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ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ-ื“ืงื•ื˜ื” ื”ื ืงื™ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”,
12:06
And the only people who are left there
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ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื•
12:08
are the people who can't afford
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ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืืžืฆืขื™ื
12:11
to move away from the coast,
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ืœื”ืกืชืœืง ืžืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
12:13
because the coast, instead of being paradise,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ,
12:16
is harmful to your health."
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ืžื–ื™ืง ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื›ื."
12:18
And then this is amazing.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
12:20
It was when I was on holiday last early autumn in France.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืกืชื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช.
12:23
This is from the coast of Brittany,
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ื–ื” ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™,
12:25
which is being enveloped
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ืฉื”ืชื›ืกื” ื›ื•ืœื•
12:27
in this green, algal slime.
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ื‘ืจืคืฉ ื”ืืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื–ื”.
12:30
The reason that it attracted so much attention,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื›ื” ืจื‘ื”,
12:33
besides the fact that it's disgusting,
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ืคืจื˜ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ืขื™ืœ,
12:36
is that sea birds flying over it
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืคื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืœื–ื”
12:38
are asphyxiated by the smell and die,
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ื ื—ื ืงื•ืช ืžื”ืจื™ื— ื•ืžืชื•ืช,
12:41
and a farmer died of it,
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ืื™ื›ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืช ืžื–ื”,
12:43
and you can imagine the scandal that happened.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืื™ื–ื• ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื”.
12:45
And so there's this war
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ืื– ื ื™ื˜ืฉืช ืžืœื—ืžื”
12:47
between the farmers
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื
12:49
and the fishermen about it all,
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื–ื”.
12:51
and the net result is that
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื
12:53
the beaches of Brittany have to be bulldozed of this stuff
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื’ืจื•ืฃ ื‘ื“ื—ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืคื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™
12:56
on a regular basis.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ.
12:58
And then, of course, there's climate change,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื,
13:00
and we all know about climate change.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
13:02
I guess the iconic figure of it
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืกืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื”
13:04
is the melting of the ice
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืกืช ื”ืงืจื—
13:06
in the Arctic Sea.
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ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™.
13:08
Think about the thousands and thousands of people who died
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืžืชื•
13:11
trying to find the Northwest Passage.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
13:14
Well, the Northwest Passage is already there.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื.
13:16
I think it's sort of funny;
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืฉืขืฉืข,
13:18
it's on the Siberian coast,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ.
13:20
maybe the Russians will charge tolls.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ื’ื‘ื• ื“ืžื™-ืžืขื‘ืจ.
13:23
The governments of the world
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ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
13:25
are taking this really seriously.
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ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืžืื“ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช,
13:27
The military of the Arctic nations
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ื”ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™
13:30
is taking it really seriously.
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ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื›ืš ืžืื“ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
13:33
For all the denial of climate change
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
13:35
by government leaders,
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ืžืฆื“ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
13:37
the CIA
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ื”ืกื™-ืื™ื™-ืื™ื™
13:39
and the navies of Norway
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื”,
13:41
and the U.S. and Canada, whatever
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ืืจื”"ื‘, ืงื ื“ื” ื•ืžื™ ืœื
13:44
are busily thinking about
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ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืฉืืœื”
13:46
how they will secure their territory
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
13:49
in this inevitability
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืžื ืข ื”ื–ื”,
13:52
from their point of view.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉืงืคืชื•.
13:54
And, of course, Arctic communities are toast.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช.
13:56
The other kinds of effects of climate change --
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ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื--
13:58
this is coral bleaching. It's a beautiful picture, right?
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ืืœื• ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ืœื‘ื™ื ื•. ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ืคื” ื‘ืืžืช.
14:00
All that white coral.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
14:02
Except it's supposed to be brown.
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžื™ื.
14:05
What happens is that
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื
14:07
the corals are a symbiosis,
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ืฉื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช,
14:09
and they have these little algal cells
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชืื™ ืืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื™ื
14:11
that live inside them.
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื.
14:13
And the algae give the corals sugar,
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ื”ืืฆื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืกื•ื›ืจ,
14:15
and the corals give the algae
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ื•ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืืฆื”
14:17
nutrients and protection.
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ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื ื”.
14:19
But when it gets too hot,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™,
14:21
the algae can't make the sugar.
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ื”ืืฆื•ืช ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกื•ื›ืจ,
14:23
The corals say, "You cheated. You didn't pay your rent."
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ื•ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืจื™ืžื™ืชื! ืœื ืฉื™ืœืžืชื ืฉื›ืจ-ื“ื™ืจื”."
14:25
They kick them out, and then they die.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืกืœืงื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ, ื•ืื– ื”ื ืžืชื™ื.
14:28
Not all of them die; some of them survive,
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชื™ื. ื—ืœืงื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื.
14:30
some more are surviving,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื,
14:32
but it's really bad news.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช.
14:34
To try and give you a sense of this,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”,
14:36
imagine you go camping in July
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ืŸ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืงืžืคื™ื ื’ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™
14:39
somewhere in Europe or in North America,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืื• ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
14:42
and you wake up the next morning, and you look around you,
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ื•ืืชื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘,
14:44
and you see that 80 percent of the trees,
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉ-80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืขืฆื™ื,
14:46
as far as you can see,
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ืขื“ ืงืฆื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”,
14:48
have dropped their leaves and are standing there naked.
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ื”ืฉื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื ื•ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ืžื™ื.
14:51
And you come home, and you discover
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ื•ืืชื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืžื’ืœื™ื
14:53
that 80 percent of all the trees
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ืฉ-80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื
14:55
in North America and in Europe
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
14:57
have dropped their leaves.
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ื”ืฉื™ืจื• ืืช ืขืœื™ื”ื.
14:59
And then you read in the paper a few weeks later,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ,
15:01
"Oh, by the way, a quarter of those died."
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ืฉื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ืจื‘ืข ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชื•.
15:04
Well, that's what happened in the Indian Ocean
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™
15:07
during the 1998 El Nino,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš "ืืœ ื ื™ื ื™ื•" ืฉืœ 1998,
15:09
an area vastly greater
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ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
15:11
than the size of North America and Europe,
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ืžื›ืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
15:13
when 80 percent of all the corals bleached
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ื›ืฉ-80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ืœ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื™ื ื•
15:16
and a quarter of them died.
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ื•ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ื ืžืชื•.
15:19
And then the really scary thing
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืืžืช
15:21
about all of this --
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
15:23
the overfishing, the pollution and the climate change --
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ื‘ื“ื™ื’ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
15:26
is that each thing doesn't happen in a vacuum.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•,
15:29
But there are these, what we call, positive feedbacks,
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ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื.
15:32
the synergies among them
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ื”ืกื™ื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื,
15:34
that make the whole vastly greater
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืœื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
15:36
than the sum of the parts.
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ืžืกื›ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ื•.
15:38
And the great scientific challenge
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ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
15:41
for people like me in thinking about all this,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
15:44
is do we know how
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื ื“ืข ืื™ืš
15:46
to put Humpty Dumpty back together again?
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ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืฉื‘ืจ?
15:49
I mean, because we, at this point, we can protect it.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
15:52
But what does that mean?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
15:54
We really don't know.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
15:57
So what are the oceans going to be like
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ื•ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืจืื• ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื
16:00
in 20 or 50 years?
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ 20 ืื• 50 ืฉื ื”?
16:03
Well, there won't be any fish
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื’ื™ื
16:05
except for minnows,
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ืคืจื˜ ืœื’ืกื˜ืจื•ืกื˜ืื•ืกื™ื,
16:07
and the water will be pretty dirty,
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ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™,
16:10
and all those kinds of things
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
16:12
and full of mercury, etc., etc.
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื•'
16:17
And dead zones will get bigger and bigger
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ื•ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื ื™ืœื›ื• ื•ื™ื’ื“ืœื•,
16:19
and they'll start to merge,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ.
16:21
and we can imagine something like
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•
16:23
the dead-zonification
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ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืช
16:25
of the global, coastal ocean.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
16:28
Then you sure won't want to eat fish that were raised in it,
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ื•ืื– ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืชืจืฆื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ืฉื,
16:31
because it would be a kind of
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•
16:33
gastronomic Russian roulette.
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ืจื•ืœื˜ื” ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช.
16:35
Sometimes you have a toxic bloom;
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืคืจื™ื—ื” ืืจืกื™ืช,
16:37
sometimes you don't.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื.
16:39
That doesn't sell.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช.
16:41
The really scary things though
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“
16:43
are the physical, chemical,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื, ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
16:46
oceanographic things that are happening.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื—ืงืจ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
16:49
As the surface of the ocean gets warmer,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ืžืžื™ื,
16:52
the water is lighter when it's warmer,
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ื”ืžื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
16:54
it becomes harder and harder
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ื•ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
16:56
to turn the ocean over.
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ืœืžื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื—ืจืจ.
16:58
We say it becomes
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ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื™ื
17:00
more strongly stratified.
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ืœืžืจื•ื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช.
17:02
The consequence of that is that
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื
17:04
all those nutrients
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
17:06
that fuel the great anchoveta fisheries,
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ืฉืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื’ ืฉืœ ื”"ืื ืฉื•ื‘ื˜ื”",
17:09
of the sardines of California
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
17:11
or in Peru or whatever,
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ืื• ืคืจื•, ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
17:14
those slow down
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ื”ื ืžืื™ื˜ื™ื,
17:16
and those fisheries collapse.
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ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืืœื” ื™ืงืจืกื•,
17:18
And, at the same time,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ,
17:20
water from the surface, which is rich in oxygen,
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ื”ืžื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื, ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
17:23
doesn't make it down
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ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื˜ื”,
17:27
and the ocean turns into a desert.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ.
17:30
So the question is: How are we all
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ืื™ืš ื›ื•ืœื ื•
17:32
going to respond to this?
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ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืš?
17:34
And we can do
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ื•ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ
17:36
all sorts of things to fix it,
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ื–ืืช?
17:38
but in the final analysis,
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ืืœื ืฉื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกื•ืคื™
17:40
the thing we really need to fix
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ
17:42
is ourselves.
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ื”ื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•.
17:44
It's not about the fish; it's not about the pollution;
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื’ื”, ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
17:47
it's not about the climate change.
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
17:49
It's about us
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื•,
17:51
and our greed and our need for growth
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ื‘ืชืื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ
17:54
and our inability to imagine a world
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ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื
17:57
that is different from the selfish world
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ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™
17:59
we live in today.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
18:01
So the question is: Will we respond to this or not?
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ื”ืื ื ื’ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืš ืื• ืœื?
18:04
I would say that the future of life
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
18:06
and the dignity of human beings
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ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื
18:08
depends on our doing that.
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
18:10
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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