Jeremy Jackson: How we wrecked the ocean

73,455 views ใƒป 2010-05-05

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Soogee Ha ๊ฒ€ํ† : Peter Pyungchul Kim
00:16
I'm an ecologist,
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:18
mostly a coral reef ecologist.
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์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ ์ƒํƒœํ•™์ž์ฃ 
00:20
I started out in Chesapeake Bay
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์ €๋Š” ์ฒด์‚ฌํ”ผํฌ ๋งŒ(Chesapeake bay)์—์„œ ์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
00:22
and went diving in the winter
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๊ฒจ์šธ์— ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
00:24
and became a tropical ecologist overnight.
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ํ•˜๋ฃป๋ฐค๋งŒ์— ์—ด๋Œ€์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ƒํƒœํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:27
And it was really a lot of fun
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํ•œ ์‹ญ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์€
00:30
for about 10 years.
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์ •๋ง ์žฌ๋ฐŒ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:32
I mean, somebody pays you
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๋‚ด๋ง์€,๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ 
00:34
to go around and travel
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์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ณณ๋“ค์„
00:36
and look at some of the most
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๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
00:38
beautiful places on the planet.
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์›”๊ธ‰์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ž–์•„์š”.
00:40
And that was what I did.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:43
And I ended up in Jamaica,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์„œ์ธ๋„์ œ๋„์— ์žˆ๋Š”
00:45
in the West Indies,
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์ž๋ฉ”์ด์นด์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
00:47
where the coral reefs were really
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ณณ์˜ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง
00:49
among the most extraordinary, structurally,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ‰์ƒ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ
00:51
that I ever saw in my life.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํŠน์ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
And this picture here,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€
00:56
it's really interesting, it shows two things:
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์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ฃ .
00:58
First of all, it's in black and white
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์šฐ์„  ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, ํ‘๋ฐฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
because the water was so clear
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๋ฌผ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ง‘๊ณ 
01:02
and you could see so far,
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์ •๋ง ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:04
and film was so slow
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1960๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 70๋…„๋Œ€์ดˆ์—๋Š”
01:06
in the 1960s and early 70s,
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์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ๋Š๋ ค์„œ
01:08
you took pictures in black and white.
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ํ‘๋ฐฑ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
The other thing it shows you
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์€
01:12
is that, although there's this beautiful
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ ์ˆฒ์ด
01:14
forest of coral,
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์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
01:16
there are no fish in that picture.
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์ € ์‚ฌ์ง„์•ˆ์—๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
Those reefs at Discovery Bay, Jamaica
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์ž๋ฉ”์ด์นด ๋””์Šค์ปค๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ ๋งŒ์˜ ์ € ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋“ค์€
01:22
were the most studied coral reefs
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์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ 20๋…„๋™์•ˆ
01:24
in the world for 20 years.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋“ค์ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
We were the best and the brightest.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
People came to study our reefs from Australia,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์—์„œ๋„ ์™”์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:31
which is sort of funny
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
01:33
because now we go to theirs.
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์ข€ ์›ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
01:35
And the view of scientists
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ด์—ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์—
01:38
about how coral reefs work, how they ought to be,
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๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์ ์€
01:41
was based on these reefs
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์—†๋Š”
01:43
without any fish.
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์ด ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋“ค์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:45
Then, in 1980,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, 1980๋…„์—,
01:47
there was a hurricane, Hurricane Allen.
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์•จ๋Ÿฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:50
I put half the lab
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜์„ ์ €ํฌ ์ง‘์—
01:52
up in my house.
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์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†จ์–ด์š”.
01:54
The wind blew very strong.
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๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ์ •๋ง ์„ธ์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:56
The waves were 25
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ํŒŒ๋„๋Š” 25์—์„œ 50 ํ”ผํŠธ(7๋ฏธํ„ฐ~15๋ฏธํ„ฐ)๊นŒ์ง€
01:59
to 50 feet high.
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์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:01
And the reefs disappeared, and new islands formed,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ฌ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์–ด์š”.
02:04
and we thought, "Well, we're real smart.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ , "์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง„์งœ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜์ง€.
02:06
We know that hurricanes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋„ ํƒœํ’์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š”
02:08
have always happened in the past."
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๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์ง€."
02:10
And we published a paper in Science,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด์–ธ์Šค์ง€์—
02:12
the first time that anybody ever
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ํƒœํ’์˜
02:14
described the destruction
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ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ ฅ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ
02:16
on a coral reef by a major hurricane.
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๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
And we predicted what would happen,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
and we got it all wrong.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์€ ๋‹ค ํ‹€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
And the reason was
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๋‚จํš๊ณผ
02:25
because of overfishing,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‚จ์€ ํ”ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉ์ž์ธ
02:28
and the fact that a last common grazer,
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์„ฑ๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
02:31
a sea urchin, died.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
And within a few months
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ฑ๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ๊ณ  ๋‚œ ํ›„ ๋ถˆ๊ณผ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ๋งŒ์—
02:36
after that sea urchin dying, the seaweed started to grow.
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ํ•ด์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ผ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
And that is the same reef;
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์•”์ดˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
that's the same reef 15 years ago;
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์ €๊ฒƒ์ด 15๋…„์ „์˜ ์•”์ดˆ๊ณ 
02:43
that's the same reef today.
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์ €๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์•”์ดˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
The coral reefs of the north coast of Jamaica
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์ž๋ฉ”์ด์นด ๋ถ์ชฝ ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€๋Œ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์—๋Š”
02:49
have a few percent live coral cover
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์ ์€ ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์•”์ดˆ ๋ฎ๊ฒŒ์™€
02:52
and a lot of seaweed and slime.
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์—„์ฒญ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•ด์ดˆ์™€ ๋ˆ์ ๋ˆ์ ํ•œ ์ ์•ก์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
And that's more or less the story
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์บ๋ฆฌ๋น„์•ˆ์˜ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋“ค๊ณผ
02:56
of the coral reefs of the Caribbean,
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์ ์  ๋”,๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„,
02:58
and increasingly, tragically,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋“ค์˜
03:01
the coral reefs worldwide.
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๋Œ€๋žต์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
Now, that's my little, depressing story.
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์ด์ œ,๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์šฐ์šธํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
All of us in our 60s and 70s
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60๋Œ€์™€ 70๋Œ€์ธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ
03:09
have comparable depressing stories.
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์šฐ์šธํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:12
There are tens of thousands
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด
03:14
of those stories out there,
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์ˆ˜๋งŒ๊ฐœ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
and it's really hard to conjure up
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒˆ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
03:18
much of a sense of well-being,
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์ •๋ง ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
03:20
because it just keeps getting worse.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ •๋ง ๋” ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:22
And the reason it keeps getting worse
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๋” ๋‚˜๋น ์ง€๊ธฐ๋งŒํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
03:24
is that after a natural catastrophe,
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ํƒœํ’๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
03:27
like a hurricane,
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์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ›„์—๋Š”
03:31
it used to be that there was
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์˜ˆ์ „์—” ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํšŒ๋ณต์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๊ฐ€
03:33
some kind of successional sequence of recovery,
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์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์š”์ฆ˜์—๋Š”
03:36
but what's going on now is that
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๋‚จํš๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ค์—ผ๊ณผ
03:39
overfishing and pollution and climate change
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๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํšŒ๋ณต์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”
03:42
are all interacting
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ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ
03:44
in a way that prevents that.
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์„œ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
And so I'm going to sort of go through
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ์ € ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€
03:48
and talk about those three
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์กฐ๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ 
03:50
kinds of things.
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์‚ดํŽด ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
We hear a lot about
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ(์–ด๋ฅ˜)์˜ ๋ถ•๊ดด์—
03:54
the collapse of cod.
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๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
It's difficult to imagine that
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๋‘๊ฐœ์˜,์–ด๋–ค ์—ญ์‚ฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์„ธ๊ฐœ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,์„ธ๊ณ„์ „์Ÿ๋“ค์ด
03:58
two, or some historians would say three world wars
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์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ
04:02
were fought during the colonial era
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์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์‹ธ์› ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
04:04
for the control of cod.
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์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
Cod fed most of the people of Western Europe.
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๋Œ€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋ถ€์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋จน์—ฌ์‚ด๋ ธ์ฃ .
04:09
It fed the slaves
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์•คํ‹ธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ œ๋„๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค์˜จ
04:11
brought to the Antilles,
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๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋“ค๋„ ๋จน์—ฌ์‚ด๋ ธ์ฃ .
04:14
the song "Jamaica Farewell" --
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"์ž๋ฉ”์ด์นด ์ž˜ ์žˆ์–ด"๋ผ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž˜์—์„œ
04:16
"Ackee rice salt fish are nice" --
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"์•„ํ‚ค ์Œ€ ์†Œ๊ธˆ ์ƒ์„ ์€ ์ข‹๋‹ค"๋Š”
04:18
is an emblem of the importance
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋ถ์„œ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ์†Œ๊ธˆ์— ์ €๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์˜
04:21
of salt cod from northeastern Canada.
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์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ์ง•์ด๋‹ค.
04:24
It all collapsed in the 80s and the 90s:
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ 80๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 90๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์—‡์ฃ .
04:27
35,000 people lost their jobs.
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์‚ผ๋งŒ์˜ค์ฒœ๋ช…์ด ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
And that was the beginning
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ์˜
04:32
of a kind of serial depletion
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์‹œ์ž‘์ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
from bigger and tastier species
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ํฌ๊ณ  ๋ง›์žˆ๋Š” ์ข…๋ฅ˜์—์„œ
04:36
to smaller and not-so-tasty species,
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์ž‘๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋‹ฅ ๋ง›์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ
04:39
from species that were near to home
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์ง‘ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์—์„œ
04:41
to species that were all around the world,
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ
04:44
and what have you.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋‚จ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:46
It's a little hard to understand that,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฝ”์ŠคํŠธ์ฝ”์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
04:48
because you can go to a Costco in the United States
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์‹ธ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ ์„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
04:51
and buy cheap fish.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
You ought to read the label to find out where it came from,
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์ƒ์‚ฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋”˜์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ผ๋ฒจ์„ ์ฝ์–ด๋ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
but it's still cheap,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์‹ธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
04:57
and everybody thinks it's okay.
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๋ชจ๋‘๋“ค ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
04:59
It's hard to communicate this,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ด ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
and one way that I think is really interesting
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
05:04
is to talk about sport fish,
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์Šคํฌ์ธ ํ”ผ์‹œ(์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋‚š์‹œ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
because people like to go out and catch fish.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์žก๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
It's one of those things.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์ฃ .
05:12
This picture here shows the trophy fish,
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๊ทธ๋‚  ์ถœํ’ˆ๋œ ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ํ”ผ์‹œ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
the biggest fish caught
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๊ทธ๋‚  ์žก์€ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด์ง€์š”.
05:17
by people who pay a lot of money
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚ด๊ณ 
05:19
to get on a boat,
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๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ 
05:21
go to a place off of Key West in Florida,
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ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค์— ํ‚ค ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ ์ชฝ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
05:24
drink a lot of beer,
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๋งฅ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ 
05:26
throw a lot of hooks and lines into the water,
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๋งŽ์€ ๋‚š์‹œ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜๊ณผ ๋‚š์‹œ ์ค„์„ ๋ฌผ์— ๋˜์ง€๊ณ 
05:28
come back with the biggest and the best fish,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ณ  ์ตœ๊ณ ์ธ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
and the champion trophy fish
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋‚ ์˜ ์ฑ”ํ”ผ์˜จ ํ”ผ์‹œ๊ฐ€
05:33
are put on this board, where people take a picture,
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์ด ๊ฒŒ์‹œํŒ์— ๊ฑธ์–ด์ง€๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
and this guy is obviously
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์ด ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ
05:38
really excited about that fish.
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์ € ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฅ๋ถ„๋˜์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
Well, that's what it's like now,
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์ž, ์š”์ฆ˜์€ ์ €๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ
05:43
but this is what it was like in the 1950s
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1950๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์ด๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
from the same boat in the same place
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ
05:48
on the same board on the same dock.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€๋‘์œ„์—์„œ
05:51
The trophy fish
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ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ํ”ผ์‹œ๋“ค์€
05:53
were so big
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์ €๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์ € ์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ
05:55
that you couldn't put any of those small fish up on it.
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์ •๋ง ์ปธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
And the average size trophy fish
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ํ”ผ์‹œ๋Š”
06:00
weighed 250 to 300 pounds, goliath grouper,
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250์—์„œ 300 ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ(113~136kg) ์ •๋„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์ฃ , ๊ณจ๋ฆฌ์•„์Šค ๊ทธ๋กœํผ
06:03
and if you wanted to go out and kill something,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:05
you could pretty much count on
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์ €๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์žก๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
06:07
being able to catch one of those fish.
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๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:09
And they tasted really good.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ € ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋ง›์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:11
And people paid less in 1950 dollars
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ
06:14
to catch that
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์š”์ฆ˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ € ์ž‘๊ณ  ์ฌ๋”ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
06:16
than what people pay now
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์žก๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ˆ ๋ณด๋‹ค
06:18
to catch those little, tiny fish.
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๋” ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
And that's everywhere.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์ด ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
It's not just the fish, though,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋“ค๋งŒ
06:25
that are disappearing.
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์—†์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
Industrial fishing uses big stuff,
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์‚ฐ์—… ์–ด์—…์€ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ,
06:30
big machinery.
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ํฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
We use nets that are 20 miles long.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ 20๋งˆ์ผ(32km) ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
We use longlines
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 100๋งŒ๊ฐœ ๋˜๋Š” 200๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‚š์‹œ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
06:36
that have one million or two million hooks.
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๊ธด ์ค„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
And we trawl,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŠธ๋กค์–ด์—…์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
which means to take something
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ, ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š”
06:43
the size of a tractor trailer truck
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๋Œ€ํ˜• ํ™”๋ฌผ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
06:45
that weighs thousands and thousands of pounds,
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ํฐ ์‡ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์— ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ
06:48
put it on a big chain,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์„ ํœ˜์ €์–ด์„œ
06:50
and drag it across the sea floor
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žก๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
06:52
to stir up the bottom and catch the fish.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ์งˆ์งˆ ๋•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
Think of it as
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„์‹œ๋‚˜
06:58
being kind of the bulldozing of a city
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์ˆฒ์„ ๋ถˆ๋„์ €๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
07:00
or of a forest,
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
07:02
because it clears it away.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์“ธ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
07:04
And the habitat destruction
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„œ์‹์ง€ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋Š”
07:06
is unbelievable.
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๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๋งŒํผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
This is a photograph,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
07:10
a typical photograph,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋ถ•๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
07:12
of what the continental shelves
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์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”
07:14
of the world look like.
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ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
You can see the rows in the bottom,
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์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
07:19
the way you can see the rows
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์Ÿ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋ฐญ์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ณ ๋ž‘์„
07:21
in a field that has just been plowed
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๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์—
07:23
to plant corn.
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๊ณ ๋ž‘์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
What that was, was a forest of sponges and coral,
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์ €๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์˜€๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
07:28
which is a critical habitat
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๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์„œ์‹์ง€์ธ
07:30
for the development of fish.
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ํ•ด๋ฉด๊ณผ ์•”์ดˆ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆฒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
What it is now is mud,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ์ง„ํ™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
and the area of the ocean floor
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์ˆฒ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง„ํ™ ์ธต์œผ๋กœ
07:38
that has been transformed from forest
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๋ฐ”๋€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š”
07:41
to level mud, to parking lot,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋™์•ˆ
07:43
is equivalent to the entire area
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์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์—์„œ
07:46
of all the forests
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์ž˜๋ผ์„œ ์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ
07:48
that have ever been cut down
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ˆฒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฉด์ ์„
07:50
on all of the earth
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ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
07:52
in the history of humanity.
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๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
We've managed to do that
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 100์—์„œ 150๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
07:56
in the last 100 to 150 years.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
We tend to think of oil spills
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„์œ  ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์€์—
08:02
and mercury
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๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
08:04
and we hear a lot about plastic these days.
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์š”์ฆ˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
And all of that stuff is really disgusting,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ๋ฉ”์Šค๊ป์ง€๋งŒ
08:08
but what's really insidious
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์ •๋ง ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€
08:10
is the biological pollution that happens
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์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์˜ค์—ผ์ด์ฃ .
08:13
because of the magnitude of the shifts
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์ „์ฒด์—
08:16
that it causes
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์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š”
08:18
to entire ecosystems.
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๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.
08:20
And I'm going to just talk very briefly
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์ €๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์˜ค์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
08:22
about two kinds of biological pollution:
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์ •๋ง ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
one is introduced species
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋„์ž…์ข…์ด๊ณ 
08:27
and the other is what comes from nutrients.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์˜์–‘์ด ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:30
So this is the infamous
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•…๋ช… ๋†’์€
08:32
Caulerpa taxifolia,
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์นด์šธ๋ŸฌํŒŒ ํƒ์‹œํด๋ฆฌ์•„
08:34
the so-called killer algae.
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์‚ด์ธ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
08:37
A book was written about it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์“ด ์ฑ…๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:39
It's a bit of an embarrassment.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
It was accidentally released
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋‚˜์ฝ”์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์กฑ๊ด€์—์„œ
08:43
from the aquarium in Monaco,
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๋œปํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ํ’€์–ด์กŒ์ฃ .
08:45
it was bred to be cold tolerant
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์กฑ๊ด€์— ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ
08:48
to have in peoples aquaria.
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๋‚ดํ•œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์‹์‹œ์ผฐ์–ด์š”.
08:50
It's very pretty,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ์ด์˜๊ณ 
08:52
and it has rapidly started
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ๋•Œ๋Š”
08:54
to overgrow
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์ •๋ง ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
08:56
the once very rich
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์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด์˜ ๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ์„
08:58
biodiversity of the
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๊ธ‰์†๋„๋กœ ์ž๋ผ์„œ
09:00
northwestern Mediterranean.
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๋’ค๋ฎ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
09:02
I don't know how many of you remember the movie
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'๊ณตํฌ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ'๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ
09:04
"The Little Shop of Horrors,"
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ช‡๋ช‡์ด๋‚˜ ๋ ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
but this is the plant of "The Little Shop of Horrors."
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด '๊ณตํฌ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ'์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
But, instead of devouring the people in the shop,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ง‘์–ด์‚ผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—,
09:12
what it's doing is overgrowing
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด
09:14
and smothering
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์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด์˜
09:16
virtually all of the bottom-dwelling life
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๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ์— ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“ 
09:19
of the entire northwestern
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๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„
09:22
Mediterranean Sea.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž๋ผ์„œ ๋’ค๋ฎ๊ณ  ์งˆ์‹์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
We don't know anything that eats it,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋จน๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
we're trying to do all sorts of genetics
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋‚ด๊ณ 
09:28
and figure out something that could be done,
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์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
09:31
but, as it stands, it's the monster from hell,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ๋Š”, ์–ด๋Š ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒŒํ•˜๋Š”
09:34
about which nobody knows what to do.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€์˜ฅ์—์„œ ์˜จ ๊ดด๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
Now another form of pollution
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์˜ค์—ผ์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ,
09:40
that's biological pollution
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์˜ค์—ผ,
09:42
is what happens from excess nutrients.
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๊ณผ์ž‰ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:44
The green revolution,
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๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ˜๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์งˆ์†Œ ๋น„๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„
09:46
all of this artificial nitrogen fertilizer, we use too much of it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
It's subsidized, which is one of the reasons we used too much of it.
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๋ณด์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
It runs down the rivers,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€
09:54
and it feeds the plankton,
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ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€์— ์‚ฌ๋Š”
09:56
the little microscopic plant cells
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์ž‘๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์‹๋ฌผ ์„ธํฌ์ธ
09:58
in the coastal water.
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ํ”Œ๋žญํฌํ†ค์˜ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
But since we ate all the oysters
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตด๊ณผ
10:02
and we ate all the fish that would eat the plankton,
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ํ”Œ๋žญํฌํ†ค์„ ๋จน๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค ๋จน์–ด์„œ
10:04
there's nothing to eat the plankton
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ํ”Œ๋žญํฌํ†ค์„ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
and there's more and more of it,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๊ณ 
10:08
so it dies of old age,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Š™์–ด์„œ ์ฃฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
which is unheard of for plankton.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ”Œ๋žญํฌํ†ค์œผ๋กœ์จ๋Š” ์ด๋ก€์ ์ธ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
And when it dies, it falls to the bottom
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ”Œ๋žญํฌํ†ค์ด ์ฃฝ์„๋•Œ, ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ณ 
10:14
and then it rots,
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๋ถ€์‹๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
which means that bacteria break it down.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด์ฃ .
10:18
And in the process
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
10:20
they use up all the oxygen,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
and in using up all the oxygen
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์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ ค์„œ
10:24
they make the environment utterly lethal
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๋„๋ง๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
10:26
for anything that can't swim away.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ(์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ •๋„) ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:28
So, what we end up with
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€
10:30
is a microbial zoo
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๋‹น์‹  ์•ž์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ๋ณด์ด๋“ฏ์ด
10:32
dominated by bacteria
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ํ•ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋กœ
10:34
and jellyfish, as you see
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์ง€๋ฐฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
10:36
on the left in front of you.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋™๋ฌผ์›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
And the only fishery left --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค์ง ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด์žฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š”
10:40
and it is a commercial fishery --
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์ƒ์—…์ ์ธ ์–ด์žฅ์ด๊ณ 
10:42
is the jellyfish fishery
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์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ์ƒˆ์šฐ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜
10:44
you see on the right, where there used to be prawns.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ•ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ์–ด์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
Even in Newfoundland
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์˜ˆ์ „์— ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์–ดํšํ–ˆ๋˜
10:48
where we used to catch cod,
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๋‰ดํŽ€๋“ค๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ์กฐ์ฐจ
10:50
we now have a jellyfish fishery.
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์ด์ œ ํ•ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ์–ด์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
And another version of this sort of thing
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์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š”
10:55
is what is often called red tides
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์ ์กฐ ๋˜๋Š” ํ†ก์‹ ๋ธ”๋ฃธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
10:57
or toxic blooms.
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์ž์ฃผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
That picture on the left is just staggering to me.
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์ € ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์ €ํ•œํ…Œ ์ •๋ง ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
I have talked about it a million times,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ฒˆ ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
11:04
but it's unbelievable.
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๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
In the upper right of that picture on the left
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์™ผ์ชฝ ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
11:08
is almost the Mississippi Delta,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์‹œํ”ผ ์‚ผ๊ฐ์ฃผ์ด๊ณ 
11:10
and the lower left of that picture
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ ์•„๋žซ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
11:12
is the Texas-Mexico border.
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ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์™€ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
You're looking at the entire
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๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋งŒ์˜ ๋ถ์„œ์ชฝ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ
11:16
northwestern Gulf of Mexico;
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๋ณด๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
you're looking at one toxic
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
11:20
dinoflagellate bloom that can kill fish,
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ์œ ๋…์„ฑ ํŽธ๋ชจ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋Œ€์ฆ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
made by that beautiful little creature
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋ž˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
11:24
on the lower right.
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์ € ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
And in the upper right you see this
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์œ—์ชฝ์— ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
11:28
black sort of cloud
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๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด
11:30
moving ashore.
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ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ ธ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
That's the same species.
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์ €๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
And as it comes to shore and the wind blows,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ณ 
11:37
and little droplets of the water get into the air,
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๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐฉ์šธ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ค‘์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
11:40
the emergency rooms of all the hospitals fill up
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค์€ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ
11:43
with people with acute respiratory distress.
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ํ˜ธํก์žฅ์• ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
And that's retirement homes
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์ €๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ์„œ์ชฝ ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜
11:47
on the west coast of Florida.
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ํ‡ด์ง์ž ์ „์šฉ ์ง‘๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
A friend and I did this thing in Hollywood
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์นœ๊ตฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜์™€ ์ €๋Š” ํ• ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ์—์„œ
11:51
we called Hollywood ocean night,
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ํ• ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ ์˜ค์…˜ ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:53
and I was trying to figure out how to
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์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์ค„
11:55
explain to actors what's going on.
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
And I said,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
11:59
"So, imagine you're in a movie called 'Escape from Malibu'
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"์ž,๋‹น์‹ ์ด '๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ํƒˆ์ถœ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ํ™” ์†์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
12:02
because all the beautiful people have moved
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ
12:04
to North Dakota, where it's clean and safe.
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๋…ธ์Šค๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌ๊ฐ”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
12:06
And the only people who are left there
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
12:08
are the people who can't afford
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ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌ๊ฐˆ ์—ฌ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋Š”
12:11
to move away from the coast,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
12:13
because the coast, instead of being paradise,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‚™์›์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
12:16
is harmful to your health."
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๋‹น์‹  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ํ•ด๋กญ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
12:18
And then this is amazing.
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์•„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
It was when I was on holiday last early autumn in France.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋…„ ์ดˆ๊ฐ€์„์— ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๋กœ ํœด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
This is from the coast of Brittany,
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๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์ ์•ก์œผ๋กœ
12:25
which is being enveloped
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๋’ค๋ฎ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
12:27
in this green, algal slime.
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๋ธŒ๋ฅดํƒ€๋‰ด ํ•ด์•ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
The reason that it attracted so much attention,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์–ด ์—ญ๊ฒน๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์™ธ์—
12:33
besides the fact that it's disgusting,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
12:36
is that sea birds flying over it
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๊ทธ ์œ„๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท์ƒˆ๋“ค์ด
12:38
are asphyxiated by the smell and die,
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๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์งˆ์‹ํ•ด์„œ ์ฃฝ๊ณ 
12:41
and a farmer died of it,
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ํ•œ ๋†๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๊ณ 
12:43
and you can imagine the scandal that happened.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
And so there's this war
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
12:47
between the farmers
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๋†๋ถ€๋“ค๊ณผ ์–ด๋ถ€๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—
12:49
and the fishermen about it all,
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์ „์Ÿ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
and the net result is that
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ตœ์ข…๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”
12:53
the beaches of Brittany have to be bulldozed of this stuff
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๋ธŒ๋ฅดํƒ€๋‰ด ํ•ด๋ณ€์€ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ธ”๋„์ ธ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„
12:56
on a regular basis.
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๋ฐ€์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ค์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
And then, of course, there's climate change,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
13:00
and we all know about climate change.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
I guess the iconic figure of it
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์€
13:04
is the melting of the ice
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๋ถ๊ทนํ•ด์— ๋…น๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
13:06
in the Arctic Sea.
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์–ผ์Œ์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
13:08
Think about the thousands and thousands of people who died
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๋ถ์„œํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์€
13:11
trying to find the Northwest Passage.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
13:14
Well, the Northwest Passage is already there.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”. ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋ถ์„œํ•ญ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์–ด์š”!
13:16
I think it's sort of funny;
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ•ด์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
13:18
it's on the Siberian coast,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์ €๋Š” ์ข€ ์›ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
maybe the Russians will charge tolls.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์ธ๋“ค์ด ํ†ตํ–‰๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ง•์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
13:23
The governments of the world
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋ถ€๋“ค์€
13:25
are taking this really seriously.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
13:27
The military of the Arctic nations
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๋ถ๊ทน ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š”
13:30
is taking it really seriously.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ •๋ง ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
13:33
For all the denial of climate change
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์ •๋ถ€์ง€๋„์ž์™€
13:35
by government leaders,
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CIA(๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ณด๋ถ€)์™€
13:37
the CIA
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๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด,๋ฏธ๊ตญ,์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ํ•ด๊ตฐ๋“ค๊ณผ
13:39
and the navies of Norway
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์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ์ด๋“ 
13:41
and the U.S. and Canada, whatever
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€์ •์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
13:44
are busily thinking about
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
13:46
how they will secure their territory
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜
13:49
in this inevitability
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์˜ํ† ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
13:52
from their point of view.
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์ง€์ผœ์•ผํ• ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
And, of course, Arctic communities are toast.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ,๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋ถ๊ทน ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
13:56
The other kinds of effects of climate change --
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๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€
13:58
this is coral bleaching. It's a beautiful picture, right?
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ ํ‘œ๋ฐฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด์ฃ , ๊ทธ์ตธ.
14:00
All that white coral.
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์ € ํ•˜์–€ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋“ค์ด
14:02
Except it's supposed to be brown.
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๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰์ด์—ฌ์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด.
14:05
What happens is that
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๋ฌด์Šจ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ƒ๋ฉด
14:07
the corals are a symbiosis,
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์•ˆ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
14:09
and they have these little algal cells
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์ž‘์€ ํ•ด์กฐ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๊ณผ
14:11
that live inside them.
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๊ณต์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:13
And the algae give the corals sugar,
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์กฐ๋ฅ˜(่—ป้กž: ๋ฌผ์†์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋“ฑ ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ)๋Š” ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์„คํƒ•์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ 
14:15
and the corals give the algae
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋Š” ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ
14:17
nutrients and protection.
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์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
But when it gets too hot,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท์†์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋”์›Œ์ง€๋ฉด
14:21
the algae can't make the sugar.
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์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์„คํƒ•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:23
The corals say, "You cheated. You didn't pay your rent."
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋Š” "๋„ˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ณค์–ด. ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์ง‘์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด."๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:25
They kick them out, and then they die.
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋Š” ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์ซ’์•„๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ฃฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
Not all of them die; some of them survive,
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
some more are surviving,
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
14:32
but it's really bad news.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ๋‚˜์œ ์†Œ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
To try and give you a sense of this,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
14:36
imagine you go camping in July
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ๋ฏธ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— 7์›”๋‹ฌ์—
14:39
somewhere in Europe or in North America,
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์บ ํ•‘์„ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
14:42
and you wake up the next morning, and you look around you,
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์€๋‚  ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋‹ˆ๊น
14:44
and you see that 80 percent of the trees,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—
14:46
as far as you can see,
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80%์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜๋ญ‡์žŽ์„ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
14:48
have dropped their leaves and are standing there naked.
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๋ฐœ๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ—๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:51
And you come home, and you discover
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ง‘์— ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ
14:53
that 80 percent of all the trees
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๋ถ๋ฏธ์™€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋“ค์ค‘
14:55
in North America and in Europe
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80%๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ญ‡์žŽ์„ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
14:57
have dropped their leaves.
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
And then you read in the paper a few weeks later,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ๋’ค์— ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์—์„œ
15:01
"Oh, by the way, a quarter of those died."
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์•„, ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ, ๊ทธ์ค‘์˜ 1/4์€ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:04
Well, that's what happened in the Indian Ocean
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์ž, ๊ทธ์ผ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ 1998 ์—˜๋‹ˆ๋‡จ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
15:07
during the 1998 El Nino,
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์˜ 80%๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ๋ฐฑ(ํ•˜์–—๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ )
15:09
an area vastly greater
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๊ทธ์ค‘์˜ 1/4์ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
15:11
than the size of North America and Europe,
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๋ถ๋ฏธ์™€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋„“์€
15:13
when 80 percent of all the corals bleached
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์ง์—ญ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”
15:16
and a quarter of them died.
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์ธ๋„์–‘์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์ฃ .
15:19
And then the really scary thing
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚จํš, ์˜ค์—ผ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”,
15:21
about all of this --
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
15:23
the overfishing, the pollution and the climate change --
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์ •๋ง ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ์ ์€
15:26
is that each thing doesn't happen in a vacuum.
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๊ฐ์ž ์ง„๊ณต์ƒํƒœ ์†์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
15:29
But there are these, what we call, positive feedbacks,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๊ท€ํ™˜(ๆญฃๆญธ้‚„)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:32
the synergies among them
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์‹œ๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š”
15:34
that make the whole vastly greater
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๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํฐ
15:36
than the sum of the parts.
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์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:38
And the great scientific challenge
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์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด
15:41
for people like me in thinking about all this,
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๋‚˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช๋Š” ํฐ ๊ณผํ•™์ „ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์€
15:44
is do we know how
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋•…๋”ธ๋ณด(ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ถ€์„œ์ง€๋ฉด ์›๋ž˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณ ์ณ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ)๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ
15:46
to put Humpty Dumpty back together again?
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์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์ž‡๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค.
15:49
I mean, because we, at this point, we can protect it.
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์ œ ๋ง์€ ์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:52
But what does that mean?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ฃ ?
15:54
We really don't know.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:57
So what are the oceans going to be like
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 20๋…„ ๋˜๋Š” 50๋…„ ํ›„์˜
16:00
in 20 or 50 years?
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™๋‚˜์š”?
16:03
Well, there won't be any fish
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์ผ๋‹จ, ํ”ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋“ 
16:05
except for minnows,
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—†์„๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
16:07
and the water will be pretty dirty,
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๋ฌผ์€ ๊ฝค ๋”๋Ÿฌ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
16:10
and all those kinds of things
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๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ
16:12
and full of mercury, etc., etc.
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์ˆ˜์€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐจ์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ
16:17
And dead zones will get bigger and bigger
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๋ฐ๋“œ ์กด(๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฃฝ์€ ์ง€์—ญ)์€ ์ ์  ์ปค์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
16:19
and they'll start to merge,
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์„œ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:21
and we can imagine something like
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฐ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์–‘์˜
16:23
the dead-zonification
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๋ฐ๋“œ์กดํ™” ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„
16:25
of the global, coastal ocean.
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์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:28
Then you sure won't want to eat fish that were raised in it,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ‚ค์šด ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:31
because it would be a kind of
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฏธ์‹(๋ง›์ž‡๋Š” ์Œ์‹)์˜
16:33
gastronomic Russian roulette.
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๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•ˆ ๋ฃฐ๋ ›(ํšŒ์ „์‹ ๊ถŒ์ด ํƒ„์ฐฝ์— ์ด์•Œ์„ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋งŒ ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ฐฉ์•„์‡ ๋ฅผ ๋‹น๊ธฐ๋Š”, ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๊ฑด ๊ฒŒ์ž„) ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
16:35
Sometimes you have a toxic bloom;
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์–ด๋–ค ๋•Œ๋Š” ์œ ๋…์„ฑ์ด ๋งŽ์„๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
16:37
sometimes you don't.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŸ์ฃ .
16:39
That doesn't sell.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ์€ ํŒ”๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
16:41
The really scary things though
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์ •๋ง ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€
16:43
are the physical, chemical,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
16:46
oceanographic things that are happening.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ , ํ™”ํ•™์ , ํ•ด์–‘ํ•™์  ์ผ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
16:49
As the surface of the ocean gets warmer,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ์ ์  ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•ด์ ธ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก
16:52
the water is lighter when it's warmer,
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๋”ฐ๋œปํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ๋ฌผ์€ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ 
16:54
it becomes harder and harder
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆœํ™˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
16:56
to turn the ocean over.
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์ ์  ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:58
We say it becomes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ปซ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
17:00
more strongly stratified.
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๋” ๊ณ„์ธตํ™” ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
17:02
The consequence of that is that
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„,
17:04
all those nutrients
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ํŽ˜๋ฃจ,์–ด๋Š๊ณณ์—๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์–ด๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜
17:06
that fuel the great anchoveta fisheries,
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉธ์น˜ ์–ด์žฅ์˜
17:09
of the sardines of California
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์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“ 
17:11
or in Peru or whatever,
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์˜์–‘๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์ด
17:14
those slow down
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๋Š๋ ค์ง€๊ณ 
17:16
and those fisheries collapse.
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์ € ์–ด์žฅ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:18
And, at the same time,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ,๋™์‹œ์—,
17:20
water from the surface, which is rich in oxygen,
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์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ชฝ์˜ ๋ฌผ์€
17:23
doesn't make it down
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๋ฐ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ 
17:27
and the ocean turns into a desert.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:30
So the question is: How are we all
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์—
17:32
going to respond to this?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:34
And we can do
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ์น˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
17:36
all sorts of things to fix it,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
17:38
but in the final analysis,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š”
17:40
the thing we really need to fix
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ๊ณ ์ณ์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
17:42
is ourselves.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:44
It's not about the fish; it's not about the pollution;
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์˜ค์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
17:47
it's not about the climate change.
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๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:49
It's about us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
17:51
and our greed and our need for growth
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์š•์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ
17:54
and our inability to imagine a world
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
17:57
that is different from the selfish world
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์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
17:59
we live in today.
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์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌด๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
18:01
So the question is: Will we respond to this or not?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”: "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
18:04
I would say that the future of life
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์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์™€
18:06
and the dignity of human beings
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์กด์—„์„ฑ์€
18:08
depends on our doing that.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:10
Thank you. (Applause)
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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