Why 1.5 billion people eat with chopsticks | Small Thing Big Idea, a TED series

1,742,113 views ใƒป 2020-01-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: TED Translators admin
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
ืžืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืกื›ื•โ€œื.
ื•ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”.
[ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ.]
[ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.]
00:12
It is such a sort of instrumental part
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00:14
of our cooking vocabulary, in terms of the utensils.
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ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืžืงืœื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ื
00:17
And it was like, that's interesting,
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ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืื—ืช.
00:19
there are people who live without chopsticks.
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ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ,
00:21
[Small Thing.]
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00:22
[Big Idea.]
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ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื
ื•ืืชื ืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ืžืœืงื—ื™ื™ื.
00:26
Chopsticks are a pair of two long sticks
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ืจื•ื‘ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืขืฅ. ื”ื ื’ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืง,
00:29
used to eat things with one hand.
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ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืจืงืŸ, ื–ื”ื‘, ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื ื”ื‘,
00:32
Holding chopsticks is a little bit like holding a pencil,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
00:34
except that you have two of them
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ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืื›ื™ืœืช ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
00:36
and you move them together in a pincer movement.
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00:38
Most of them are made out of wood. They're also made out of plastic, bamboo,
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ื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
ืื ืืชื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืจื–,
ืœื”ืจื™ื ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช, ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ.
00:42
jade, gold, silver and even ivory,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืœื-ืœื ืขื ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”.
00:44
though I think that's not so cool anymore.
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ืืœ ืชืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืœื•ืช ืชื•ืคื™ื,
00:46
Chopsticks are really well designed for eating small bits of food.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื–ื” ืžืคืชื”.
ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืฅ ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ืงืขืจืช ืื•ืจื– ืขื ื”ืคื ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”.
00:50
They're good for picking up noodles.
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00:51
If you're skilled, you can eat rice,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืงืขืจืช ืงื˜ื•ืจืช,
00:53
pick up dumplings, pieces of meat.
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00:55
There are some no-nos with chopsticks.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื”ื•ื“ ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
00:57
You should not use the chopsticks like drumsticks,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:00
which I know is tempting.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืืกื™ื”, ื›-1.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืฉ
01:01
You don't want to stick chopsticks into a bowl of rice face-up.
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”.
01:04
And the reason for that is it actually looks like a bowl of incense,
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ืœืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”.
01:08
so it sort of echoes death.
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ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื,
01:09
Chopsticks are used in a huge portion of the world,
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ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžืชื›ืช
01:12
across much of Asia, about 1.5 billion people
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ื•ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื™ืคื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื
01:14
are covered in the chopsticks sphere.
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01:16
Different cultures have slightly different variations of chopsticks.
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ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืžืฉ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื
ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื,
01:20
Chinese chopsticks will tend to be long and round,
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19
01:22
Korean chopsticks are flatter and often made of metal
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ืฉืจื•ื•ื— ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืืกื™ื™ืชื™ื,
01:25
and Japanese chopsticks tend to be round
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืื›ืœื• ืื•ืจื– ืขื ืžืงืœื•ืช,
01:28
and very, very pointy.
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
01:29
While chopsticks are actually really commonplace
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01:31
in American society today,
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ืฉืื›ืœื• ื‘ืฉืจ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื–ืœื’.
01:33
there was definitely a time in the late 1800s
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70,
01:36
where this idea that Asian men,
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01:38
because they ate rice with sticks,
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ืจื™ืฆโ€˜ืจื“ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ, ื”ื ืจื™ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’โ€™ืจ,
01:40
were of a different quality than American men,
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ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ืขื ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”.
01:43
who ate proper meat with a knife and fork.
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช
01:45
But when China and the United States
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืฉื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ืืกื™ื™ืชื™ ื–ื– ืžื”ืžื–ืจื— ืœืžืขืจื‘,
01:47
began their diplomatic engagement in the 1970s,
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ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”.
01:51
Richard Nixon, Henry Kissinger,
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01:52
had to practice eating with chopsticks.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฉืื ื’,
01:55
What's been really interesting to see
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01:57
is that as Asian cuisine has moved from the East into the West,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›-3000 ืฉื ื”,
ื•ื”ื ืื”ื‘ื• ื—ืฆื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฉืื ื’.
ืื– ื›ืฉืžื‘ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ื”ื—ืฆื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
02:03
chopsticks have become part of the experience.
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ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
02:05
There's evidence of chopsticks as long ago as the Shang dynasty,
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ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ื›ืœ
ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืจืฃ ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ื ืจื•ืชื—ื™ื
02:09
which is about 3000 years ago,
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02:10
and they loved tripods during the Shang dynasty.
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ื‘ืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:13
So when you cook with these big tripods,
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ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืกื›ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื–ืœื’ื•ืช.
02:15
chopsticks were actually really useful,
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ื”ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.
02:17
because it was a way for you to stir and to reach
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ,
02:20
without getting burned as the water was boiling
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืœื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”.
02:23
in these really big pots.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืืกื™ื™ืชื™
02:25
Chinese culture has knives and has forks.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.
02:27
It uses them in many cases for cooking.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
02:30
But in terms of like what moved into the dining room,
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ืœื‘ืฉืœ ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:34
it was the chopsticks.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื’ื ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื.
02:35
One of the things about Asian cooking
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืขื’ืœื™ืช,
02:37
is that it often comes in very small pieces.
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ื›ืฉืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชื‘ืฉืœ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”,
02:39
And I think part of that has to do with the fact
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02:41
that it's actually a lot more energy-efficient
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ื•ืื– ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฉืœ.
02:44
to cook little pieces quickly.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
02:46
But also, then you don't have to cut them.
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02:48
So you have a circular influence,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–,
02:49
where the type of food that is cooked allows people to use chopsticks,
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ื–ื” ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™.
ืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืขื ืžืงืœื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื›ื,
02:53
and then the fact that you have chopsticks influences the food that you can cook.
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ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืจื– ืฉืœื›ื, ื•ืื– ืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“.
02:57
But at the same time, chopsticks reflect the communal nature of eating food.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ืื’ื“ื”
ืฉืžืกืคืจืช ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื›ืืœื” ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช,
03:00
You'll have these dishes that you put in the middle,
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ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืื›ืœื• ืื™ืชื ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
03:03
it's very family style.
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03:04
You go in with your chopsticks,
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื, ื›ื•ืœื ื’ื•ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืจืขื‘,
03:06
and you put it on your rice, and then you eat individually.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ื”ื.
03:09
There's actually a famous sort of legend
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”
03:11
where everyone has these really, really long chopsticks,
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ื•ืื– ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
03:14
like way too long for them to feed themselves.
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03:16
And so in hell, everyone starves,
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03:18
because they can't pick up food and put it in their mouths.
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03:21
But in heaven, people take the same chopsticks
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03:23
and then feed each other.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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