How human noise affects ocean habitats | Kate Stafford

89,524 views ใƒป 2017-06-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: yael ring ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
In 1956, a documentary by Jacques Cousteau won
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ื‘1956, ืกืจื˜ ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื–'ืง ืงื•ืกื˜ื• ื–ื›ื”
00:17
both the Palme d'Or and an Oscar award.
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ื’ื ื‘ืคืจืก ื“ืงืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืื•ืกืงืจ.
00:20
This film was called, "Le Monde Du Silence,"
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ื”ืกืจื˜ ื ืงืจื: "ืœื” ืžื•ื ื“ ื“ื• ืกื™ืœื ืก"
00:23
or, "The Silent World."
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ืื• "ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืงื˜".
00:26
The premise of the title was that the underwater world was a quiet world.
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ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืช-ืžื™ื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ืฉืงื˜.
00:32
We now know, 60 years later,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื, 60 ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:34
that the underwater world is anything but silent.
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ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืช-ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื˜.
00:38
Although the sounds are inaudible above water
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื
00:41
depending on where you are and the time of year,
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ืชืœื•ื™ ืื™ืคื” ืืชื ื•ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืฉื ื”,
00:44
the underwater soundscape can be as noisy as any jungle or rainforest.
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ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ืชืช-ืžื™ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืขืฉ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ ืื• ื™ืขืจ ื’ืฉื.
00:51
Invertebrates like snapping shrimp, fish and marine mammals
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ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก, ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื
00:56
all use sound.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
00:58
They use sound to study their habitat,
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื
01:01
to keep in communication with each other,
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”
01:03
to navigate,
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ืœื ื•ื•ื˜
01:04
to detect predators and prey.
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ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื•ื˜ืจืฃ.
01:07
They also use sound by listening to know something about their environment.
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
01:12
Take, for an example, the Arctic.
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
01:15
It's considered a vast, inhospitable place,
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ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืขืฆื•ื, ืขื•ื™ืŸ.
01:18
sometimes described as a desert,
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ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืžื“ื‘ืจ,
01:21
because it is so cold and so remote
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืจ ื•ืžืจื•ื—ืง
01:24
and ice-covered for much of the year.
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ื•ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืงืจื— ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื”.
01:27
And despite this,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช,
01:28
there is no place on Earth that I would rather be than the Arctic,
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ืื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
01:32
especially as days lengthen and spring comes.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžืชืืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื’ื™ืข.
01:37
To me, the Arctic really embodies this disconnect
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืžื’ืœื ืืช ื”ื ืชืง ื”ื–ื”
01:41
between what we see on the surface and what's going on underwater.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื.
01:47
You can look out across the ice -- all white and blue and cold --
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื— -- ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืงื•ืจ --
01:53
and see nothing.
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ื•ืœื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืœื•ื.
01:55
But if you could hear underwater,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื,
01:58
the sounds you would hear would at first amaze
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ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
02:01
and then delight you.
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ื•ืื– ืžืงืกื™ืžื™ื ืืชื›ื.
02:03
And while your eyes are seeing nothing for kilometers but ice,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืขื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืจื•ืื•ืช ืจืง ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื—
02:07
your ears are telling you that out there are bowhead and beluga whales,
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ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืฉืื™ ืฉื ื™ืฉื ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ ื‘ืœื ื” ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœื‘ื ืชื ื™ื,
02:13
walrus and bearded seals.
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ืกื•ืกื™ ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื‘ื™ ื™ื ืžื–ื•ืงื ื™ื.
02:16
The ice, too, makes sounds.
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ื”ืงืจื—, ื’ื ื”ื•ื, ืžืฉืžื™ืข ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
02:18
It screeches and cracks and pops and groans,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืจืง ื•ื ืกื“ืง, ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื•ื’ื•ื ื—
02:21
as it collides and rubs when temperature or currents or winds change.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืชื ื’ืฉ ื•ืžืชื—ื›ืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืื• ื–ืจืžื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื.
02:27
And under 100 percent sea ice in the dead of winter,
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ื•ืžืชื—ืช ืœ100 ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืงืจื— ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ,
02:32
bowhead whales are singing.
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ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ ื‘ืœื ื” ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ื™ืช ืฉืจื™ื.
02:36
And you would never expect that,
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
02:37
because we humans,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
02:40
we tend to be very visual animals.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื™ื.
02:43
For most of us, but not all,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื•ืœื,
02:46
our sense of sight is how we navigate our world.
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ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:49
For marine mammals that live underwater,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื,
02:52
where chemical cues and light transmit poorly,
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ื‘ื”ื ืจืžื–ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ืจ ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืฉ,
02:56
sound is the sense by which they see.
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ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืจืื™ื”.
03:00
And sound transmits very well underwater,
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ื•ืฆืœื™ืœ ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื,
03:02
much better than it does in air,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
03:04
so signals can be heard over great distances.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื.
03:08
In the Arctic, this is especially important,
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ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
03:11
because not only do Arctic marine mammals have to hear each other,
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ื›ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”,
03:15
but they also have to listen for cues in the environment
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ืืœื ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœืจืžื–ื™ื ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
03:18
that might indicate heavy ice ahead or open water.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืงืจื— ื›ื‘ื“ ืื• ืžื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื”.
03:22
Remember, although they spend most of their lives underwater,
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ื–ื›ืจื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื,
03:26
they are mammals,
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื.
03:27
and so they have to surface to breathe.
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ืื– ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฉื•ื
03:30
So they might listen for thin ice or no ice,
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœืงืจื— ื“ืง ืื• ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืœื™ ืงืจื—
03:34
or listen for echoes off nearby ice.
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ืื• ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื“ื™ื ืžืงืจื— ืงืจื•ื‘.
03:38
Arctic marine mammals live in a rich and varied underwater soundscape.
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ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืชืช-ื™ืžื™ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ.
03:44
In the spring,
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ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘,
03:45
it can be a cacophony of sound.
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ื–ืืช ืžืžืฉ ืงืงื•ืคื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
03:49
(Marine mammal sounds)
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(ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื)
04:04
But when the ice is frozen solid,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงืจื— ืงืคื•ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
04:07
and there are no big temperature shifts or current changes,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืื• ื–ืจืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
04:11
the underwater Arctic has some of the lowest ambient noise levels
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืช-ื™ืžื™ ืืช ื”ืจืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจืขืฉื™ ืจืงืข
04:15
of the world's oceans.
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
04:17
But this is changing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื”.
04:19
This is primarily due to a decrease in seasonal sea ice,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื›ืš ื ืขื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืงืจื— ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื ืชื™
04:23
which is a direct result of human greenhouse gas emissions.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”.
04:28
We are, in effect, with climate change,
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ืื ื—ื ื•, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
04:31
conducting a completely uncontrolled experiment with our planet.
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ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•
04:35
Over the past 30 years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
04:37
areas of the Arctic have seen decreases in seasonal sea ice
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ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืงืจื— ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื ืชื™
04:41
from anywhere from six weeks to four months.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
04:46
This decrease in sea ice is sometimes referred to as an increase
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ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืงืจื— ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื›ืขืœื™ื”
04:51
in the open water season.
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ื‘ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื.
04:53
That is the time of year when the Arctic is navigable to vessels.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ื›ืฉื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืื ื™ื•ืช.
04:57
And not only is the extent of ice changing,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืงืจื— ืžืฉืชื ื”,
05:01
but the age and the width of ice is, too.
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ืืœื ื’ื™ืœ ื•ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืงืจื— ืžืฉืชื ื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื.
05:05
Now, you may well have heard
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขืชื
05:06
that a decrease in seasonal sea ice is causing a loss of habitat
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ืฉื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื— ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื ืชื™ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืื‘ื“ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื”
05:10
for animals that rely on sea ice,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืงืจื— ื™ื,
05:12
such as ice seals, or walrus, or polar bears.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื‘ื™ ื™ื ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืกื•ืกื™ ื™ื ืื• ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืงื•ื˜ื‘.
05:16
Decreasing sea ice is also causing increased erosion along coastal villages,
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ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื— ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ืœื™ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืคืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ
05:21
and changing prey availability for marine birds and mammals.
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ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
05:26
Climate change and decreases in sea ice
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื— ื”ื™ื
05:29
are also altering the underwater soundscape of the Arctic.
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ื’ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
05:35
What do I mean by soundscape?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื?
05:37
Those of us who eavesdrop on the oceans for a living
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ืืœื• ืžืืชื ื• ืฉืžืฆื•ืชืชื™ื ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื›ืžืงืฆื•ืข
05:40
use instruments called hydrophones,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืคื•ื ื™ื,
05:42
which are underwater microphones,
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ืฉื”ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ื ื™ื ืชืช ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
05:44
and we record ambient noise --
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ืจืขืฉื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” --
05:46
the noise all around us.
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ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
05:48
And the soundscape describes the different contributors
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ื•ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื
05:52
to this noise field.
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ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
05:54
What we are hearing on our hydrophones
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืคื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
05:57
are the very real sounds of climate change.
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ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
06:01
We are hearing these changes from three fronts:
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช:
06:04
from the air,
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ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
06:06
from the water
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ืžื”ืžื™ื,
06:07
and from land.
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ื•ืžื”ืงืจืงืข.
06:10
First: air.
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ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
06:13
Wind on water creates waves.
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ื”ืจื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื’ืœื™ื.
06:16
These waves make bubbles;
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ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช;
06:18
the bubbles break,
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ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช,
06:19
and when they do,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ,
06:21
they make noise.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžื™ืขื•ืช ืจืขืฉ.
06:22
And this noise is like a hiss or a static in the background.
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ื•ื”ืจืขืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืงื” ื—ืœืฉื” ืื• ืจืขืฉ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ื‘ืจืงืข.
06:27
In the Arctic, when it's ice-covered,
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ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืงืจื—,
06:30
most of the noise from wind doesn't make it into the water column,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืขืฉ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื,
06:33
because the ice acts as a buffer between the atmosphere and the water.
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ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฉื”ืงืจื— ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื—ื™ืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ื•ื”ืžื™ื.
06:38
This is one of the reasons
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ื–ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
06:40
that the Arctic can have very low ambient noise levels.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืขืฉื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘.
06:44
But with decreases in seasonal sea ice,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืงืจื— ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื ืชื™,
06:47
not only is the Arctic now open to this wave noise,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืคืชื•ื— ืœืจืขืฉื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื,
06:52
but the number of storms and the intensity of storms in the Arctic
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ืืœื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืฆืžืชืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™
06:55
has been increasing.
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืžืช ืขืœื™ื”.
06:57
All of this is raising noise levels in a previously quiet ocean.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืงื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
07:02
Second: water.
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ืฉื ื™: ืžื™ื.
07:06
With less seasonal sea ice,
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ืขื ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืงืจื— ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื ืชื™,
07:08
subarctic species are moving north,
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ื–ื ื™ื ืชืช-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื”,
07:10
and taking advantage of the new habitat that is created by more open water.
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ื•ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื.
07:16
Now, Arctic whales, like this bowhead,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ืœื ื” ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ื™ืช,
07:19
they have no dorsal fin,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืกื ืคื™ืจ ื’ื‘,
07:21
because they have evolved to live and swim in ice-covered waters,
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ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ ืงืจื—,
07:25
and having something sticking off of your back is not very conducive
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืจื—
07:29
to migrating through ice,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืžื”ื’ื‘ ืฉืœืš
07:31
and may, in fact, be excluding animals from the ice.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจื—.
07:35
But now, everywhere we've listened,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืงืฉื‘ื ื•,
07:38
we're hearing the sounds of fin whales and humpback whales
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ ื’ื‘ืŸ
07:41
and killer whales,
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ื•ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื,
07:42
further and further north,
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื,
07:45
and later and later in the season.
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช.
07:47
We are hearing, in essence,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื,
07:49
an invasion of the Arctic by subarctic species.
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ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื–ื ื™ื ืชืช-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
07:53
And we don't know what this means.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
07:55
Will there be competition for food between Arctic and subarctic animals?
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ื”ืื ืชืชืคืชื— ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืช-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช?
08:00
Might these subarctic species introduce diseases or parasites into the Arctic?
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ื”ืื ื”ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืชืช-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื• ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™?
08:06
And what are the new sounds that they are producing
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ื•ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื
08:09
doing to the soundscape underwater?
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ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื”ืชืช-ื™ืžื™?
08:12
And third: land.
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ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ: ืงืจืงืข.
08:15
And by land ...
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืงืจืงืข...
08:16
I mean people.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
08:18
More open water means increased human use of the Arctic.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
08:23
Just this past summer,
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ืจืง ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
08:24
a massive cruise ship made its way through the Northwest Passage --
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ืกืคื™ื ืช ืฉื™ื˜ ืขื ืงื™ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ --
08:28
the once-mythical route between Europe and the Pacific.
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ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืžื™ืชื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืงื˜.
08:33
Decreases in sea ice have allowed humans to occupy the Arctic more often.
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ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืงืจื— ื”ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:39
It has allowed increases in oil and gas exploration and extraction,
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ื”ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื ืคื˜ ื•ื’ื–,
08:44
the potential for commercial shipping,
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ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื,
08:47
as well as increased tourism.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช.
08:50
And we now know that ship noise increases levels of stress hormones in whales
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืจืขืฉื™ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืชื— ืืฆืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื
08:55
and can disrupt feeding behavior.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”.
08:57
Air guns, which produce loud, low-frequency "whoomps"
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ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืจืขืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื™ืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”
09:03
every 10 to 20 seconds,
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ื›ืœ 10 ืขื“ 20 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
09:05
changed the swimming and vocal behavior of whales.
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ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืฉื—ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื.
09:09
And all of these sound sources are decreasing the acoustic space
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืขืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฆืžืฆืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™
09:14
over which Arctic marine mammals can communicate.
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ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
09:18
Now, Arctic marine mammals are used to very high levels of noise
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืจืขืฉื™ื
09:23
at certain times of the year.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื”.
09:25
But this is primarily from other animals or from sea ice,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืื• ืงืจื— ื™ื,
09:29
and these are the sounds with which they've evolved,
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ื•ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืจืขืฉื™ื ืืชื ื”ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•,
09:31
and these are sounds that are vital to their very survival.
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ื•ื”ืจืขืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
09:35
These new sounds are loud and they're alien.
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ื”ืจืขืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ื–ืจื™ื.
09:38
They might impact the environment in ways that we think we understand,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
09:44
but also in ways that we don't.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื.
09:48
Remember, sound is the most important sense for these animals.
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ื–ื›ืจื•, ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”.
09:53
And not only is the physical habitat of the Arctic changing rapidly,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ,
09:58
but the acoustic habitat is, too.
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ืืœื ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื.
10:00
It's as if we've plucked these animals up from the quiet countryside
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื•ืชืœืฉื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ืฉืงื˜
10:04
and dropped them into a big city in the middle of rush hour.
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ื•ื–ืจืงื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืงืงื™ื.
10:08
And they can't escape it.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืžืœื˜ ืžืฉื.
10:11
So what can we do now?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
10:14
We can't decrease wind speeds
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—
10:17
or keep subarctic animals from migrating north,
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ืื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืช-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื ื“ื•ื“ ืฆืคื•ื ื”,
10:20
but we can work on local solutions
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
10:22
to reducing human-caused underwater noise.
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ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ื”ืชืช-ื™ืžื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
10:26
One of these solutions is to slow down ships
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช
10:29
that traverse the Arctic,
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ืฉื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
10:31
because a slower ship is a quieter ship.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืกืคื™ื ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืงื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:35
We can restrict access in seasons and regions
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
10:39
that are important for mating or feeding or migrating.
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ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ืื• ืื›ื™ืœื” ืื• ื ื“ื™ื“ื”.
10:44
We can get smarter about quieting ships
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืงื˜ืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช
10:47
and find better ways to explore the ocean bottom.
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืจืฆืคืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
10:51
And the good news is,
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ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ,
10:53
there are people working on this right now.
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ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
10:58
But ultimately,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
10:59
we humans have to do the hard work
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืฉื”
11:02
of reversing or at the very least decelerating
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื” ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืชื”
11:06
human-caused atmospheric changes.
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ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
11:09
So, let's return to this idea of a silent world underwater.
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ืื–, ื‘ื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ืชืช-ื™ืžื™ ืฉืงื˜.
11:14
It's entirely possible
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ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜
11:16
that many of the whales swimming in the Arctic today,
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื,
11:19
especially long-lived species like the bowhead whale
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื–ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ืš ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ ื”ื‘ืœื ื”
11:23
that the Inuits say can live two human lives --
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ืฉื”ืื™ื ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื --
11:27
it's possible that these whales were alive in 1956,
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ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘1956,
11:30
when Jacques Cousteau made his film.
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ื›ืฉื–'ืง ืงื•ืกื˜ื• ืฆื™ืœื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ืฉืœื•.
11:33
And in retrospect,
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ื•ื‘ืจืื™ื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ,
11:35
considering all the noise we are creating in the oceans today,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื,
11:40
perhaps it really was "The Silent World."
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” "ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืงื˜".
11:44
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
11:45
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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