Clay Shirky: Institutions vs. collaboration

116,318 views ใƒป 2008-07-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Elad Shtilerman ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
How do groups get anything done? Right?
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ืื™ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ? ื ื›ื•ืŸ ?
00:15
How do you organize a group of individuals
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ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื
00:17
so that the output of the group
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ื›ืš ืฉืชืคื•ืงืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
00:19
is something coherent and of lasting value,
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืขืงื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืจืš ื™ืฆื™ื‘,
00:21
instead of just being chaos?
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื• ?
00:23
And the economic framing of that problem
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ื•ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
00:26
is called coordination costs.
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ื ืงืจืืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ื.
00:28
And a coordination cost is essentially all of the financial
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ื•ืขืœื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื” ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื
00:32
or institutional difficulties in arranging group output.
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ืื• ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืชืคื•ืงื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช.
00:36
And we've had a classic answer for coordination costs,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืœืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ื,
00:39
which is, if you want to coordinate the work of a group of people,
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ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื,
00:42
you start an institution, right? You raise some resources.
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ืื– ืืชื” ืžืงื™ื ืžื•ืกื“, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ? ืืชื” ืžื’ื™ื™ืก ืงืฆืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
00:44
You found something. It can be private or public.
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ืืชื” ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืžืฉื”ื•. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ืื• ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
00:47
It can be for profit or not profit. It can be large or small.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื˜ืจืช ืจื•ื•ื— ืื• ืœื ืœืžื˜ืจืช ืจื•ื•ื—. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ืงื˜ืŸ.
00:50
But you get these resources together.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืžืฆืจืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
00:52
You found an institution, and you use the institution
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ืืชื” ืžืงื™ื ืžื•ืกื“, ื•ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“
00:55
to coordinate the activities of the group.
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ืœืชืื ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
00:57
More recently, because the cost of letting groups
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช
01:01
communicate with each other has fallen through the floor --
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ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฆื ื— ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืฆืคื” --
01:04
and communication costs are one of the big
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ื•ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืŸ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
01:06
inputs to coordination -- there has been a second answer,
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ืœืชื™ืื•ื -- ื™ืฉื ื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
01:10
which is to put the cooperation into the infrastructure,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช,
01:14
to design systems that coordinate the output
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ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืงื”
01:17
of the group as a by-product of the operating of the system,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
01:20
without regard to institutional models.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื.
01:23
So, that's what I want to talk about today.
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ืื– ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:25
I'm going to illustrate it with some fairly concrete examples,
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ืื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ืขื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™,
01:27
but always pointing to the broader themes.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”.
01:31
So, I'm going to start by trying to answer a question
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ืื– ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื”
01:33
that I know each of you will have asked yourself at some point or other,
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ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ
01:35
and which the Internet is purpose-built to answer,
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ื•ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”,
01:37
which is, where can I get a picture of a roller-skating mermaid?
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ื•ื”ื™ื, ืื™ืคื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื•ืœืช ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ืœื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ?
01:41
So, in New York City, on the first Saturday of every summer,
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ืื– ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืงื™ืฅ,
01:45
Coney Island, our local, charmingly run-down amusement park,
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ืื™ ืงื•ื ื™, ืคืืจืง ื”ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืกื™ื,
01:48
hosts the Mermaid Parade. It's an amateur parade;
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ืžืืจื— ืืช ืžืฆืขื“ ื‘ืชื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื. ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆืขื“ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™,
01:51
people come from all over the city; people get all dressed up.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช.
01:54
Some people get less dressed up.
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ื—ืœืงื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช.
01:56
Young and old, dancing in the streets.
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ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
01:59
Colorful characters, and a good time is had by all.
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื ื”ื ื™ื.
02:02
And what I want to call your attention to is not the Mermaid Parade itself,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืœื™ื• ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื›ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฆืขื“ ื‘ืชื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื•,
02:04
charming though it is, but rather to these photos.
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ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงืกื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ืืœื ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
02:07
I didn't take them. How did I get them?
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืื•ืชื. ืื™ืš ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื ?
02:10
And the answer is: I got them from Flickr.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื : ืžืฆืืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืคืœื™ืงืจ.
02:12
Flickr is a photo-sharing service
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ืคืœื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
02:15
that allows people to take photos, upload them,
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืจืฉืช,
02:17
share them over the Web and so forth.
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ืœืฉืชืฃ ื‘ื”ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
02:18
Recently, Flickr has added an additional function called tagging.
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืคืœื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื ืงืจื ืชื™ื•ื’.
02:22
Tagging was pioneered by Delicious and Joshua Schachter.
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ืืช ื”ืชื™ื•ื’ ื™ื–ืžื• Del.icio.us ื•ื’'ื•ืฉื•ืข ืฉื›ื˜ืจ.
02:25
Delicious is a social bookmarking service.
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Del.icio.us ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื•ืช ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืืชืจื™ื (bookmarking) ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
02:27
Tagging is a cooperative infrastructure answer to classification.
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ืชื™ื•ื’ ื”ื•ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืกื™ื•ื•ื’.
02:32
Right? If I had given this talk last year,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ? ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืจืฆืื” ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
02:35
I couldn't do what I just did,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ืขืฉื™ืชื™,
02:37
because I couldn't have found those photos.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืŸ.
02:39
But instead of saying,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“,
02:41
we need to hire a professional class of librarians
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืกืคืจื ื™ื ืžืžืขืžื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™
02:43
to organize these photos once they're uploaded,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื• ืœืจืฉืช,
02:45
Flickr simply turned over to the users
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ืคืœื™ืงืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
02:48
the ability to characterize the photos.
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ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
02:50
So, I was able to go in and draw down photos that had been tagged
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ื™ื’ื•
02:53
"Mermaid Parade." There were 3,100 photos taken by 118 photographers,
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ื› "ืžืฆืขื“ ื‘ืชื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื". ื”ื™ื• 3,100 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ 118 ืฆืœืžื™ื,
02:59
all aggregated and then put under this nice, neat name,
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆื•ืช ื•ืื– ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
03:02
shown in reverse chronological order.
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ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืคื•ืš.
03:04
And I was then able to go and retrieve them
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื
03:06
to give you that little slideshow.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:08
Now, what hard problem is being solved here?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื™ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื ืคืชืจืช ื›ืืŸ ?
03:11
And it's -- in the most schematic possible view,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืกื›ื™ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
03:13
it's a coordination problem, right?
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ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ?
03:15
There are a large number of people on the Internet,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื˜,
03:17
a very small fraction of them have photos of the Mermaid Parade.
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ืœื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืžืฆืขื“ ื‘ืชื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื.
03:21
How do we get those people together to contribute that work?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•?
03:25
The classic answer is to form an institution, right?
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื•ืกื“, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ?
03:28
To draw those people into some prearranged structure
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ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœืชื•ืš ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ
03:32
that has explicit goals.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช.
03:34
And I want to call your attention to
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืกื‘ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื›ื
03:36
some of the side effects of going the institutional route.
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ืœื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช.
03:41
First of all, when you form an institution,
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืงื™ื ืžื•ืกื“,
03:43
you take on a management problem, right?
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ืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืš ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ?
03:45
No good just hiring employees,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืจืง ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
03:47
you also have to hire other employees to manage those employees
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ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
03:50
and to enforce the goals of the institution and so forth.
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ื•ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
03:53
Secondly, you have to bring structure into place.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืžื‘ื ื”.
03:56
Right? You have to have economic structure.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
03:58
You have to have legal structure.
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ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™.
04:00
You have to have physical structure.
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ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื‘ื ื” ืคื™ื–ื™.
04:01
And that creates additional costs.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
04:04
Third, forming an institution is inherently exclusionary.
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ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืงืžืช ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืคืจื™ื“ื”.
04:08
You notice we haven't got everybody who has a photo.
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ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชืžื•ื ื”.
04:12
You can't hire everyone in a company, right?
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:15
You can't recruit everyone into a governmental organization.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™.
04:18
You have to exclude some people.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
04:20
And fourth, as a result of that exclusion,
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ื–ื•,
04:22
you end up with a professional class. Look at the change here.
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ืืชื ื’ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื ืžืขืžื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™. ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืืŸ.
04:26
We've gone from people with photos to photographers.
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ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฆืœืžื™ื.
04:29
Right? We've created a professional class of photographers
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ? ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืขืžื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืœืžื™ื
04:33
whose goal is to go out and photograph the Mermaid Parade,
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ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื ื”ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœืฆืœื ืืช ืžืฆืขื“ ื‘ืชื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื
04:35
or whatever else they're sent out to photograph.
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ืื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืœืฆืœื.
04:40
When you build cooperation into the infrastructure,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช,
04:43
which is the Flickr answer,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืคืœื™ืงืจ,
04:46
you can leave the people where they are
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื
04:48
and you take the problem to the individuals, rather than
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ื•ืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื
04:52
moving the individuals to the problem.
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ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื”
04:53
You arrange the coordination in the group, and by doing that
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ืืชื” ืžืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš
05:00
you get the same outcome, without the institutional difficulties.
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ืืชื” ืžืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœืœื ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื.
05:04
You lose the institutional imperative.
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ืืชื” ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช.
05:06
You lose the right to shape people's work when it's volunteer effort,
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ืืชื” ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื”ื• ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื™,
05:09
but you also shed the institutional cost,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืžืฉื™ืจ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช,
05:12
which gives you greater flexibility.
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ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:14
What Flickr does is it replaces planning with coordination.
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ืžื” ืฉืคืœื™ืงืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื.
05:19
And this is a general aspect of these cooperative systems.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืœื•.
05:22
Right. You'll have experienced this in your life
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื›ื
05:25
whenever you bought your first mobile phone,
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ืžืชื™ ืฉืงื ื™ืชื ืืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื,
05:27
and you stopped making plans.
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ื•ื”ืคืกืงืชื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช.
05:29
You just said, "I'll call you when I get there."
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืžืจืชื, ืืชืงืฉืจ ืืœื™ืš ื›ืฉืื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื.
05:31
"Call me when you get off work." Right?
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ืชืชืงืฉืจ ืืœื™ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืกื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:33
That is a point-to-point replacement of coordination with planning.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื—ืœืคื” ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ (ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช) ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืœื ืงื•ื“ื”.
05:38
Right. We're now able to do that kind of thing with groups.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
05:42
To say instead of, we must make an advance plan,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืจืืฉ,
05:45
we must have a five-year projection
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
05:46
of where the Wikipedia is going to be, or whatever,
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
05:49
you can just say, let's coordinate the group effort,
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื•ื ื ืชืื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™,
05:52
and let's deal with it as we go,
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ื•ื ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื,
05:54
because we're now well-enough coordinated
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืขืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
05:55
that we don't have to take on the problems of deciding in advance what to do.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžืจืืฉ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
06:00
So here's another example. This one's somewhat more somber.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื•ืกืคืช.
06:03
These are photos on Flickr tagged "Iraq."
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ื™ืฉื ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคืœื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืชื•ื™ื’ื•ืช "ืขื™ืจืืง."
06:09
And everything that was hard about the coordination cost
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ื
06:12
with the Mermaid Parade is even harder here.
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ืขื ืžืฆืขื“ ื‘ืชื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”.
06:15
There are more pictures. There are more photographers.
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ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืœืžื™ื.
06:18
It's taken over a wider geographic area.
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ื–ื” ื ืœืงื— ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื‘.
06:22
The photos are spread out over a longer period of time.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:24
And worst of all, that figure at the bottom,
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ื•ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืœ, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช,
06:28
approximately ten photos per photographer, is a lie.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฉืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืฆืœื, ื”ื•ื ืฉืงืจ.
06:32
It's mathematically true,
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช,
06:34
but it doesn't really talk about anything important --
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
06:36
because in these systems, the average isn't really what matters.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืื™ื ื• ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘.
06:41
What matters is this.
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ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”.
06:43
This is a graph of photographs tagged Iraq
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ื–ื”ื• ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ื™ื’ื•ืช ืขื™ืจืืง
06:48
as taken by the 529 photographers who contributed the 5,445 photos.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ 529 ืฆืœืžื™ื ืฉืชืจืžื• 5,445 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
06:54
And it's ranked in order of number of photos taken per photographer.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื“ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืœืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืฆืœื.
06:59
You can see here, over at the end,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืงืฆื”,
07:01
our most prolific photographer has taken around 350 photos,
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ื”ืฆืœื ื”ืคื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืฆืœื ื‘ืขืจืš 350 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
07:05
and you can see there's a few people who have taken hundreds of photos.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืฆื™ืœืžื• ืžืื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
07:09
Then there's dozens of people who've taken dozens of photos.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆื™ืœืžื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
07:12
And by the time we get around here,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ืืŸ,
07:14
we get ten or fewer photos, and then there's this long, flat tail.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื ื‘ ื”ืืจื•ืš, ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื”ื–ื”.
07:18
And by the time you get to the middle,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืจื›ื–,
07:20
you've got hundreds of people
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื
07:22
who have contributed only one photo each.
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ืฉืชืจืžื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“.
07:25
This is called a power-law distribution.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื—ื•ืง-ื—ื–ืงื”.
07:27
It appears often in unconstrained social systems
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžืจื•ืกื ื•ืช
07:32
where people are allowed to contribute as much or as little as they like --
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ื›ืฉืžืจืฉื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื,
07:36
this is often what you get. Right?
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:38
The math behind the power-law distribution is that whatever's in the nth position
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ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื—ื•ืง-ื—ื–ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื” Nื™
07:42
is doing about one-nth of whatever's being measured,
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ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืขืจืš 1 ืœื—ืœืง ื‘N ืžืžื” ืฉื ืžื“ื“,
07:45
relative to the person in the first position.
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
07:47
So, we'd expect the tenth most prolific photographer
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื”ืฆืœื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืคื•ืจื”
07:49
to have contributed about a tenth of the photos,
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ื™ืชืจื•ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
07:52
and the hundredth most prolific photographer
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื ื”ืžืื” ื”ื›ื™ ืคื•ืจื”
07:54
to have contributed only about a hundred as many photos
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ื™ืชืจื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืื™ืช ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
07:57
as the most prolific photographer did.
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ืฉื”ืฆืœื ื”ื›ื™ ืคื•ืจื” ืชืจื.
07:59
So, the head of the curve can be sharper or flatter.
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ืื– ืจืืฉ ื”ืขืงื•ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:03
But that basic math accounts both for the steep slope
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืžืชืืจืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ื”ื—ื“
08:05
and for the long, flat tail.
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ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ื–ื ื‘ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื•ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื—.
08:07
And curiously, in these systems, as they grow larger,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข, ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ืœื•ืช,
08:10
the systems don't converge; they diverge more.
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื ืžืชื›ื ืกื•ืช, ื”ื ืžืชื‘ื“ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:14
In bigger systems, the head gets bigger
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืจืืฉ ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:15
and the tail gets longer, so the imbalance increases.
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ื•ื”ื–ื ื‘ ื ื”ื™ื” ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ืœ.
08:21
You can see the curve is obviously heavily left-weighted. Here's how heavily:
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืขืงื•ื ืžืžื•ืจื›ื– ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ. ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื—ื–ืง.
08:25
if you take the top 10 percent of photographers contributing to this system,
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ืื ืชืงื—ื• ืืช ื” 10% ื”ืฆืœืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืชื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•,
08:29
they account for three quarters of the photos taken --
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ื”ื ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœ ยพ ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• --
08:33
just the top 10 percent most prolific photographers.
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ืจืง 10% ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืฆืœืžื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:36
If you go down to five percent,
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ืื ืชืœื›ื• ืขื“ ื” 5%,
08:38
you're still accounting for 60 percent of the photos.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืงื‘ืœื• 60% ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
08:41
If you go down to one percent, exclude 99 percent of the group effort,
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ืื ืชืœื›ื• ืœืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“, ืชื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ 99% ืžื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™,
08:47
you're still accounting for almost a quarter of the photos.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื›ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
08:50
And because of this left weighting,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื•ื– ืฉืžืืœื”,
08:52
the average is actually here, way to the left.
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ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืจื—ืง ืœืฉืžืืœ.
08:57
And that sounds strange to our ears,
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœืื•ื–ื ื™ื ื•,
08:59
but what ends up happening is that 80 percent of the contributors
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉ 80% ืžื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื
09:02
have contributed a below-average amount.
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ืชืจืžื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืžื•ืฆืข.
09:05
That sounds strange because we expect average and middle
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉืžืžื•ืฆืข ื•ืืžืฆืข
09:07
to be about the same, but they're not at all.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื.
09:10
This is the math underlying the 80/20 rule. Right?
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ื–ื• ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœื—ื•ืง ื”80/20. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ?
09:14
Whenever you hear anybody talking about the 80/20 rule,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”80/20,
09:16
this is what's going on. Right?
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ?
09:18
20 percent of the merchandise accounts for 80 percent of the revenue,
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20% ืžื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœ 80% ืžื”ืจื•ื•ื—,
09:22
20 percent of the users use 80 percent of the resources --
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20% ืžื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื 80% ืžื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื --
09:24
this is the shape people are talking about when that happens.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืœื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
09:29
Institutions only have two tools: carrots and sticks.
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ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœื™ื: ื’ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืงืœื•ืช.
09:32
And the 80 percent zone is a no-carrot and no-stick zone.
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ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ื”80% ื”ื•ื ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื-ื’ื–ืจ ื•ืœื-ืžืงืœ.
09:36
The costs of running the institution mean that you cannot
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ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื•ืกื“ ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ
09:45
take on the work of those people easily in an institutional frame.
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ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช.
09:48
The institutional model always pushes leftwards,
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืฉืžืืœื”,
09:52
treating these people as employees.
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ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ื›ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื.
09:54
The institutional response is,
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื,
09:55
I can get 75 percent of the value for 10 percent of the hires -- great,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ 75 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืขืจืš ื‘10 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื”ืขืกืงื•ืช -- ื ื”ื“ืจ.
10:00
that's what I'll do.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืขืฉื”.
10:02
The cooperative infrastructure model says,
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ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื•ืžืจ,
10:04
why do you want to give up a quarter of the value?
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ืœืžื” ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืขืจืš?
10:07
If your system is designed
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ืื ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœืš ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช
10:09
so that you have to give up a quarter of the value,
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ื›ืš ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืขืจืš,
10:12
re-engineer the system.
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ืื– ืชืชื›ื ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
10:15
Don't take on the cost that prevents you
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ืืœ ืชืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืžืš
10:17
from getting to the contributions of these people.
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
10:19
Build the system so that anybody can contribute at any amount.
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ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช.
10:24
So the coordination response asks not,
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ืื– ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ืฉื•ืืœืช ืœื,
10:30
how are these people as employees, but rather,
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ืื™ืš ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื, ืืœื,
10:33
what is their contribution like? Right?
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ืื™ืš ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื? ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:35
We have over here Psycho Milt, a Flickr user,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืคืกื™ื›ื• ืžื™ืœื˜, ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืคืœื™ืงืจ ืื—ื“,
10:38
who has contributed one, and only one, photo titled "Iraq."
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ืฉืชืจื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ื•ืจืง ืื—ืช ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื” "ืขื™ืจืืง."
10:43
And here's the photo. Right. Labeled, "Bad Day at Work."
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืžืชื•ื™ื’ืช, "ื™ื•ื ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”."
10:47
Right? So the question is,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื,
10:50
do you want that photo? Yes or no.
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•? ื›ืŸ ืื• ืœื.
10:53
The question is not, is Psycho Milt a good employee?
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœื, ืื ืคืกื™ื›ื• ืžื™ืœื˜ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืขืกืง ื˜ื•ื‘?
10:57
And the tension here is between institution as enabler
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ื•ื”ืžืชื— ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื›ืžืืคืฉืจ
11:02
and institution as obstacle.
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื›ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ.
11:04
When you're dealing with the left-hand edge
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืงืฆื” ืฉืžืืœื™
11:06
of one of these distributions,
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ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
11:08
when you're dealing with the people who spend a lot of time
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ
11:10
producing a lot of the material you want,
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ื‘ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื”,
11:12
that's an institution-as-enabler world.
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ื–ื”ื• ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืžืืคืฉืจ.
11:14
You can hire those people as employees, you can coordinate their work
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืœืชืื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื
11:17
and you can get some output.
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืคื•ืงื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
11:19
But when you're down here, where the Psycho Milts of the world
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ืคื” ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื›ื• ืžื™ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
11:21
are adding one photo at a time,
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ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื,
11:24
that's institution as obstacle.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืกื“ ื›ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ.
11:27
Institutions hate being told they're obstacles.
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ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืฉื”ื ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื.
11:31
One of the first things that happens
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื
11:33
when you institutionalize a problem
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืžืกื“ ื‘ืขื™ื”
11:35
is that the first goal of the institution
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“
11:39
immediately shifts from whatever the nominal goal was
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ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืžื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช
11:41
to self-preservation.
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ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™.
11:43
And the actual goal of the institution goes to two through n.
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ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืž2 ื•ืขื“ N.
11:47
Right? So, when institutions are told they are obstacles,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืื– ื›ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื,
11:50
and that there are other ways of coordinating the value,
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ื•ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœืชืื ืขืจืš,
11:52
they go through something a little bit like the Kubler-Ross stages --
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ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืงืฆืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืœื‘ื™ ืงื•ื‘ืœืจ-ืจื•ืก --
11:57
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:58
-- of reaction, being told you have a fatal illness:
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-- ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืฉืžื‘ืฉืจื™ื ืœืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžื—ืœื” ืกื•ืคื ื™ืช:
12:00
denial, anger, bargaining, acceptance.
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ื”ื›ื—ืฉื”, ื›ืขืก, ื”ืชืžืงื—ื•ืช, ืงื‘ืœื”.
12:04
Most of the cooperative systems we've seen
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ืจื•ื‘ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื•
12:06
haven't been around long enough
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ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ
12:07
to have gotten to the acceptance phase.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”.
12:10
Many, many institutions are still in denial,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ื—ืฉื”,
12:12
but we're seeing recently a lot of both anger and bargaining.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืขืก ื•ื”ืชืžืงื—ื•ืช.
12:17
There's a wonderful, small example going on right now.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžื•ืคืœืื” ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
12:19
In France, a bus company is suing people for forming a carpool,
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ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืจื›ื‘ (carpool),
12:24
right, because the fact that they have coordinated
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ืชื™ืืžื•
12:27
themselves to create cooperative value is depriving them of revenue.
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ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื’ื•ืจืขืช ืžื”ื ืจื•ื•ื—.
12:33
You can follow this in the Guardian.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืจื“ื™ืืŸ.
12:34
It's actually quite entertaining.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื“ืจ.
12:38
The bigger question is,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื,
12:40
what do you do about the value down here?
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ืžื” ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื ื”ืขืจืš ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”?
12:43
Right? How do you capture that?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžืžืฆื” ืื•ืชื•?
12:46
And institutions, as I've said, are prevented from capturing that.
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ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ืžืœืžืฆื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
12:50
Steve Ballmer, now CEO of Microsoft,
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ื‘ืืœืžืจ, ื›ืขืช ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜,
12:52
was criticizing Linux a couple of years ago, and he said,
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ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
12:54
"Oh, this business of thousands of programmers
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ืื•ื”, ื”ืขืกืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื
12:56
contributing to Linux, this is a myth.
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ื”ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก, ื–ื• ืื’ื“ื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
12:58
We've looked at who's contributed to Linux,
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ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืžื™ ืœืงื— ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก,
13:01
and most of the patches have been produced by programmers
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื˜ืœืื™ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” (patches) ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื
13:04
who've only done one thing." Right?
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ืฉืขืฉื• ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
13:08
You can hear this distribution under that complaint.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืœื•ื ื” ื”ื”ื™ื.
13:12
And you can see why, from Ballmer's point of view,
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข, ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืœืžืจ,
13:14
that's a bad idea, right?
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ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ?
13:15
We hired this programmer, he came in, he drank our Cokes
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ืฉื›ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ื ืช ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก, ืฉืชื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
13:18
and played Foosball for three years and he had one idea.
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ืฉื™ื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“.
13:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:21
Right? Bad hire. Right?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื”ืขืกืงื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
13:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:26
The Psycho Milt question is, was it a good idea?
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ืฉืืœืช ืคืกื™ื›ื• ืžื™ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘?
13:31
What if it was a security patch?
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ืžื” ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืœืื™ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ?
13:33
What if it was a security patch for a buffer overflow exploit,
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ืžื” ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืœืื™ ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื ื’ื“ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื’ืœื™ืฉืช ื‘ืืคืจ,
13:37
of which Windows has not some, [but] several?
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ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืก ื™ืฉ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืืœื ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื”?
13:39
Do you want that patch, right?
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืื™ ื”ื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
13:43
The fact that a single programmer can,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžืชื›ื ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ,
13:45
without having to move into a professional relation
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“
13:48
to an institution, improve Linux once
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ืขื ืžื•ืกื“, ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก ืคืขื ืื—ืช
13:51
and never be seen from again, should terrify Ballmer.
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ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘, ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื‘ืืœืžืจ.
13:55
Because this kind of value is unreachable in classic
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ืื™ื ื• ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช
13:59
institutional frameworks, but is part of cooperative
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ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื•ืช ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช
14:01
systems of open-source software, of file sharing,
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ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื—, ืื• ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื,
14:04
of the Wikipedia. I've used a lot of examples from Flickr,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”. ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืคืœื™ืงืจ,
14:07
but there are actually stories about this from all over.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉื ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจ.
14:10
Meetup, a service founded so that users could find people
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ืžื™ื˜ืืค (Meetup), ืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื
14:13
in their local area who share their interests and affinities
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืชื ืืช ืื•ืชื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
14:15
and actually have a real-world meeting offline in a cafe
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ื•ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืงืคื”
14:19
or a pub or what have you.
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ืื• ืคืื‘ ืื• ืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื•.
14:21
When Scott Heiferman founded Meetup,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืกืงื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืคืจืžืŸ ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืžื™ื˜ืืค,
14:23
he thought it would be used for, you know,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฉืžืฉ ืืช, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
14:25
train spotters and cat fanciers -- classic affinity groups.
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ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื -- ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงืจื‘ื” ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช.
14:27
The inventors don't know what the invention is.
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ื”ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ื”ืžืฆืื”.
14:30
Number one group on Meetup right now,
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช ื‘ืžื™ื˜ืืค ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
14:32
most chapters in most cities with most members, most active?
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ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื›ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื”?
14:35
Stay-at-home moms. Right?
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ืืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
14:37
In the suburbanized, dual-income United States,
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื›ืคื•ืœื”,
14:40
stay-at-home moms are actually missing
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ืืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืคืกื™ื“ื•ืช
14:43
the social infrastructure that comes from extended family
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ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉื‘ืื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช
14:46
and local, small-scale neighborhoods.
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ื•ืžืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
14:49
So they're reinventing it, using these tools.
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ืื– ื”ืŸ ืžืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื•.
14:52
Meetup is the platform,
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ืžื™ื˜ืืค ื–ื” ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื”,
14:53
but the value here is in social infrastructure.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืจืš ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
14:56
If you want to know what technology is going to change the world,
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ื–ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
14:59
don't pay attention to 13-year-old boys --
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ืืœ ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 13 --
15:01
pay attention to young mothers,
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืืžื”ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช,
15:03
because they have got not an ounce of support for technology
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืงืžืฆื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
15:06
that doesn't materially make their lives better.
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ืฉืœื ืชืฉืคืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ.
15:09
This is so much more important than Xbox,
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืืงืก ื‘ื•ืงืก (Xbox),
15:11
but it's a lot less glitzy.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืฅ.
15:13
I think this is a revolution.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื”.
15:15
I think that this is a really profound change
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืžื•ืง
15:18
in the way human affairs are arranged.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื.
15:19
And I use that word advisedly.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื–ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.
15:21
It's a revolution in that it's a change in equilibrium.
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ื–ื• ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ.
15:24
It's a whole new way of doing things, which includes new downsides.
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ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
15:30
In the United States right now, a woman named Judith Miller
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืจื’ืข, ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื’'ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื™ืœืจ
15:33
is in jail for not having given to a Federal Grand Jury her sources --
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ืขืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœื ืขืœ ืฉืœื ื—ืฉืคื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืคื“ืจืืœื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” --
15:38
she's a reporter for the New York Times --
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก --
15:39
her sources, in a very abstract and hard-to-follow case.
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ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืชื™ืง ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืžืขืงื‘.
15:42
And journalists are in the street rallying to improve the shield laws.
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ื•ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื—ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื™ื.
15:45
The shield laws are our laws -- pretty much a patchwork of state laws --
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ื—ื•ืงื™ ื—ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื• -- ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืขืฉื” ื˜ืœืื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” --
15:49
that prevent a journalist from having to betray a source.
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ืฉืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™.
15:52
This is happening, however, against the background
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืขืœ ืจืงืข
15:55
of the rise of Web logging.
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ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื.
15:57
Web logging is a classic example of mass amateurization.
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ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช.
16:01
It has de-professionalized publishing.
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืืช ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ืœืœื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.
16:03
Want to publish globally anything you think today?
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ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืคืจืกื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื?
16:06
It is a one-button operation that you can do for free.
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ื–ื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
16:10
That has sent the professional class of publishing down
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”
16:14
into the ranks of mass amateurization.
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ืœืชื•ืš ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช.
16:17
And so the shield law, as much as we want it --
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื—ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื, ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื• --
16:21
we want a professional class of truth-tellers --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืขืžื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™-ืืžืช --
16:23
it is becoming increasingly incoherent, because
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ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืขืงื‘ื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
16:26
the institution is becoming incoherent.
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ืฉื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืขืงื‘ื™.
16:28
There are people in the States right now
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ื›ืขืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื ืื ืฉื™ื
16:30
tying themselves into knots, trying to figure out
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ืฉืžืกืชื‘ื›ื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
16:33
whether or not bloggers are journalists.
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ื”ืื ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืื• ืœื.
16:35
And the answer to that question is,
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื,
16:37
it doesn't matter, because that's not the right question.
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื”, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ืœื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
16:40
Journalism was an answer to an even more important question,
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ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
16:44
which is, how will society be informed?
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ืฉื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื“ืขืช?
16:46
How will they share ideas and opinions?
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ืื™ืš ื™ืฉืชืคื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ืขื•ืช?
16:49
And if there is an answer to that that happens outside
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืงื•ืจื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ
16:52
the professional framework of journalism,
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ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื•ืช,
16:54
it makes no sense to take a professional metaphor
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช
16:58
and apply it to this distributed class.
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ื•ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžืคื•ื–ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
17:02
So as much as we want the shield laws,
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ืื– ืขื ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื—ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื,
17:04
the background -- the institution to which they were attached --
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ื”ืจืงืข -- ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื
17:08
is becoming incoherent.
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ื ื”ื™ื™ื” ืœื ืขืงื‘ื™.
17:10
Here's another example.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื•ืกืคืช.
17:12
Pro-ana, the pro-ana groups.
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ืคืจื•-ืื ื”, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคืจื•-ืื ื”.
17:14
These are groups of teenage girls
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืขืจื•ืช ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
17:16
who have taken on Web logs, bulletin boards,
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ืฉืžืคืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
17:19
other kinds of cooperative infrastructure,
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ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
17:21
and have used it to set up support groups for
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื”
17:23
remaining anorexic by choice.
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ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
17:25
They post pictures of thin models, which they call "thinspiration."
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ื”ื ืžืคืจืกืžื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืจื–ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืŸ ืงื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืจื–ื” (Thinspiration).
17:28
They have little slogans, like "Salvation through Starvation."
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกืœื•ื’ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื“ืจืš ืจืขื‘,
17:31
They even have Lance Armstrong-style bracelets,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืฆืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœืื ืก ืืจืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’,
17:33
these red bracelets, which signify, in the small group,
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ื”ืฆืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉืžืกืžืœื™ื, ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื”,
17:36
I am trying to maintain my eating disorder.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื™.
17:39
They trade tips, like, if you feel like eating something,
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ื”ืŸ ืžื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื™ื, ื›ืžื•, ืื ืžืชื—ืฉืง ืœืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืฉื”ื•,
17:41
clean a toilet or the litter box. The feeling will pass.
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ืชื ืงื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืื• ืืช ืคื— ื”ืืฉืคื”. ื”ื—ืฉืง ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ.
17:46
We're used to support groups being beneficial.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช
17:49
We have an attitude that support groups are inherently beneficial.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
17:52
But it turns out that the logic of the support group is value neutral.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืืœื™ ื‘ืขืจื›ื•.
17:56
A support group is simply a small group that wants to maintain
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื–ื” ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžืจ
18:00
a way of living in the context of a larger group.
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ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
18:03
Now, when the larger group is a bunch of drunks,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื,
18:05
and the small group wants to stay sober, then we think,
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ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืคื™ื›ื—ื™ื, ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
18:07
that's a great support group.
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ืฉื–ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช.
18:09
But when the small group is teenage girls
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื–ื” ื ืขืจื•ืช
18:11
who want to stay anorexic by choice, then we're horrified.
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ืฉืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืขืชื™ื.
18:15
What's happened is that the normative goals
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
18:18
of the support groups that we're used to,
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ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื™ื”ืŸ
18:20
came from the institutions that were framing them,
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ื‘ืื• ืžืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœื”ื,
18:23
and not from the infrastructure.
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ื•ืœื ืžื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช.
18:24
Once the infrastructure becomes generically available,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื ืจื™,
18:28
the logic of the support group has been revealed to be
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ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื”
18:30
accessible to anyone, including people pursuing these kinds of goals.
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ื›ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื•ืœื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”.
18:35
So, there are significant downsides to these changes
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
18:37
as well as upsides. And of course, in the current environment,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช,
18:40
one need allude only lightly to the work of non-state actors
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืœื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื
18:45
trying to influence global affairs, and taking advantage of these.
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ื”ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ืงื™ ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืช ืืœื•.
18:48
This is a social map of the hijackers and their associates
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืคื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื”ื
18:51
who perpetrated the 9/11 attack.
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ืฉื‘ืฆืขื• ืืช ื”ืชืงืคืช ื”11/9.
18:55
It was produced by analyzing their communications patterns
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœื”ื
18:59
using a lot of these tools. And doubtless the intelligence communities of the world
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•. ื•ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
19:02
are doing the same work today for the attacks of last week.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ
19:06
Now, this is the part of the talk where I tell you
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื
19:08
what's going to come as a result of all of this,
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ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”,
19:10
but I'm running out of time, which is good,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื’ืžืจ ืœื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืฉื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘,
19:13
because I don't know.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข.
19:15
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
19:17
Right. As with the printing press, if it's really a revolution,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก, ืื ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื”,
19:21
it doesn't take us from Point A to Point B.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” A ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” B.
19:23
It takes us from Point A to chaos.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” A ืœื›ืื•ืก.
19:26
The printing press precipitated 200 years of chaos,
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ืžื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœ200 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืื•ืก,
19:31
moving from a world where the Catholic Church
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช
19:33
was the sort of organizing political force to the Treaty of Westphalia,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืืจื’ืŸ ืœื”ืกื›ื ื•ื•ืกื˜ืคืืœื™ื”,
19:37
when we finally knew what the new unit was: the nation state.
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ื›ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”: ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืœืื•ื.
19:40
Now, I'm not predicting 200 years of chaos as a result of this. 50.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืื•ืก ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš. 50.
19:45
50 years in which loosely coordinated groups
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50 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืžื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจื•ืคืคืช
19:49
are going to be given increasingly high leverage,
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ื™ืžื•ื ืคื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ,
19:52
and the more those groups forego traditional institutional imperatives --
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื•ื•ืชืจื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช --
19:56
like deciding in advance what's going to happen,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžืจืืฉ ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”,
19:59
or the profit motive -- the more leverage they'll get.
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ืื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— -- ื›ืš ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืžื™ื ื•ืฃ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
20:02
And institutions are going to come under
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ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืช
20:04
an increasing degree of pressure,
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ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ,
20:06
and the more rigidly managed, and the more they rely
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืœื• ื‘ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ
20:08
on information monopolies, the greater the pressure is going to be.
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ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ ืžื™ื“ืข, ื›ืš ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
20:12
And that's going to happen one arena at a time,
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื,
20:14
one institution at a time. The forces are general,
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ืžื•ืกื“ ืื—ื“ ื›ืœ ืคืขื. ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื,
20:17
but the results are going to be specific.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช.
20:19
And so the point here is not,
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ืื– ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื,
20:21
"This is wonderful," or "We're going to see a transition
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"ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ," ืื• "ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืจืื” ืžืขื‘ืจ
20:24
from only institutions to only cooperative framework."
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ืžืจืง ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœืจืง ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”."
20:27
It's going to be much more complicated than that.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืžื–ื”.
20:29
But the point is that it's going to be a massive readjustment.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช.
20:32
And since we can see it in advance and know it's coming,
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžืจืืฉ ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื,
20:34
my argument is essentially: we might as well get good at it.
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ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”.
20:37
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
20:39
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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