Clay Shirky: Institutions vs. collaboration

116,318 views ใƒป 2008-07-14

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Nakho Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Mi Sun Cho
00:12
How do groups get anything done? Right?
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์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋‚ผ๊นŒ์š”? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ.
00:15
How do you organize a group of individuals
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๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์งํ•ด์•ผ
00:17
so that the output of the group
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์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด
00:19
is something coherent and of lasting value,
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์ผ์„ฑ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ง€์†์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”.
00:21
instead of just being chaos?
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ˜ผ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ .
00:23
And the economic framing of that problem
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‹€์ง“๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๊ฐ€
00:26
is called coordination costs.
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'์กฐ์ • ๋น„์šฉ'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
And a coordination cost is essentially all of the financial
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์กฐ์ • ๋น„์šฉ์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
00:32
or institutional difficulties in arranging group output.
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์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์„ ์กฐ์œจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์ œ๋„์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
And we've had a classic answer for coordination costs,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์กฐ์ • ๋น„์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ๋‹ต์•ˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
which is, if you want to coordinate the work of a group of people,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ž‘์—… ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:42
you start an institution, right? You raise some resources.
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์ œ๋„ํ™”๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ ? ์šฐ์„  ์ž์›์„ ๋ชจ์๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
You found something. It can be private or public.
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์˜์ผ์ˆ˜๋„ ๊ณต์˜์ผ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:47
It can be for profit or not profit. It can be large or small.
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์˜๋ฆฌ์ผ์ˆ˜๋„ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ˜•์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์†Œํ˜•์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ .
00:50
But you get these resources together.
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์—ฌํ•˜ํŠผ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž์›๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
You found an institution, and you use the institution
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๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ›„, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
00:55
to coordinate the activities of the group.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
More recently, because the cost of letting groups
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ข€ ๋” ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š”,
01:01
communicate with each other has fallen through the floor --
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์ง‘๋‹จ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์†Œํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์„ ์ณค๊ณ 
01:04
and communication costs are one of the big
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๊ทธ ์†Œํ†ต๋น„์šฉ์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์›๋ž˜ ์กฐ์ •์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ
01:06
inputs to coordination -- there has been a second answer,
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๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๋งŒํผ, ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹ต์•ˆ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
which is to put the cooperation into the infrastructure,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ˜‘๋™๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ž์ฒด์— ์‹ฌ์–ด ๋„ฃ์–ด
01:14
to design systems that coordinate the output
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์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์„ ์กฐ์ •์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
of the group as a by-product of the operating of the system,
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์šด์šฉ์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ
01:20
without regard to institutional models.
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์ œ๋„ํ™”๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์—†์ด๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:23
So, that's what I want to talk about today.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
I'm going to illustrate it with some fairly concrete examples,
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฝค ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
but always pointing to the broader themes.
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๋™์‹œ์— ๋” ํญ๋„“์€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:31
So, I'm going to start by trying to answer a question
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์šฐ์„  ์–ด๋–ค ์งˆ๋ฌธ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
01:33
that I know each of you will have asked yourself at some point or other,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ์–ธ์ œ์ฏค์ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋ณธ ์  ์žˆ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
and which the Internet is purpose-built to answer,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:37
which is, where can I get a picture of a roller-skating mermaid?
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๋ญ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด... ์–ด๋””๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๋กค๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ผ€์ดํŠธ ํƒ€๋Š” ์ธ์–ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:41
So, in New York City, on the first Saturday of every summer,
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๋‰ด์š•์‹œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ฒ ์˜ ์ฒซ ํ† ์š”์ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค
01:45
Coney Island, our local, charmingly run-down amusement park,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋™๋„ค์˜ ์ •๊ฐ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ›„์ค„๊ทผํ•œ ์œ ์›์ง€ ์ฝ”๋‹ˆ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ
01:48
hosts the Mermaid Parade. It's an amateur parade;
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์ธ์–ด ํผ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด ํผ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์ฃ .
01:51
people come from all over the city; people get all dressed up.
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์˜จ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐ์–‘๊ฐ์ƒ‰์˜ ๋ณต์žฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ค์ฃ .
01:54
Some people get less dressed up.
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๋ญ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ณต์žฅ์„ ์ข€ ๋œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
Young and old, dancing in the streets.
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๋‚จ๋…€๋…ธ์†Œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ถค์„ ์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
Colorful characters, and a good time is had by all.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ข‹์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ฃ .
02:02
And what I want to call your attention to is not the Mermaid Parade itself,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ์–ด ํผ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
02:04
charming though it is, but rather to these photos.
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์•„๋‹ˆ ๋ญ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ด๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
I didn't take them. How did I get them?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์–ป์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:10
And the answer is: I got them from Flickr.
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ํ•ด๋‹ต์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ... Flickr์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
Flickr is a photo-sharing service
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Flickr๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„ ๊ณต์œ  ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
that allows people to take photos, upload them,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์–ด์„œ ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ•˜๊ณ 
02:17
share them over the Web and so forth.
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์›น๊ณผ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
02:18
Recently, Flickr has added an additional function called tagging.
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์ตœ๊ทผ Flickr๋Š” ํƒœ๊น…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
Tagging was pioneered by Delicious and Joshua Schachter.
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ํƒœ๊น…์€ Del.icio.us์˜ Joshua Schacter๊ฐ€ ์„ ๊ตฌ์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
Delicious is a social bookmarking service.
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Del.icio.us๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถ๋งˆํ‚น ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ฃ .
02:27
Tagging is a cooperative infrastructure answer to classification.
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ํƒœ๊น…์€ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ž‘์—…์— ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ค€ ํ˜‘๋™์  ์ธํ”„๋ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
Right? If I had given this talk last year,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ž‘๋…„์— ์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:35
I couldn't do what I just did,
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
because I couldn't have found those photos.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:39
But instead of saying,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
02:41
we need to hire a professional class of librarians
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์ „๋ฌธ ์‚ฌ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ช… ๊ณ ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
02:43
to organize these photos once they're uploaded,
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์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ์˜ค๋Š”๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ž‘์—…์„ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋Œ€์‹ ,
02:45
Flickr simply turned over to the users
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Flickr๋Š” ์ด์šฉ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
02:48
the ability to characterize the photos.
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์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ํŠน์ •ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋งก๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
So, I was able to go in and draw down photos that had been tagged
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” "์ธ์–ด ํผ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ"๋ผ๊ณ  ํƒœ๊น…๋œ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์„ ์ฃผ์šฑ ๋ฝ‘์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:53
"Mermaid Parade." There were 3,100 photos taken by 118 photographers,
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118๋ช…์ด ์ฐ์€ 3100์žฅ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
all aggregated and then put under this nice, neat name,
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜์–ด ๊น”๋”ํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์น˜๋˜๊ณ 
03:02
shown in reverse chronological order.
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์ตœ์‹ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ ฌ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:04
And I was then able to go and retrieve them
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๋•๋ถ„์— ์ €๋Š” ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๊ณ 
03:06
to give you that little slideshow.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์งง์€ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ์‡ผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
Now, what hard problem is being solved here?
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์ž, ์ง€๊ธˆ ์–ด๋–ค ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:11
And it's -- in the most schematic possible view,
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๋„์‹ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ๋ณด์ž๋ฉด
03:13
it's a coordination problem, right?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์กฐ์ • ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
03:15
There are a large number of people on the Internet,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
a very small fraction of them have photos of the Mermaid Parade.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ๋น„์œจ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด ์ธ์–ด ํผ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:21
How do we get those people together to contribute that work?
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:25
The classic answer is to form an institution, right?
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๊ณ ์ „์  ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
To draw those people into some prearranged structure
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ์ „์— ์กฐ์ง๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ,
03:32
that has explicit goals.
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๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‹€์— ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:34
And I want to call your attention to
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ ‘๊ทผ์˜
03:36
some of the side effects of going the institutional route.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์— ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
First of all, when you form an institution,
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์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด
03:43
you take on a management problem, right?
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๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฑ…์ž„์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
03:45
No good just hiring employees,
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ง์›์„ ๋ฝ‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
you also have to hire other employees to manage those employees
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๊ทธ ์ง์›๋“ค์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง์›๋“ค๋„ ๋ฝ‘์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
and to enforce the goals of the institution and so forth.
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๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฒ ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋ญ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์—ญํ• ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด์ค„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:53
Secondly, you have to bring structure into place.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถฐ๋†”์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
Right? You have to have economic structure.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ์ฃ .
03:58
You have to have legal structure.
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๋ฒ•์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
You have to have physical structure.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ .
04:01
And that creates additional costs.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋น„์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
Third, forming an institution is inherently exclusionary.
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์…‹์งธ, ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณธ์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐํƒ€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
You notice we haven't got everybody who has a photo.
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์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
04:12
You can't hire everyone in a company, right?
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ์ทจ์ง์‹œ์ผœ์ค„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ž–์•„์š”?
04:15
You can't recruit everyone into a governmental organization.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง์— ๊ณ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
You have to exclude some people.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ œ์™ธ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ์ฃ .
04:20
And fourth, as a result of that exclusion,
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๋„ท์งธ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฐํƒ€์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ,
04:22
you end up with a professional class. Look at the change here.
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์ง์—…์  ๊ณ„์ธต์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:26
We've gone from people with photos to photographers.
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์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์‚ฌ๋“ค๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
Right? We've created a professional class of photographers
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ์‚ฌ์ง„์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ง์—… ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
whose goal is to go out and photograph the Mermaid Parade,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด๋Š” ์ธ์–ด ํผ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์— ๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:35
or whatever else they're sent out to photograph.
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๋ณด๋‚ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ณณ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋“  ๊ฐ€์„œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
When you build cooperation into the infrastructure,
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์ธํ”„๋ผ ์†์— ํ˜‘๋™์„ ์‹ฌ์–ด ๋„ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:43
which is the Flickr answer,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด Flickr์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋ฐ,
04:46
you can leave the people where they are
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์›๋ž˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
and you take the problem to the individuals, rather than
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํŠน์ •์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€์ฃ .
04:52
moving the individuals to the problem.
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ํŠน์ •์ธ๋“ค์„ ๊ณผ์ œ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋Œ€์‹ ์—.
04:53
You arrange the coordination in the group, and by doing that
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์†์˜ ์กฐ์ • ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋งก์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
you get the same outcome, without the institutional difficulties.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค ํŠน์œ ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค ์—†์ด๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ด์ฃ .
05:04
You lose the institutional imperative.
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๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์‹์„ ๋–จ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
You lose the right to shape people's work when it's volunteer effort,
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์ž๋ฐœ์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘์—… ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ •ํ•ด ์ค„ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์žƒ์ฃ .
05:09
but you also shed the institutional cost,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ๋„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
which gives you greater flexibility.
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๋•๋ถ„์— ์œตํ†ต์„ฑ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ปค์ง€์ฃ .
05:14
What Flickr does is it replaces planning with coordination.
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Flickr๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์กฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
And this is a general aspect of these cooperative systems.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜‘๋™ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด์ฃ .
05:22
Right. You'll have experienced this in your life
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์ž, ์•„๋งˆ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์‹  ์  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
whenever you bought your first mobile phone,
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์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜์…จ์„ ๋•Œ
05:27
and you stopped making plans.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณ„ํš ์„ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๋‘์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:29
You just said, "I'll call you when I get there."
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•ด๋ณด์‹ ์  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: "๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „ํ™”ํ• ๊ป˜".
05:31
"Call me when you get off work." Right?
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"์ผ ๋๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ „ํ™”ํ•ด." ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
05:33
That is a point-to-point replacement of coordination with planning.
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๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์กฐ์ •์„ 1:1๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
Right. We're now able to do that kind of thing with groups.
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
To say instead of, we must make an advance plan,
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์‚ฌ์ „ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์šฐ์ž๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ,
05:45
we must have a five-year projection
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์ฆ‰ 5๊ฐœ๋…„ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์œ„์„œ
05:46
of where the Wikipedia is going to be, or whatever,
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Wikipedia๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์ทจํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๋ชฉํ‘œ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๋‹ค๋Š๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ ๋Œ€์‹ 
05:49
you can just say, let's coordinate the group effort,
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž ์ด ์ง‘๋‹จ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•ด๋ณด์ž,
05:52
and let's deal with it as we go,
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์ง„ํ–‰์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ„์† ํ•ด๋ณด์ž.
05:54
because we're now well-enough coordinated
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์–ด์ฐจํ”ผ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์กฐ์ •์ด ์ž˜ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
05:55
that we don't have to take on the problems of deciding in advance what to do.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š” ์—†์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹์ด์ฃ .
06:00
So here's another example. This one's somewhat more somber.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ . ์ข€ ๋” ์šฐ์šธํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
These are photos on Flickr tagged "Iraq."
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Flickr์—๋Š” "์ด๋ผํฌ"๋ผ๊ณ  ํƒœ๊น…๋œ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
And everything that was hard about the coordination cost
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ์–ด ํผ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์กฐ์ • ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฝํ˜”๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚œ๊ด€๋“ค์€
06:12
with the Mermaid Parade is even harder here.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋‚œ๊ด€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
There are more pictures. There are more photographers.
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์‚ฌ์ง„๋„ ๋” ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ง„์‚ฌ๋“ค๋„ ๋” ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
It's taken over a wider geographic area.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋” ๋„“์€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ง€์นญํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:22
The photos are spread out over a longer period of time.
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๋” ๊ธด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
And worst of all, that figure at the bottom,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค, ๋งจ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์ด ์ˆซ์ž
06:28
approximately ten photos per photographer, is a lie.
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์ฆ‰ ์‚ฌ์ง„์‚ฌ๋งˆ๋‹ค 10์žฅ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
It's mathematically true,
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์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งž๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
06:34
but it doesn't really talk about anything important --
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
because in these systems, the average isn't really what matters.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ๋งŒํผ์€ ํ‰๊ท ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
What matters is this.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๊ฑฐ์ฃ :
06:43
This is a graph of photographs tagged Iraq
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์ด๋ผํฌ๋ผ๋Š” ํƒœ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
as taken by the 529 photographers who contributed the 5,445 photos.
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5445์žฅ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์€ 529๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:54
And it's ranked in order of number of photos taken per photographer.
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์‚ฌ์ง„์‚ฌ๋‹น ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์ˆซ์ž ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์ •๋ ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
You can see here, over at the end,
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๋ณด์‹œ๋“ฏ, ์ด์ชฝ ๋์—๋Š”
07:01
our most prolific photographer has taken around 350 photos,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ 350์žฅ ์ •๋„ ์ฐ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
and you can see there's a few people who have taken hundreds of photos.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ช‡ ๋ฐฑ์žฅ ์ฐ์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋˜ ๋ช‡ ๋ช… ์ฏค ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:09
Then there's dozens of people who've taken dozens of photos.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์žฅ ์ฏค ์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋ช… ์ฏค ์žˆ๊ณ .
07:12
And by the time we get around here,
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์ด์ชฝ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ฆˆ์Œ์ด๋ฉด,
07:14
we get ten or fewer photos, and then there's this long, flat tail.
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10์žฅ ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ์ดํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๊ธธ๊ณ  ๋‚ฉ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ฃ .
07:18
And by the time you get to the middle,
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๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์ฏค ์™”์„ ๋•Œ๋ฉด
07:20
you've got hundreds of people
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
07:22
who have contributed only one photo each.
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๋”ฑ ํ•œ ์žฅ์”ฉ๋งŒ ์ฐ์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์Œ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:25
This is called a power-law distribution.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฉฑํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
It appears often in unconstrained social systems
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์ œํ•œ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์—์„œ ์ข…์ข… ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ฃ .
07:32
where people are allowed to contribute as much or as little as they like --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ์ž ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒํผ์”ฉ๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
07:36
this is often what you get. Right?
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์ข…์ข… ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
07:38
The math behind the power-law distribution is that whatever's in the nth position
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๋ฉฑํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ์„ค๋ช…์€, n๋ฒˆ์งธ ์œ„์น˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋Š”
07:42
is doing about one-nth of whatever's being measured,
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์–ด๋–ค ์†์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋“  ๊ฐ„์—
07:45
relative to the person in the first position.
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๋งจ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์œ„์น˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ์†์„ฑ์˜ n๋ถ„์˜ 1์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
So, we'd expect the tenth most prolific photographer
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์ฆ‰ 10๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์‚ฌ๋Š”
07:49
to have contributed about a tenth of the photos,
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1/10 ์ •๋„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๊ณ 
07:52
and the hundredth most prolific photographer
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100๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์‚ฌ๋Š”
07:54
to have contributed only about a hundred as many photos
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1/100 ์ •๋„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋งŒ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
as the most prolific photographer did.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์‚ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:59
So, the head of the curve can be sharper or flatter.
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์ด ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋” ๋พฐ์กฑํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„, ๋‘”ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
But that basic math accounts both for the steep slope
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์›์น™์€ ๋ฝ€์กฑํ•œ ํ™œ๊ฐ• ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋„
08:05
and for the long, flat tail.
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๊ธธ๊ณ  ๋‚ฉ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
And curiously, in these systems, as they grow larger,
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์‹ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋”์šฑ ์ปค์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋ก
08:10
the systems don't converge; they diverge more.
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๋ชจ์—ฌ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋”์šฑ ํผ์ง€์ฃ .
08:14
In bigger systems, the head gets bigger
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๋” ํฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋” ์ปค์ง€๊ณ 
08:15
and the tail gets longer, so the imbalance increases.
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๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ๊ธธ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:21
You can see the curve is obviously heavily left-weighted. Here's how heavily:
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๋ณด์‹œ๋“ฏ, ์ด ๊ณก์„ ์€ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ขŒ์ธก์— ํŽธ์ค‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํŽธ์ค‘๋˜์—ˆ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
08:25
if you take the top 10 percent of photographers contributing to this system,
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์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์‚ฌ์˜ ์ƒ์œ„ 10%๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ๋•Œ
08:29
they account for three quarters of the photos taken --
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์ „์ฒด ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ 3/4๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
just the top 10 percent most prolific photographers.
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์ƒ์œ„ 10% ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:36
If you go down to five percent,
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5ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋กœ ์ค„์—ฌ๋ด๋„
08:38
you're still accounting for 60 percent of the photos.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ 60%๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
If you go down to one percent, exclude 99 percent of the group effort,
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1%๋กœ ์••์ถ•ํ•ด์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ 99%๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•ด๋„
08:47
you're still accounting for almost a quarter of the photos.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 1/4์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:50
And because of this left weighting,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ขŒ ํŽธ์ค‘ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
08:52
the average is actually here, way to the left.
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ํ‰๊ท ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ฏค์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์šฐ ์™ผ์ชฝ์ด์ฃ .
08:57
And that sounds strange to our ears,
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์ข€ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
08:59
but what ends up happening is that 80 percent of the contributors
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ 80%์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด
09:02
have contributed a below-average amount.
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ํ‰๊ท  ์ดํ•˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
That sounds strange because we expect average and middle
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์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”, ํ”ํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ๊ณผ ์ค‘์•™๊ฐ’์„
09:07
to be about the same, but they're not at all.
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๋Œ€๋žต ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „ํ˜€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
09:10
This is the math underlying the 80/20 rule. Right?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ 80/20 ๊ทœ์น™์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
09:14
Whenever you hear anybody talking about the 80/20 rule,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ 80/20 ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์‹ค ๋•Œ
09:16
this is what's going on. Right?
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
09:18
20 percent of the merchandise accounts for 80 percent of the revenue,
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์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ 20%๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ž…์˜ 80%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ ,
09:22
20 percent of the users use 80 percent of the resources --
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์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ 20%๊ฐ€ ์ž์›์˜ 80%๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ ,
09:24
this is the shape people are talking about when that happens.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์–‘์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
Institutions only have two tools: carrots and sticks.
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๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น๊ทผ๊ณผ ์ฑ„์ฐ.
09:32
And the 80 percent zone is a no-carrot and no-stick zone.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ 80%์˜ ์˜์—ญ์ด๋ž€, ๋‹น๊ทผ๋„ ์ฑ„์ฐ๋„ ์—†๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
The costs of running the institution mean that you cannot
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๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„
09:45
take on the work of those people easily in an institutional frame.
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๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‹€ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:48
The institutional model always pushes leftwards,
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์ œ๋„์  ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์™ผ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
09:52
treating these people as employees.
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์ฆ‰ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ง์›์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
The institutional response is,
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๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๋ž€ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
09:55
I can get 75 percent of the value for 10 percent of the hires -- great,
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10ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋งŒ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•ด๋„ 75ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์–ด์น˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค! ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•ด!
10:00
that's what I'll do.
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์ €๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
The cooperative infrastructure model says,
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ํ˜‘๋™ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค;
10:04
why do you want to give up a quarter of the value?
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์ „์ฒด์˜ 1/4์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋”” ์žˆ๋‚˜?
10:07
If your system is designed
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด
10:09
so that you have to give up a quarter of the value,
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๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ 1/4์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:12
re-engineer the system.
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ์ง€.
10:15
Don't take on the cost that prevents you
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘์—… ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์•„๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ์—
10:17
from getting to the contributions of these people.
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๋น„์šฉ์„ ์“ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
10:19
Build the system so that anybody can contribute at any amount.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์˜ ์–‘์ด๋“  ๊ณตํ—Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ž.
10:24
So the coordination response asks not,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กฐ์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€,
10:30
how are these people as employees, but rather,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:33
what is their contribution like? Right?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:35
We have over here Psycho Milt, a Flickr user,
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Flickr ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์ธ Psycho Milt๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฃ .
10:38
who has contributed one, and only one, photo titled "Iraq."
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์ด ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๋ผํฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋”ฑ ํ•œ์žฅ๋งŒ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
And here's the photo. Right. Labeled, "Bad Day at Work."
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ผํ„ฐ์˜ ์šด ๋‚˜์œ ํ•˜๋ฃจ"๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
Right? So the question is,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ์ž, ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
10:50
do you want that photo? Yes or no.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์˜ˆ, ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
The question is not, is Psycho Milt a good employee?
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Psycho Milt๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€ ์ง์›์ธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
10:57
And the tension here is between institution as enabler
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ
11:02
and institution as obstacle.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—ญํ•  ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธด์žฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
When you're dealing with the left-hand edge
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ์—์„œ
11:06
of one of these distributions,
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์™ผ์ชฝ ๋ชจ์„œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ๋•Œ๋Š”
11:08
when you're dealing with the people who spend a lot of time
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์ฆ‰ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์จ์„œ
11:10
producing a lot of the material you want,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:12
that's an institution-as-enabler world.
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"๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”" ์ชฝ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
You can hire those people as employees, you can coordinate their work
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ง์›์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž‘์—…์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
and you can get some output.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋‚ด์ฃ .
11:19
But when you're down here, where the Psycho Milts of the world
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ชฝ ์•„๋ž˜ Psycho Milt๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ์˜จ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:21
are adding one photo at a time,
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์ฆ‰ ํ•œ ๋•Œ ํ•œ ์žฅ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
11:24
that's institution as obstacle.
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๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
Institutions hate being told they're obstacles.
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๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฌผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
One of the first things that happens
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค ํ•  ๋•Œ
11:33
when you institutionalize a problem
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
11:35
is that the first goal of the institution
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๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€
11:39
immediately shifts from whatever the nominal goal was
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋“  ๊ฐ„์— ์›๋ž˜์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹น์žฅ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์„œ
11:41
to self-preservation.
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์ž๊ธฐ๋ณด์กด์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
And the actual goal of the institution goes to two through n.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์›๋ž˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” 2๋ฒˆ์งธ์—์„œ n๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ฃ .
11:47
Right? So, when institutions are told they are obstacles,
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์ฆ‰ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
11:50
and that there are other ways of coordinating the value,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
11:52
they go through something a little bit like the Kubler-Ross stages --
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์ผ์ข…์˜ Kubler-Ross์‹ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:58
-- of reaction, being told you have a fatal illness:
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์น˜๋ช…์  ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ง์ด์ฃ :
12:00
denial, anger, bargaining, acceptance.
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๋ถ€์ •, ๋ถ„๋…ธ, ํ˜‘์ƒ, ์ธ์ •.
12:04
Most of the cooperative systems we've seen
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ด์˜จ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ˜‘๋™ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€
12:06
haven't been around long enough
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์•„์ง ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์„œ
12:07
to have gotten to the acceptance phase.
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์ธ์ • ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
12:10
Many, many institutions are still in denial,
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๋งŽ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ถ€์ •์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
but we're seeing recently a lot of both anger and bargaining.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์š”์ƒˆ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ถ„๋…ธ์™€ ํ˜‘์ƒ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
There's a wonderful, small example going on right now.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:19
In France, a bus company is suing people for forming a carpool,
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ, ๋ฒ„์Šค ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์นดํ’€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ณ ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
right, because the fact that they have coordinated
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์˜ˆ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์กฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ
12:27
themselves to create cooperative value is depriving them of revenue.
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ํ˜‘๋™ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๋นผ์•—์•„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:33
You can follow this in the Guardian.
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์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋””์–ธ์ง€์—์„œ ๋” ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
It's actually quite entertaining.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฝค ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:38
The bigger question is,
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๋” ํฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
12:40
what do you do about the value down here?
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์ด์ชฝ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€, ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
Right? How do you capture that?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋„์ง‘์–ด๋‚ผ๊นŒ์š”?
12:46
And institutions, as I've said, are prevented from capturing that.
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๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋“ฏ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„์ง‘์–ด๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:50
Steve Ballmer, now CEO of Microsoft,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์˜ ํšŒ์žฅ์ธ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋ฐœ๋จธ๋Š”
12:52
was criticizing Linux a couple of years ago, and he said,
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๋ช‡๋…„ ์ „ ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ์ฃ . ๋ง์ธ ์ฆ‰์Šจ,
12:54
"Oh, this business of thousands of programmers
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"์•„, ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋ช…์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ๋“ค์ด
12:56
contributing to Linux, this is a myth.
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๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๊ทธ์ € ์‹ ํ™”์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
We've looked at who's contributed to Linux,
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๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์กฐํšŒํ•ด๋ดค๋”๋‹ˆ
13:01
and most of the patches have been produced by programmers
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํŒจ์น˜ ์ž‘์—…์€ ๊ณ ์ž‘
13:04
who've only done one thing." Right?
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๋”ฑ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋†“์€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ๋“ค์ด ํ–ˆ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
13:08
You can hear this distribution under that complaint.
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๊ทธ ๋ถˆํ‰ ์†์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
And you can see why, from Ballmer's point of view,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ฐœ๋จธ ํšŒ์žฅ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”
13:14
that's a bad idea, right?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
13:15
We hired this programmer, he came in, he drank our Cokes
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์šฉํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋‚˜์™€์„œ, ์ฝœ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ถ•๋‚ด๊ณ 
13:18
and played Foosball for three years and he had one idea.
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์ถ•๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋”ฑ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚ด๋†“์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”!
13:20
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
13:21
Right? Bad hire. Right?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ž˜๋ชป ๊ณ ์šฉํ–ˆ์ฃ .
13:24
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
13:26
The Psycho Milt question is, was it a good idea?
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Psycho Milt์‹ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‚˜, ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
What if it was a security patch?
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด์•ˆ ํŒจ์น˜์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด?
13:33
What if it was a security patch for a buffer overflow exploit,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฒ„ํผ ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ”Œ๋กœ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์นจํˆฌ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋Š”
13:37
of which Windows has not some, [but] several?
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์ฆ‰ ์œˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๋ณด์•ˆํŒจ์น˜๋ผ๋ฉด?
13:39
Do you want that patch, right?
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๊ทธ ํŒจ์น˜๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
13:43
The fact that a single programmer can,
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ํ•œ๋ช…์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ๊ฐ€
13:45
without having to move into a professional relation
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๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ์ง์—…์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„
13:48
to an institution, improve Linux once
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๋”ฑ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ๋Š”
13:51
and never be seen from again, should terrify Ballmer.
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๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ๋งŒ๋‚  ์ผ์ด ์—†์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋ฐœ๋จธ๋ฅผ ๋‘๋ ต๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
Because this kind of value is unreachable in classic
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ
13:59
institutional frameworks, but is part of cooperative
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๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
14:01
systems of open-source software, of file sharing,
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์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค๋‚˜ ํŒŒ์ผ ๊ณต์œ , Wikipedia ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜‘๋™ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
14:04
of the Wikipedia. I've used a lot of examples from Flickr,
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”. Flickr์—์„œ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์ธ์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
14:07
but there are actually stories about this from all over.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์— ๋„๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:10
Meetup, a service founded so that users could find people
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Meetup์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ
14:13
in their local area who share their interests and affinities
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์ž๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์™€ ์• ์ฐฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„
14:15
and actually have a real-world meeting offline in a cafe
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ปคํ”ผ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
or a pub or what have you.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ญ ์ˆ ์ง‘์ด๋‚˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋˜ ์–ด๋””์—์„ ๊ฐ€,
14:21
When Scott Heiferman founded Meetup,
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Scott Heiferman์ด Meetup์„ ์ฐฝ๋ฆฝํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
14:23
he thought it would be used for, you know,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
14:25
train spotters and cat fanciers -- classic affinity groups.
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์ฒ ๋„๋งค๋‹ˆ์•„์™€ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด ์• ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ์ทจ๋ฏธ์ง‘๋‹จ๋“ค์ด ์“ธ ์ค„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:27
The inventors don't know what the invention is.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ’ˆ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
Number one group on Meetup right now,
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ํ˜„์žฌ Meetup์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน, ์ฆ‰
14:32
most chapters in most cities with most members, most active?
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋„์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšŒ์›๋„ ๋งŽ๊ณ  ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ณณ์€
14:35
Stay-at-home moms. Right?
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๊ฐ€์ •์ฃผ๋ถ€ ์—„๋งˆ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:37
In the suburbanized, dual-income United States,
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์™ธ๊ณฝํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ๋งž๋ฒŒ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š”
14:40
stay-at-home moms are actually missing
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๊ฐ€์ •์ฃผ๋ถ€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ
14:43
the social infrastructure that comes from extended family
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ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋ผ๋“ ์ง€ ํ˜„์ง€์˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ด์›ƒ์ง€์—ญ๋ง ๊ฐ™์€
14:46
and local, small-scale neighborhoods.
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์‚ฌํšŒ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:49
So they're reinventing it, using these tools.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
14:52
Meetup is the platform,
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Meetup ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
14:53
but the value here is in social infrastructure.
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:56
If you want to know what technology is going to change the world,
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์–ด๋–ค ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:59
don't pay attention to 13-year-old boys --
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13์‚ด ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
15:01
pay attention to young mothers,
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์ Š์€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
15:03
because they have got not an ounce of support for technology
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๊ทธ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋‚ซ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”
15:06
that doesn't materially make their lives better.
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ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด ๋‹จ 1๊ทธ๋žจ ์–ด์น˜๋„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:09
This is so much more important than Xbox,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—‘์Šค๋ฐ•์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
15:11
but it's a lot less glitzy.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋œ ํ™”๋ คํ•˜์ฃ .
15:13
I think this is a revolution.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜๋ช…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:15
I think that this is a really profound change
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
15:18
in the way human affairs are arranged.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
And I use that word advisedly.
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๊ทธ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ด์„œ ์ด ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:21
It's a revolution in that it's a change in equilibrium.
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด๋†“์„ ํ˜๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:24
It's a whole new way of doing things, which includes new downsides.
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์ผ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๊ณ , ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‹จ์ ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:30
In the United States right now, a woman named Judith Miller
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š”, Judith Miller๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด
15:33
is in jail for not having given to a Federal Grand Jury her sources --
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์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์— ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๋ณดํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‹ ์›์„ ๋ฐํžˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:38
she's a reporter for the New York Times --
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‰ด์š• ํƒ€์ž„์ฆˆ ๊ธฐ์ž์ธ๋ฐ,
15:39
her sources, in a very abstract and hard-to-follow case.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋ผ์žก๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ œ๋ณด์ž์˜€์ฃ .
15:42
And journalists are in the street rallying to improve the shield laws.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ธ๋ก ์ธ๋“ค์ด "๋ฐฉํŒจ๋ฒ•"์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์‹œ์œ„์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:45
The shield laws are our laws -- pretty much a patchwork of state laws --
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"๋ฐฉํŒจ๋ฒ•"์ด๋ž€ ๋ณดํ†ต ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ ๊ฐ ์ฃผ๋ฒ•๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ,
15:49
that prevent a journalist from having to betray a source.
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์–ธ๋ก ์ธ์ด ์ œ๋ณด์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์‹ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ง‰์•„์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:52
This is happening, however, against the background
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ผ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ
15:55
of the rise of Web logging.
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๋ธ”๋กœ๊น…์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์„ธ๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ ์†์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
15:57
Web logging is a classic example of mass amateurization.
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๋ธ”๋กœ๊น…์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ดํ™”์˜ ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:01
It has de-professionalized publishing.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํƒˆ์ง์—…ํ™”๋œ ์ถœํŒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:03
Want to publish globally anything you think today?
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ์ „์ง€๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœํŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
16:06
It is a one-button operation that you can do for free.
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๋ฒ„ํŠผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ณต์งœ๋กœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:10
That has sent the professional class of publishing down
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ถœํŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง์—…์  ๊ณ„์ธต์„
16:14
into the ranks of mass amateurization.
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์ง‘๋‹จ ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ดํ™”์˜ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๋ ธ์ฃ .
16:17
And so the shield law, as much as we want it --
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"๋ฐฉํŒจ๋ฒ•"์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์›ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
16:21
we want a professional class of truth-tellers --
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์ฆ‰ ์ง์—…์ ์ธ ์ง„์‹ค์ „๋‹ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ์›ํ•ด๋„
16:23
it is becoming increasingly incoherent, because
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๊ทธ ๋ฒ• ์ž์ฒด ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ๋” ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:26
the institution is becoming incoherent.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ๋” ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
16:28
There are people in the States right now
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ
16:30
tying themselves into knots, trying to figure out
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๋ชจ์ˆœ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋„ฃ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:33
whether or not bloggers are journalists.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์ด ์–ธ๋ก ์ธ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
16:35
And the answer to that question is,
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๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹ต์ด๋ž€,
16:37
it doesn't matter, because that's not the right question.
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์ƒ๊ด€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
16:40
Journalism was an answer to an even more important question,
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์• ์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋”์šฑ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹ต์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
16:44
which is, how will society be informed?
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๋ฐ”๋กœ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
16:46
How will they share ideas and opinions?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
16:49
And if there is an answer to that that happens outside
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ง์—…์  ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‹€ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—๋„
16:52
the professional framework of journalism,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹ต์ด ๊ตด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๋‹Œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
16:54
it makes no sense to take a professional metaphor
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์ง์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
16:58
and apply it to this distributed class.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ณ„์ธต์— ์ ์šฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:02
So as much as we want the shield laws,
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"๋ฐฉํŒจ๋ฒ•"์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„
17:04
the background -- the institution to which they were attached --
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๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š”, ์ฆ‰ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์˜
17:08
is becoming incoherent.
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๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:10
Here's another example.
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๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:12
Pro-ana, the pro-ana groups.
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ํ”„๋กœ์•„๋‚˜(๊ฑฐ์‹์ฆ ์˜นํ˜ธ) ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:14
These are groups of teenage girls
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์‹ญ๋Œ€ ์†Œ๋…€๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ
17:16
who have taken on Web logs, bulletin boards,
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๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฒŒ์‹œํŒ,
17:19
other kinds of cooperative infrastructure,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํ˜‘๋™ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
17:21
and have used it to set up support groups for
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์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์‹์ฆ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
17:23
remaining anorexic by choice.
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์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:25
They post pictures of thin models, which they call "thinspiration."
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๋ฉ”๋งˆ๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ "์”ฌ์Šคํ”ผ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜"(๋งˆ๋ฅด๋ ค๋Š” ์˜๊ฐ)์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:28
They have little slogans, like "Salvation through Starvation."
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ํ‘œ์–ด๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ . "๋‹จ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์›์„" ๊ฐ™์€.
17:31
They even have Lance Armstrong-style bracelets,
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๋žœ์Šค ์•”์ŠคํŠธ๋กฑํ’์˜ ๋ชฉ๊ฑธ์ด๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:33
these red bracelets, which signify, in the small group,
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์ด ๋ถ‰์€ ๋ชฉ๊ฑธ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž‘์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š”
17:36
I am trying to maintain my eating disorder.
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"์„ญ์‹์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ค‘"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:39
They trade tips, like, if you feel like eating something,
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์„œ๋กœ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ . ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋จน๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด
17:41
clean a toilet or the litter box. The feeling will pass.
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๋ณ€๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐํ†ต์„ ์ฒญ์†Œํ•ด๋ผ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์‹์š•์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:46
We're used to support groups being beneficial.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ '์ง€์ง€์ง‘๋‹จ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ์œ ์ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:49
We have an attitude that support groups are inherently beneficial.
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์ง€์ง€์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์œ ์ต์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ž์„ธ์ฃ .
17:52
But it turns out that the logic of the support group is value neutral.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€์ง€์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:56
A support group is simply a small group that wants to maintain
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์ง€์ง€์ง‘๋‹จ์ด๋ž€ ๊ทธ์ €, ํฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋น„๋˜๋Š” ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์†์—์„œ
18:00
a way of living in the context of a larger group.
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์ž‘์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:03
Now, when the larger group is a bunch of drunks,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์•Œ์ฝœ์ค‘๋…์ž ํˆฌ์„ฑ์ด๊ณ 
18:05
and the small group wants to stay sober, then we think,
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์ž‘์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๋ฉ€์ฉกํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ํ”ํžˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์—
18:07
that's a great support group.
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์•„ ์ด๊ฑด ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ง€์ง€์ง‘๋‹จ์ด๊ตฌ๋‚˜, ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:09
But when the small group is teenage girls
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ง€์ง€์ง‘๋‹จ์ด
18:11
who want to stay anorexic by choice, then we're horrified.
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์ž๊ธฐ ์˜์ง€๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์‹์ฆ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” 10๋Œ€ ์†Œ๋…€๋“ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ๊ฒฝ์•…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:15
What's happened is that the normative goals
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ์ผ์€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ
18:18
of the support groups that we're used to,
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๊ธฐ์กด ์ง€์ง€์ง‘๋‹จ๋“ค์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
18:20
came from the institutions that were framing them,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ํ‹€์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ '๊ธฐ๊ด€'๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:23
and not from the infrastructure.
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์ธํ”„๋ผ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
18:24
Once the infrastructure becomes generically available,
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์ธํ”„๋ผ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ž
18:28
the logic of the support group has been revealed to be
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'์ง€์ง€์ง‘๋‹จ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์กฐ์งํ™”์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋‚˜
18:30
accessible to anyone, including people pursuing these kinds of goals.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:35
So, there are significant downsides to these changes
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์ฆ‰ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—๋Š” ์žฅ์  ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ ๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
18:37
as well as upsides. And of course, in the current environment,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ผ๋ฉด
18:40
one need allude only lightly to the work of non-state actors
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๋น„์ •๋ถ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์ด ์ „์ง€๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ 
18:45
trying to influence global affairs, and taking advantage of these.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋‘๋ง ํ•  ๋‚˜์œ„ ์—†๊ฒ ์ฃ .
18:48
This is a social map of the hijackers and their associates
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๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ 9/11 ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋ฒ”๋“ค๊ณผ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์˜
18:51
who perpetrated the 9/11 attack.
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์‚ฌํšŒ๋ง ์ง€๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:55
It was produced by analyzing their communications patterns
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œํ†ต ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด์„œ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ,
18:59
using a lot of these tools. And doubtless the intelligence communities of the world
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์ฃ . ์˜์‹ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€ ์—†์ด, ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์€
19:02
are doing the same work today for the attacks of last week.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ง€๋‚œ ์ฃผ์˜ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:06
Now, this is the part of the talk where I tell you
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์ด ์ฆˆ์Œ ํ•ด์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
19:08
what's going to come as a result of all of this,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:10
but I'm running out of time, which is good,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ตฐ์š”. ์ข‹์€ ํ˜„์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:13
because I don't know.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
19:15
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
19:17
Right. As with the printing press, if it's really a revolution,
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์˜ˆ. ์ธ์‡„์ˆ ์˜ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ์ง„์งœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜๋ช…์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
19:21
it doesn't take us from Point A to Point B.
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A์ง€์ ์—์„œ B์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:23
It takes us from Point A to chaos.
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A์ง€์ ์—์„œ ํ˜ผ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
19:26
The printing press precipitated 200 years of chaos,
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์ธ์‡„์ˆ ์€ 200๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ˆ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:31
moving from a world where the Catholic Church
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์นดํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ตํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์กฐ์ง์  ์ •์น˜์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
19:33
was the sort of organizing political force to the Treaty of Westphalia,
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๋ฒ ์ŠคํŠธํŒ”๋ Œ ์กฐ์•ฝ์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:37
when we finally knew what the new unit was: the nation state.
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‹จ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ : ๋ฏผ์กฑ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:40
Now, I'm not predicting 200 years of chaos as a result of this. 50.
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์ €๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ 200๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ˆ์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ 50๋…„ ์ •๋„?
19:45
50 years in which loosely coordinated groups
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50๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ, ๋Š์Šจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ •๋œ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋“ค์ด
19:49
are going to be given increasingly high leverage,
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์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํž˜์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
19:52
and the more those groups forego traditional institutional imperatives --
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋“ค์ด ์ „ํ†ต์  ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋“ค -
19:56
like deciding in advance what's going to happen,
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์ฆ‰, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์„ ํ• ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
19:59
or the profit motive -- the more leverage they'll get.
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๊ธˆ์ „์  ์ˆ˜์ต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋™๊ธฐ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํž˜์„ ์–ป์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:02
And institutions are going to come under
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์€ ๋”์šฑ
20:04
an increasing degree of pressure,
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๋†’์€ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
20:06
and the more rigidly managed, and the more they rely
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๋” ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:08
on information monopolies, the greater the pressure is going to be.
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์ •๋ณด ๋…์ ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ก, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ๋„ ์ปค์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:12
And that's going to happen one arena at a time,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ,
20:14
one institution at a time. The forces are general,
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ฒ ์ฃ .
20:17
but the results are going to be specific.
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์ถ”์„ธ์˜ ํž˜์€ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:19
And so the point here is not,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ์— ์š”์ ์€
20:21
"This is wonderful," or "We're going to see a transition
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"์ด๊ฑด ๊ต‰์žฅํ•ด" ํ˜น์€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ
20:24
from only institutions to only cooperative framework."
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๊ธฐ๊ด€"๋งŒ" ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์—์„œ ํ˜‘๋™"๋งŒ" ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ๊บผ์•ผ, ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:27
It's going to be much more complicated than that.
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๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:29
But the point is that it's going to be a massive readjustment.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์š”์ ์€, ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์žฌ์กฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:32
And since we can see it in advance and know it's coming,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ฅ์น  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ์—,
20:34
my argument is essentially: we might as well get good at it.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋ง์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€์ž, ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:37
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:39
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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