The story of 'Oumuamua, the first visitor from another star system | Karen J. Meech | TED

7,625,261 views ใƒป 2018-07-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yubal Masalker ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:13
NASA's always on the lookout for possible asteroid collision hazards,
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ื ืืกื ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืกื›ื ืช ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื.
00:18
so the Pan-STARRS telescope is scanning the sky every night.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค Pan-STARRS ืกื•ืจืง ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”.
00:23
Each morning, candidate objects are examined by Pan-STARRS staff
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ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืขืฆืžื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ Pan-STARRS
00:27
and usually discovered to be no big deal.
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื‘ืจืจื™ื ื›ืื–ืขืงืช-ืฉื•ื•ื.
00:30
But on October 19, 2017,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘-19 ืœืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2017,
00:33
Pan-STARRS spotted an object moving rapidly between the stars,
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Pan-STARRS ืื™ืชืจ ืขืฆื ื”ื ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
00:38
and this time the usual follow-up measurements of position and speed
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
00:42
showed something completely different.
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ื”ืจืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
00:45
By October 22nd, we had enough data
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ืขื“ 22 ืœืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
00:47
to realize that this object wasn't from our solar system.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืฆื ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:51
Holy cow.
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ืืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื!
00:53
That's when I got the phone call,
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื– ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ,
00:55
the phone call that all solar system astronomers are waiting for.
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ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื”.
00:59
Let me tell you how exciting this was.
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ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืจื’ืฉ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”.
01:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:02
NASA's been expecting to see an interstellar comet
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ื ืืกื ืžืฆืคื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™
01:05
pass through the solar system since the 1970s,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1970,
01:08
but until now, we'd never seen anything.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”.
01:11
Our own solar system is huge,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ืงื™ืช,
01:14
so even getting a package from the nearest star system
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ื›ืš ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ืžืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:17
4.4 light years away
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 4.4 ืฉื ื•ืช-ืื•ืจ,
01:19
would take over 50,000 years.
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ื™ืงื— ืžืขืœ 50,000 ืฉื ื™ื.
01:22
So this is a really big deal.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
01:24
The interstellar visitor entered our solar system
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ื”ืื•ืจื— ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•
01:27
from above the plane of the planets,
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ืžืžืขืœ ืœืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช,
01:29
coming from the direction of the constellation Lyra,
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ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื ื‘ืœ,
01:32
and it passed closest to the Sun on September 9th,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘-9 ืœืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ,
01:35
passing inside the orbit of Mercury.
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ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื—ืžื”.
01:38
Now this isn't a particularly close approach or unusual distance.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื• ืžืจื—ืง ื—ืจื™ื’ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
01:42
It's just much easier to see objects close by.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ื ืžืงืจื•ื‘.
01:47
On October 14th,
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ื‘-14 ืœืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ,
01:48
before we discovered it, it made its closest approach to the Earth,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืืจืฅ,
01:52
within about 15 million miles.
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ืขื“ ื›-24 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืง"ืž.
01:55
This is really close by astronomical standards.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
01:59
Now rather than call this by its unwieldy catalog name,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœ,
02:03
we briefly called it "Rama,"
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ืงืจืื ื• ืœื• ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ "ืจืืžื”",
02:06
after the cylindrical spacecraft that passed through the solar system
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ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ
02:10
in Arthur C. Clarke's classic science fiction story in 1973.
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ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ืข-ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืงืœืืจืง ืž-1973.
02:15
But this wasn't quite right either,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:17
so in honor of it being discovered by a telescope in Hawaii,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื‘ื”ื•ื•ืื™,
02:21
we consulted two experts on Hawaiian culture --
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ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื ื• ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืื™ --
02:24
a Hawaiian navigator and a linguist --
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ื ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื•ื•ืื™ ื•ื‘ืœืฉืŸ --
02:27
to propose a name.
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ืฉื™ืฆื™ืขื• ื›ื™ื ื•ื™.
02:28
And they suggested "'Oumuamua,"
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• "ืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื”",
02:31
which means scout or messenger from the distant past reaching out to us.
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ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื’ืฉืฉ ืื• ืฉืœื™ื— ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืžื•ืฉื™ื˜ ืœื ื• ื™ื“.
02:37
Now this discovery was important for many reasons,
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ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื–ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช,
02:41
but to me the most significant is for what 'Oumuamua can tell us
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื•
02:45
about the past of our solar system.
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ืขืœ ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:48
The process of the birth of a new solar system and the growth of planets
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื”ืœื›ืช
02:52
can be a violent and messy business.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืกืง ืืœื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ืŸ.
02:55
Leftover icy and rocky debris gets ejected from the new solar system
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ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืงืจื— ื•ืกืœืขื™ื ื ืคืœื˜ื™ื ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
02:59
as the giant planets migrate through the dusty disk
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ื›ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื“ื™ืกืงืช ื”ืื‘ืง
03:03
out of which they're formed.
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ืฉืžืžื ื” ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื•.
03:06
Now have you ever felt an emotional chill,
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ื”ืื ื—ืฉืชื ืคืขื ืฆื™ื ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช,
03:10
something that's so exciting that a shiver runs up and down your spine?
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืจื’ืฉ ืฉืจืขื“ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื?
03:16
Or something that's very emotionally moving?
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ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืื•ื“ ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืœื‘ ืจื’ืฉื™ืช?
03:19
Well this was it for me.
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ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™.
03:21
This was my wow moment.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ืข ื”ืคืœื™ืื” ืฉืœื™.
03:23
We actually had a piece of material from another solar system
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืฉ ืื—ืจืช
03:27
coming close enough for us to observe.
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ืฉื”ืชืงืจื‘ื” ืืœื™ื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”.
03:31
So what would you like to know about 'Oumuamua,
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื”,
03:34
the very first visitor from another star system?
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ื”ืื•ืจื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืฉ ืื—ืจืช?
03:38
Well, I could think of a million things,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
03:41
but there's what you want and what you can have,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
03:44
and 'Oumuamua was moving away and fading very rapidly.
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ื•ืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ื•ืœื“ืขื•ืš ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
03:49
In the span of about a week,
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
03:51
it had dropped in brightness by a factor of [10].
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ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื• ื“ืขื›ื” ืคื™-10.
03:54
So this is about all the time we were going to have
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ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื•
03:57
to study it easily.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
03:59
So we had to distill the process of getting telescope time --
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื—ืœื•ืŸ-ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค --
04:04
normally a very competitive, peer-reviewed proposal process
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ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืื•ื“ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช
04:08
that can take up to months --
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ื•ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื --
04:10
down to less than a few days.
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื.
04:12
So began a "polite" competition for resources.
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ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช "ืžื ื•ืžืกืช" ืขืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
04:17
OK, let me not mince words. It was a fierce battle.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื ืื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื‘ ืื›ื–ืจ.
04:20
We dropped everything,
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ืขื–ื‘ื ื• ื”ื›ืœ,
04:22
working around the clock,
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ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ,
04:23
trying to craft perfectly crafted proposal words
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœื”ืฆืขื•ืช
04:27
to send to the observatory directors.
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ืฉื™ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืžืฆืคื”.
04:30
Well, good news. We got the time.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค.
04:34
Now, from a perfectly selfish point of view,
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
04:37
the first thing we might like to know is how massive 'Oumuamua is.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื•ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื”.
04:42
Because after all, it passed very close to the Earth,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:45
and we didn't know about it until afterwards.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืืœื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืขืฉื”.
04:48
How bad would this have been had it not missed the Earth?
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืข ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ?
04:53
Well, the impact energy
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”
04:55
depends on the square of the velocity times its mass,
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ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœื•,
04:59
and the mass depends on how big it is and what it's made of.
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ื•ื”ืžืกื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™.
05:03
So how big is 'Oumuamua, and what's its shape?
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื” ื•ืžื”ื™ ืฆื•ืจืชื•?
05:07
Well, we can get this from its brightness.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ื–ืืช ืžื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืฉืœื•.
05:10
Now, if you don't believe me, think of comparing the brightness
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ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื™, ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ
05:13
of a firefly in your backyard
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ืฉืœ ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื
05:14
to the navigation lights on a distant airplane.
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ืœืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืจื—ื•ืง.
05:18
You know the airplane is much brighter --
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ื”ืจ --
05:20
it just appears faint because it's so far away.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื ืจืื” ืงืœื•ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืง.
05:24
We're also going to need to know
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ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช
05:26
how reflective the surface of 'Oumuamua is,
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ื›ืžื” ืคื ื™-ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืจ,
05:29
and we don't have any clue,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’,
05:31
but it's reasonable to assume it's very similar to small asteroids
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
05:35
and comets in our solar system,
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ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
05:37
or in technical terms,
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ืื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื,
05:39
something between the reflectivity of charcoal and wet sand.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ื ื•ื—ื•ืœ ืจื˜ื•ื‘.
05:44
Nowadays, most of the big telescopes are used in what's called a service mode,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืชืฆื•ืจืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช,
05:50
meaning we have to carefully develop all the instructions
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืคื“ื ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
05:54
and send them to the telescope operator,
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ื•ืœืฉืœื—ืŸ ืœืžืคืขื™ืœ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค,
05:56
and then anxiously wait for the data to come back,
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืจื“ื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”,
05:59
praying to the weather gods.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ ืžื–ื’-ื”ืื•ื™ืจ.
06:01
Now I bet most of you don't have careers
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืขืจื‘ืช ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ื›ื ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช
06:04
that critically depend on whether or not it's cloudy last night.
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ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ื”ื™ื” ืืžืฉ ืžืขื•ื ืŸ.
06:08
Well, we weren't going to get any second chances here.
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ื›ืืŸ ืœื ืขืžื“ื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื”.
06:12
Because the weather was great, 'Oumuamua decided not to be.
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ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื–ื’-ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื“ืืœื™, ืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื–ื”.
06:16
Its brightness wasn't constant.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”.
06:18
Now here we see 'Oumuamua racing between the stars.
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ื›ืืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
06:21
It's centered in the middle.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžื•ืจื›ื– ื‘ืืžืฆืข.
06:23
The stars are trailed out because the telescope is following its motion.
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ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื ืข ืื™ืชื.
06:28
It started faint and then it got brighter, fainter, brighter, and fainter again,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืขืžื•ื ื•ืื– ื”ืคืš ืœื–ื•ื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขืžื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืื– ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืžื•ื,
06:33
as sunlight is reflected off of four sides of an oblong object.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืืจื‘ืขืช ืฆื“ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื•ืืจืš.
06:39
The extreme brightness change
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช
06:41
led us to an unbelievable conclusion about its shape.
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฆื•ืจืชื•.
06:46
As shown in this artist's impression,
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ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืืžืŸ ื–ื”,
06:48
'Oumuamua is apparently very long and narrow,
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ืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื” ื›ื›ืœ ื ืจืื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืืจื•ืš ื•ืฆืจ,
06:51
with an axis ratio of about 10 to one.
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ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื—ืก ืื•ืจืš-ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›-10 ืœ-1.
06:55
Assuming it's dark, this means it's about half a mile long.
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ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื”ื”, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื•ืจื›ื• ื›-800 ืžื˜ืจ.
06:59
Nothing else in our solar system looks like this.
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืš.
07:03
We only have a handful of objects that even have an axis ratio
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ื™ืฉื ื ืจืง ืงื•ืžืฅ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื—ืก ืื•ืจืš-ืจื•ื—ื‘
07:07
bigger than five to one.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืž-5 ืœ-1.
07:09
So we don't know how this forms,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ.
07:11
but it may be part of its birth process in its home solar system.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื•.
07:17
'Oumuamua was varying in brightness every 7.34 hours,
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ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื” ื”ืชื—ืœืคื” ื›ืœ 7.34 ืฉืขื•ืช,
07:23
or so we thought.
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ืื• ื›ืš ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•.
07:24
As more data started to come in from other teams,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
07:27
they were reporting different numbers.
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ื”ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:29
Why is it the more we learn about something,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•,
07:31
the harder it gets to interpret?
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ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•?
07:34
Well, it turns out that 'Oumuamua is not rotating in a simple way.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
07:38
It's wobbling like a top.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื•ื“ื“ ื›ืžื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืŸ.
07:40
So while it is rotating around its short axis,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื—ื’ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœื•,
07:43
it's also rolling around the long axis
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœื•
07:46
and nodding up and down.
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ื•ืžืชื ื“ื ื“ ืžืขืœื” ืžื˜ื”.
07:48
This very energetic, excited motion
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
07:51
is almost certainly the result of it being violently tossed
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ื”ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคืœื˜ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
07:55
out of its home solar system.
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ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื•.
07:58
Now how we interpret the shape from its brightness
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ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฆื•ืจืชื• ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื•
08:01
depends very critically on how it's spinning,
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื•,
08:04
so now we have to rethink what it may look like,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช,
08:07
and as shown in this beautiful painting by space artist Bill Hartmann,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื™ืคื” ื–ื” ืžืืช ืืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืจื˜ืžืŸ,
08:10
we think that 'Oumuamua may be more of a flattened oval.
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ืื ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ืžื” ืœืืœื™ืคืกื” ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื”.
08:15
So let's get back to the energetics.
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื” ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืงื”.
08:17
What is it made of?
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ืžืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™?
08:19
Well, ideally we would love to have a piece of 'Oumuamua
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืื™ื“ืืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืžืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื”
08:22
into the laboratory, so we could study it in detail.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืขื•ืžืง.
08:26
But since even private industry can't manage to launch
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉื’ืจ
08:29
a spacecraft within a week
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ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข
08:31
to something like this,
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ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”,
08:33
astronomers have to rely on remote observations.
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื•ืง.
08:36
So astronomers will look at how the light interacts with the surface.
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืฆืคื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืื•ืจ ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžืคื ื™-ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
08:40
Some colors may get absorbed, giving it a chemical fingerprint,
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ื›ืžื” ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื™ื‘ืœืขื•, ื•ื™ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื• ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช-ืืฆื‘ืข ื›ื™ืžื™ืช,
08:44
whereas other colors may not.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื.
08:46
On the other hand, some substances may just reflect more blue
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ
08:51
or red light efficiently.
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ืื• ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
08:53
In the case of 'Oumuamua, it reflected more red light,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื,
08:57
making it look very much like the organic rich surface of the comet recently visited
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคื ื™-ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ืฉื–ื›ื”
09:02
by the Rosetta spacecraft.
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ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืจื•ื–ื˜ื”.
09:04
But not everything that looks reddish has the same composition.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืื“ืžื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื›ื‘.
09:09
In fact, minerals that have tiny little bits of iron in the surface
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืคื ื™-ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ
09:13
can also look red,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื™ื,
09:15
as does the dark side of Saturn's moon Iapetus,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืืคืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื— ื”ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ืื™ืืคื˜ื•ืก,
09:17
shown in these images from the Cassini spacecraft.
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ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืงืืกื™ื ื™.
09:21
Nickel-iron meteorites, in other words, metal,
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ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื ื™ืงืœ-ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžืชื›ืช,
09:23
can also look red.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื™ื.
09:26
So while we don't know what's on the surface,
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ื›ืš, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™-ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
09:28
we know even less about what's on the inside.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืคื ื™ืžื”.
09:32
However, we do know that it must at least be strong enough
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง
09:35
to not fly apart as it rotates,
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ืœื ืœื”ืชืคืจืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื•,
09:37
so it probably has a density similar to that of rocky asteroids;
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื ืจืื” ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืชื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืกืœืขื™ื™ื;
09:41
perhaps even denser, like metal.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืคื•ืฃ, ื›ืžื• ืžืชื›ืช.
09:45
Well, at the very least, I want to show you
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
09:47
one of the beautiful color images that we got
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ืื—ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื•
09:49
from one of the ground-based telescopes.
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ืžืื—ื“ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
09:52
All right, I admit, it's not all that spectacular.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื›ื–ื• ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื”.
09:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:56
We just don't have the resolution.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
09:59
Even Hubble Space Telescope
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ
10:01
doesn't present a much better view.
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ืœื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
10:04
But the importance of the Hubble data was not because of the images,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•,
10:07
but because it extended our observations out
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ืืœื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
10:10
to two and a half months from the discovery,
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ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™,
10:12
meaning we get more positions along the orbit,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ,
10:15
which will hopefully let us figure out where 'Oumuamua came from.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื” ื”ื’ื™ืข.
10:21
So what exactly is 'Oumuamua?
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ืื–ื• ืžื”ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื”?
10:25
We firmly believe it's likely to be a leftover archaeological remnant
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ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืืจื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”
10:30
from the process of the birth of another planetary system,
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ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืฉ ืื—ืจืช,
10:34
some celestial driftwood.
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ืคื™ืกืช ืกื—ื•ืคืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื™ืช.
10:36
Some scientists think that maybe 'Oumuamua formed
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ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื” ื ื•ืฆืจ
10:40
very close to a star that was much denser than our own,
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ืžืื•ื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืคื•ืฃ ืžืฉืœื ื•,
10:43
and the star's tidal forces shredded planetary material
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ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืงื™ืœืคื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื
10:47
early in the solar system's history.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
10:49
Still others suggest that maybe this is something that formed
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ืฆืจ
10:53
during the death throes of a star,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
10:55
perhaps during a supernova explosion,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”,
10:58
as planetary material got shredded.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื ื’ืจืก.
11:02
Whatever it is, we believe it's a natural object,
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”, ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆื ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
11:05
but we can't actually prove that it's not something artificial.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™.
11:10
The color, the strange shape, the tumbling motion
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ื”ืฆื‘ืข, ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื”, ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžืชื ื•ื“ื“ืช,
11:14
could all have other explanations.
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ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจืช.
11:16
Now while we don't believe this is alien technology,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ืช,
11:20
why not do the obvious experiment and search for a radio signal?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืชื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื•?
11:25
That's exactly what the Breakthrough Listen project did,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื–ื ื”"ื”ืื–ื ื” ืคื•ืจืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš" ืขืฉื”,
11:28
but so far, 'Oumuamua has remained completely quiet.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื” ื ืฉืืจ ื“ื•ืžื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
11:33
Now could we send a spacecraft to 'Oumuamua
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ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื’ืจ ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื”
11:35
and answer this question once and for all?
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ื•ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื•ืœืชืžื™ื“?
11:38
Yes, we do actually have the technology,
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ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
11:40
but it would be a long and expensive voyage,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืข ืืจื•ืš ื•ื™ืงืจ,
11:42
and we would get there so far from the Sun
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ื•ืื ื• ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื›ื–ื” ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ
11:45
that the final approach trajectory would be very difficult.
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ืฉืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”.
11:49
So I think 'Oumuamua probably has many more things to teach us,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœืื•ืžื•ืืžื•ืื” ื™ืฉ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื•,
11:54
and in fact there might be more surprises in store
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื”
11:57
as scientists such as myself continue to work with the data.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
12:02
More importantly, I think this visitor from afar
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืื•ืจื— ื–ื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง
12:05
has really brought home the point that our solar system isn't isolated.
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ื—ื™ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช.
12:10
We're part of a much larger environment,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
12:13
and in fact, we may even be surrounded by interstellar visitors
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื™ื
12:18
and not even know it.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช.
12:20
This unexpected gift
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ืžืชื ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ื–ื•
12:22
has perhaps raised more questions than its provided answers,
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ื”ืขืœืชื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืกื™ืคืงื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช,
12:26
but we were the first to say hello to a visitor from another solar system.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื•ื ืœืื•ืจื— ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืฉ ืื—ืจืช.
12:32
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
12:33
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:42
Jedidah Isler: Thanks, Karen.
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ื’'ื“ื™ื“ื” ืื™ื™ืกืœืจ: ืชื•ื“ื”, ืงืืจืŸ.
12:44
I of course enjoyed that talk very much. Thank you.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื ื”ื ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืจืฆืื” ื–ื•. ืชื•ื“ื”
12:46
As I recall, we found it pretty late in its journey towards us.
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ืœืคื™ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื™, ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื“ื™ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืžืกืขื• ืืœื™ื ื•.
12:50
Will future technologies like the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope
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ื”ืื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื›ืžื• ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืกืจื™ืงื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”
12:54
help us detect these things sooner?
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ื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื?
12:56
Karen Meech: Yeah. We're hoping that we'll start to see a lot of these things,
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ืงืืจืŸ ืžื™ืฅ': ื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
13:00
and ideally, you'd love to find one as it's approaching the Sun,
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ื•ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืฉื ืข ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
13:03
because you want to have time to do all the science,
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ื›ื™ ื ื“ืจืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช,
13:07
or even more ideal,
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
13:08
you'd get a spacecraft ready to go,
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ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ,
13:10
parked somewhere in the L4 or L5 position,
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ืฉื—ื•ื ื” ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช L4 ืื• L5,
13:13
somewhere near Earth,
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืืจืฅ,
13:14
so that when something comes by, you can chase it.
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•.
13:17
JI: Awesome, thanks so much. Let's thank Karen again.
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ื’'.ื.: ื ื”ื“ืจ, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. ื”ื‘ื” ื ื•ื“ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงืืจืŸ.
13:20
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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