Where are all the aliens? | Stephen Webb

4,473,507 views ใƒป 2018-08-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Bat-Chen Dancziger ืขืจื™ื›ื”: yael ring
00:13
I saw a UFO once.
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืขื‘"ื ืคืขื.
00:15
I was eight or nine,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื• ืชืฉืข,
00:17
playing in the street with a friend who was a couple of years older,
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ืฉื™ื—ืงืชื™ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
00:20
and we saw a featureless silver disc hovering over the houses.
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ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ื“ื™ืกืงื” ื›ืกื•ืคื” ื•ื—ืกืจืช ืฆื•ืจื”, ืžืจื—ืคืช ืžืขืœ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื.
00:25
We watched it for a few seconds,
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ืฆืคื™ื ื• ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
00:27
and then it shot away incredibly quickly.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืขื•ืคืคื” ื”ืจื—ืง ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
00:30
Even as a kid,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื™ืœื“ ื›ืขืกืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชืขืœืžื” ืžื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
00:31
I got angry it was ignoring the laws of physics.
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00:35
We ran inside to tell the grown-ups,
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ืจืฆื ื• ืคื ื™ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
00:37
and they were skeptical --
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืกืคืงื ื™ื™ื --
00:39
you'd be skeptical too, right?
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ืืชื ื’ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืš, ืœื?
ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:42
I got my own back a few years later:
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00:43
one of those grown-ups told me,
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ื›ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™,
00:45
"Last night I saw a flying saucer.
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"ืืชืžื•ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฆืœื—ืช ืžืขื•ืคืคืช.
00:47
I was coming out of the pub after a few drinks."
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"ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืžื”ืคืื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืงืื•ืช."
00:49
I stopped him there. I said, "I can explain that sighting."
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ืขืฆืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื. ืืžืจืชื™, "ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจืื”."
00:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:53
Psychologists have shown we can't trust our brains
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ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•
00:56
to tell the truth.
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ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืืžืช.
00:57
It's easy to fool ourselves.
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ืงืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•.
00:59
I saw something,
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ืื ื™ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื•,
01:01
but what's more likely --
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ --
01:02
that I saw an alien spacecraft,
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ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ืช,
01:04
or that my brain misinterpreted the data my eyes were giving it?
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ืื• ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ืคื™ืจืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™?
01:10
Ever since though I've wondered:
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ืžืื– ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื”:
01:11
Why don't we see flying saucers flitting around?
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ืœืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืคืคื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘?
01:14
At the very least,
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช,
ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก?
01:16
why don't we see life out there in the cosmos?
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01:18
It's a puzzle,
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ื–ื• ื—ื™ื“ื”,
01:20
and I've discussed it with dozens of experts
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ื•ืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื” ืขื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื
01:22
from different disciplines over the past three decades.
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ืžื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
01:25
And there's no consensus.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืจื—ื‘ื”.
01:27
Frank Drake began searching for alien signals back in 1960 --
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ืคืจื ืง ื“ืจื™ื™ืง ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1960 --
01:32
so far, nothing.
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ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ืžืฆืื• ื›ืœื•ื.
01:34
And with each passing year,
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ื•ืขื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ื•ืœืคืช,
01:35
this nonobservation,
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ื”ืื™-ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”,
01:37
this lack of evidence for any alien activity gets more puzzling
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ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžื‘ืœื‘ืœืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:42
because we should see them, shouldn't we?
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื, ืœื?
01:47
The universe is 13.8 billion years old,
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืŸ 13.8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:50
give or take.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:52
If we represent the age of the universe by one year,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช,
01:55
then our species came into being about 12 minutes before midnight,
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ืื– ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืฆื•ืช
02:00
31st December.
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืื—ืช ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ.
02:02
Western civilization has existed for a few seconds.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืžื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
02:05
Extraterrestrial civilizations could have started in the summer months.
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ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืงื™ืฅ.
02:10
Imagine a summer civilization
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื™ืช ืงื™ืฅ.
02:13
developing a level of technology more advanced than ours,
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ืžืคืชื—ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืฉืœื ื•,
02:17
but tech based on accepted physics though,
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
02:19
I'm not talking wormholes or warp drives -- whatever --
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืœืขืช ืื• ืžื ื•ืขื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืช -- ืœื ืžืฉื ื” --
02:23
just an extrapolation of the sort of tech that TED celebrates.
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ืจืง ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉ-TED ืžืงื“ืžืช.
02:28
That civilization could program self-replicating probes
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ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืคืชื— ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื™
02:32
to visit every planetary system in the galaxy.
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ืฉื™ื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
02:35
If they launched the first probes just after midnight one August day,
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ืื ื”ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื—ืจื™ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืื—ื“,
02:41
then before breakfast same day,
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ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื,
02:43
they could have colonized the galaxy.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
02:46
Intergalactic colonization isn't much more difficult,
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ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืงืฉื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
02:49
it just takes longer.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื•ืงื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ.
02:51
A civilization from any one of millions of galaxies
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ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช
02:54
could have colonized our galaxy.
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ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:56
Seems far-fetched?
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ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื ื™ื—?
02:58
Maybe it is,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
02:59
but wouldn't aliens engage in some recognizable activity --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ืจืื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ --
03:05
put worldlets around a star to capture free sunlight,
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ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™-ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ,
03:09
collaborate on a Wikipedia Galactica,
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขืœ ื”"ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ืงื”",
03:12
or just shout out to the universe, "We're here"?
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ืื• ืกืชื ืฆื•ืขืงื™ื ืืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื, "ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ!"?
03:16
So where is everybody?
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ืื– ืื™ืคื” ื›ื•ืœื?
03:18
It's a puzzle because we do expect these civilizations to exist, don't we?
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ื–ื• ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:24
After all, there could be a trillion planets in the galaxy --
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” --
03:27
maybe more.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:29
You don't need any special knowledge to consider this question,
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ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
03:34
and I've explored it with lots of people over the years.
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ื•ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื.
03:37
And I've found they often frame their thinking
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ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืžืกื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื
03:40
in terms of the barriers that would need to be cleared
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื
03:44
if a planet is to host a communicative civilization.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืื›ืœืก ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžืชืงืฉืจืช.
03:49
And they usually identify four key barriers.
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื.
03:52
Habitability --
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืจืื•ื”ื™ ืœืžื—ื™ื™ื” --
03:54
that's the first barrier.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
03:55
We need a terrestrial planet in that just right "Goldilocks zone,"
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ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžืชืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื,
04:00
where water flows as a liquid.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ื ื•ื–ืœ.
04:03
They're out there.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื”.
04:04
In 2016, astronomers confirmed there's a planet in the habitable zone
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ื‘ 2016, ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืื™ืฉืจื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื—ื™ื™ื”
04:09
of the closest star,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:10
Proxima Centauri --
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ืคืจื•ืงืกื™ืžื” ืกื ื˜ืื•ืจื™ --
04:12
so close that Breakthrough Starshot project plans to send probes there.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืžื™ื–ื "ืกื˜ืืจืฉื•ื˜" ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืฉื ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
04:17
We'd become a starfaring species.
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ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื’ื–ืข ืฉืžืชื™ื™ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
04:21
But not all worlds are habitable.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžื—ื™ื™ื”.
ื—ืœืงื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื•ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆืœื•,
04:23
Some will be too close to a star and they'll fry,
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04:25
some will be too far away and they'll freeze.
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ื—ืœืงื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื•ื™ืงืคืื•.
04:28
Abiogenesis --
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ืื‘ื™ื•ื’ื ืกื™ืก --
ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืขื“ืจ-ื—ื™ื™ื --
04:30
the creation of life from nonlife --
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04:31
that's the second barrier.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.
04:34
The basic building blocks of life aren't unique to Earth:
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ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ:
04:37
amino acids have been found in comets,
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ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜,
04:40
complex organic molecules in interstellar dust clouds,
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื ื™ ืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™,
04:43
water in exoplanetary systems.
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ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
04:47
The ingredients are there,
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ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื,
04:48
we just don't know how they combine to create life,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื,
04:51
and presumably there will be worlds on which life doesn't start.
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:55
The development of technological civilization is a third barrier.
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
05:00
Some say we already share our planet with alien intelligences.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื•ืช.
05:05
A 2011 study showed that elephants can cooperate to solve problems.
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืž-2011 ืžืจืื” ืฉืคื™ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
05:10
A 2010 study showed
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืž-2010 ื”ืจืื”
05:12
that an octopus in captivity can recognize different humans.
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ืฉืชืžื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
05:17
2017 studies show that ravens can plan for future events --
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืž-2017 ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืœืงืจืืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื --
05:21
wonderful, clever creatures --
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ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื, ื—ื›ืžื™ื --
05:24
but they can't contemplate the Breakthrough Starshot project,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื™ื–ื ื›ืžื• "ืกื˜ืืจืฉื•ื˜",
05:27
and if we vanished today,
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
05:29
they wouldn't go on to implement Breakthrough Starshot --
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืžืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื”ื–ื”.
05:32
why should they?
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ืœืžื” ืœื”ื?
05:33
Evolution doesn't have space travel as an end goal.
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ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”, ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช.
05:37
There will be worlds where life doesn't give rise to advanced technology.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ืคืชื—ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช.
05:43
Communication across space -- that's a fourth barrier.
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ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ -- ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™.
05:45
Maybe advanced civilizations choose to explore inner space
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ืื•ืœื™ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™
05:49
rather than outer space,
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ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ,
05:52
or engineer at small distances rather than large.
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ืื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
05:56
Or maybe they just don't want to risk an encounter
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ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ
05:59
with a potentially more advanced and hostile neighbor.
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ืขื ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:03
There'll be worlds where, for whatever reason,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
06:05
civilizations either stay silent or don't spend long trying to communicate.
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ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ืฉืงื˜ ืื• ืœื ื™ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชืงืฉืจ.
06:12
As for the height of the barriers,
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ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ,
06:14
your guess is as good as anyone's.
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ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื›ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ.
06:18
In my experience,
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ืœืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™, ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
06:19
when people sit down and do the math,
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06:21
they typically conclude there are thousands of civilizations in the galaxy.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืืœืคื™ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
06:27
But then we're back to the puzzle: Where is everybody?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืชื” ื—ื™ื“ื”: ืื™ืคื” ื›ื•ืœื?
ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ืขื‘"ืžื™ื -- ื›ื•ืœืœ ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจืื™ืชื™ --
06:32
By definition,
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06:33
UFOs -- including the one I saw --
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06:35
are unidentified.
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ื”ื ืขืฆืžื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื.
06:37
We can't simply infer they're spacecraft.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืฉื”ื ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช.
06:40
You can still have some fun playing with the idea aliens are here.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืขืฉืข ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื.
06:45
Some say a summer civilization did colonize the galaxy
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ื—ืœืง ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื™ืช ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”
06:48
and seeded Earth with life ...
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ื•ื–ืจืขื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ...
06:51
others, that we're living in a cosmic wilderness preserve --
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืข ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช, ื‘ื’ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช.
06:54
a zoo.
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06:56
Yet others --
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื --
06:58
that we're living in a simulation.
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ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื”.
07:00
Programmers just haven't revealed the aliens yet.
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ื”ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื˜ืจื ื—ืฉืคื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื.
07:03
Most of my colleagues though argue that E.T. is out there,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ืฉืื™-ื˜ื™ ืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืื™-ืฉื,
07:08
we just need to keep looking,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ืคืฉ,
07:09
and this makes sense.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
07:11
Space is vast.
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ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆื•ื.
07:13
Identifying a signal is hard,
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•ืช,
07:15
and we haven't been looking that long.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
07:19
Without doubt, we should spend more on the search.
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ืœืœื ืกืคืง, ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื.
07:22
It's about understanding our place in the universe.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
07:25
It's too important a question to ignore.
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ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื”.
07:29
But there's an obvious answer:
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”:
07:31
we're alone.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื“.
07:33
It's just us.
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ืจืง ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
07:34
There could be a trillion planets in the galaxy.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
07:38
Is it plausible we're the only creatures capable of contemplating this question?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืื ื• ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•?
07:43
Well, yes, because in this context,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”,
07:46
we don't know whether a trillion is a big number.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
07:50
In 2000, Peter Ward and Don Brownlee proposed the Rare Earth idea.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ื”ืขืœื• ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื•ื•ืจื“ ื•ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ื ืœื™ ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ "ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื ื“ื™ืจ".
07:55
Remember those four barriers
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื
07:57
that people use to estimate the number of civilizations?
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช?
08:01
Ward and Brownlee said there might be more.
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ื•ื•ืจื“ ื•ื‘ืจืื•ื ืœื™ ืืžืจื• ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
08:03
Let's look at one possible barrier.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืื—ื“.
08:05
It's a recent suggestion by David Waltham,
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ื–ื• ื”ืฆืขื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืœืชื”ื, ื’ื™ืื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™.
08:08
a geophysicist.
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08:10
This is my very simplified version
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ื–ื• ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžืคื•ืฉื˜ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ื‘.
08:12
of Dave's much more sophisticated argument.
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08:16
We are able to be here now
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
08:18
because Earth's previous inhabitants enjoyed
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
08:20
four billion years of good weather --
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ื ื”ื ื• ืž-4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ --
08:23
ups and downs but more or less clement.
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ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ื•ื— ื‘ืขืจืš.
08:26
But long-term climate stability is strange,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืงืœื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”,
08:29
if only because astronomical influences
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ื•ืœื• ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ืื• ืœืฆืœื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช.
08:31
can push a planet towards freezing or frying.
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08:36
There's a hint our moon has helped,
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืœื ื• ืขื–ืจ,
08:38
and that's interesting
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
08:40
because the prevailing theory is
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ื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืจื— ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืฉืชื™ืื”,
08:42
that the moon came into being when Theia,
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08:44
a body the size of Mars,
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ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื,
08:46
crashed into a newly formed Earth.
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ื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื ื•ืฆืจ.
08:49
The outcome of that crash could have been a quite different Earth-Moon system.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืฉ-ื™ืจื— ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
08:54
We ended up with a large moon
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ืื ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื™ืจื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
08:56
and that permitted Earth to have both a stable axial tilt
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ื ื ื˜ื™ื” ืฆื™ืจื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”
09:00
and a slow rotation rate.
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ื•ื’ื ืงืฆื‘ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื™ื˜ื™.
09:03
Both factors influence climate
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
09:05
and the suggestion is that they've helped moderate climate change.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœืžืชืŸ ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
09:09
Great for us, right?
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ืžืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•, ืœื?
09:11
But Waltham showed that if the moon were just a few miles bigger,
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ืื‘ืœ ื•ื•ืœืชื”ืื ื”ืจืื” ืฉืื ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืจืง ื‘ื›ืžื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
09:15
things would be different.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
09:16
Earth's spin axis would now wander chaotically.
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ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ืชื” ืื– ืืงืจืื™ืช.
09:20
There'd be episodes of rapid climate change --
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ื”ื™ื• ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื --
09:23
not good for complex life.
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ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
09:25
The moon is just the right size:
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ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ:
09:27
big but not too big.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™.
09:30
A "Goldilocks" moon around a "Goldilocks" planet --
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ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ื” --
09:33
a barrier perhaps.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ.
09:35
You can imagine more barriers.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
09:37
For instance,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
09:38
simple cells came into being billions of years ago ...
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ืชืื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื...
09:42
but perhaps the development of complex life
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
09:45
needed a series of unlikely events.
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ื“ืจืฉื” ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื.
09:48
Once life on Earth had access to multicellularity
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืœื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืจื‘-ืชืื™ื•ืช
09:51
and sophisticated genetic structures,
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ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื,
09:53
and sex,
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ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ,
09:54
new opportunities opened up:
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ื ืคืชื—ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช:
09:56
animals became possible.
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ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:58
But maybe it's the fate of many planets
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื•ืจืœื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื”
10:01
for life to settle at the level of simple cells.
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ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืจืžื” ืชืื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
10:06
Purely for the purposes of illustration,
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ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื”,
10:09
let me suggest four more barriers to add to the four
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
10:12
that people said blocked the path to communicative civilization.
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ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื™ืžื ืขื• ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžืชืงืฉืจืช.
10:17
Again, purely for the purposes of illustration,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื”,
10:21
suppose there's a one-in-a-thousand chance of making it across each of the barriers.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืืœืฃ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื.
10:25
Of course there might be different ways of navigating the barriers,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื,
10:28
and some chances will be better than one in a thousand.
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื—ื“ ืœืืœืฃ.
10:31
Equally, there might be more barriers
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”, ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
10:33
and some chances might be one in a million.
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
10:35
Let's just see what happens in this picture.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืจืื” ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”.
10:39
If the galaxy contains a trillion planets,
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ืื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช,
10:41
how many will host a civilization capable of contemplating like us
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื™ืืจื—ื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžื•ื ื•
10:47
projects such as Breakthrough Starshot?
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ืขืœ ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืกื˜ืืจืฉื•ื˜"?
10:50
Habitability --
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืžื—ื™ื™ื” --
10:51
right sort of planet around the right sort of star --
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืžืฉ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ --
10:54
the trillion becomes a billion.
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ื”ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
10:56
Stability --
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ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช --
10:58
a climate that stays benign for eons --
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ืืงืœื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขื™ื“ื ื™ื --
11:01
the billion becomes a million.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
11:03
Life must start --
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ --
11:05
the million becomes a thousand.
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ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืืœืฃ.
11:07
Complex life forms must arise --
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ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืฅ --
11:10
the thousand becomes one.
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ื”ืืœืฃ ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืื—ื“.
11:12
Sophisticated tool use must develop --
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื›ืœื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื --
11:14
that's one planet in a thousand galaxies.
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืื—ื“ ื‘ืืœืฃ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
11:17
To understand the universe,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
11:19
they'll have to develop the techniques of science and mathematics --
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช --
ื–ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
11:22
that's one planet in a million galaxies.
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11:24
To reach the stars, they'll have to be social creatures,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื,
ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™
11:27
capable of discussing abstract concepts with each other
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11:29
using complex grammar --
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ --
11:31
one planet in a billion galaxies.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
11:35
And they have to avoid disaster --
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืืกื•ื ื•ืช --
11:36
not just self-inflicted but from the skies, too.
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ืœื ืจืง ื›ืืœื” ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืืœื ื’ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื.
11:40
That planet around Proxima Centauri,
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืคืจื•ืงืกื™ืžื” ืกื ื˜ืื•ืจื™,
11:43
last year it got blasted by a flare.
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ืขืœื” ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”.
11:47
One planet in a trillion galaxies,
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืื—ื“ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
11:49
just as in the visible universe.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ืจืื”.
11:54
I think we're alone.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื“.
11:57
Those colleagues of mine who agree we're alone
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ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืฉืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืœื‘ื“
11:59
often see a barrier ahead --
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืžืฆืคื™ื ืœื ื• --
12:02
bioterror,
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ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
12:04
global warming, war.
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ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ืžืœื—ืžื”.
12:06
A universe that's silent
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ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื“ืžืžื”,
12:09
because technology itself forms the barrier
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ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ
12:12
to the development of a truly advanced civilization.
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ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื‘ืืžืช.
12:16
Depressing, right?
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ืžื“ื›ื, ืœื?
12:19
I'm arguing the exact opposite.
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ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš.
12:22
I grew up watching "Star Trek" and "Forbidden Planet,"
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ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘"ืžืกืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื" ื•ื‘"ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ื“"
12:25
and I saw a UFO once,
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ื•ืคืขื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืขื‘"ื.
12:26
so this idea of cosmic loneliness I certainly find slightly wistful.
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ืื– ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืขื’ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™.
12:34
But for me,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™,
12:36
the silence of the universe is shouting,
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ื”ื“ืžืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฆื•ืขืงืช:
12:38
"We're the creatures who got lucky."
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ.
12:40
All barriers are behind us.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•.
12:42
We're the only species that's cleared them --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื --
12:45
the only species capable of determining its own destiny.
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ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื—ืจื•ืฅ ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื•.
12:49
And if we learn to appreciate how special our planet is,
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ื•ืื ื ืœืžื“ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
12:53
how important it is to look after our home
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ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื,
12:56
and to find others,
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12:57
how incredibly fortunate we all are simply to be aware of the universe,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื–ืœ ืœื-ื™ื™ืืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื™ืงื•ื,
13:02
humanity might survive for a while.
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ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื”.
13:05
And all those amazing things
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื—ืœืžื ื• ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืขืฉื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
13:06
we dreamed aliens might have done in the past,
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13:09
that could be our future.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื•.
13:11
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
13:12
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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