Robert Ballard: Exploring the ocean's hidden worlds

97,662 views ใƒป 2008-05-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Avishai Abbo ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:18
The first question is this.
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื•.
00:20
Our country has two exploration programs.
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
00:23
One is NASA, with a mission to explore the great beyond,
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ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื ืืก"ื ืขื ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืขื‘ืจ,
00:28
to explore the heavens, which we all want to go to if we're lucky.
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ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ืœืฉื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืจืฆื” ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื–ืœ.
00:31
And you can see we have Sputnik, and we have Saturn,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคื” ืกืคื•ื˜ื ื™ืง, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคื” ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืื˜ื•ืจืŸ
00:34
and we have other manifestations of space exploration.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ.
00:38
Well, there's also another program,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืชื›ื ื™ืช
00:40
in another agency within our government, in ocean exploration.
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ื‘ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืื—ืจืช, ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื™.
00:43
It's in NOAA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื ื•ื"ื, ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
00:47
And my question is this: "why are we ignoring the oceans?"
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื–ื• -- "ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื?"
00:53
Here's the reason, or not the reason, but here's why I ask that question.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”, ืื• ืœื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืืœื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”.
00:57
If you compare NASA's annual budget to explore the heavens,
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ืื ืชืฉื•ื• ืืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ,
01:02
that one-year budget would fund NOAA's budget
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ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ื ื•ื"ื
01:06
to explore the oceans for 1,600 years.
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ืœ-1600 ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื™.
01:11
Why? Why are we looking up? Is it because it's heaven?
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ืœืžื”? ืœืžื” ืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืœื”?
01:16
And hell is down here? Is it a cultural issue?
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”? ื”ืื ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™?
01:19
Why are people afraid of the ocean?
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ื•ืœืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื?
01:21
Or do they just assume the ocean is just a dark, gloomy place
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื—ืฉื•ืš ื•ืืคืœื•ืœื™
01:27
that has nothing to offer?
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข?
01:29
I'm going to take you on a 16-minute trip on 72 percent of the planet, so buckle up.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืœืžืกืข ื‘ืŸ 16 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœ-72 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื– ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชื—ื’ืจื•.
01:35
OK. And what we're going to do
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื”,
01:37
is we're going to immerse ourselves in my world.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื™.
01:39
And what I'm going to try -- I hope I make the following points.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช -- ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
01:42
I'm going to make it right now in case I forget.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืื ื™ ืืฉื›ื— --
01:45
Everything I'm going to present to you
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ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื
01:47
was not in my textbooks when I went to school.
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ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ.
01:50
And most of all, it was not even in my college textbooks.
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ื• ืื ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”.
01:54
I'm a geophysicist, and all my Earth science books when I was a student --
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ืื ื™ ื’ื™ืื•ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ ื•ื›ืœ ืกืคืจื™ ืžื“ืขื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื™ ื›ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜,
01:59
I had to give the wrong answer to get an A.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืžืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ "ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“".
02:03
We used to ridicule continental drift. It was something we laughed at.
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ื ื”ื’ื ื• ืœืœืขื•ื’ ืœื ื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฆื—ืงื ื• ืขืœื™ื•.
02:06
We learned of Marshall Kay's geosynclinal cycle, which is a bunch of crap.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžื“ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืกื™ื ืงืœื™ื ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืจืฉืœ ืงื™ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืจื™ืžืช ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:09
In today's context, it was a bunch of crap,
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื• ืขืจื™ืžืช ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช,
02:12
but it was the law of geology, vertical tectonics.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืงื” ืื ื›ื™ืช.
02:15
All the things we're going to walk through
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื
02:17
in our explorations and discoveries of the oceans
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ื‘ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื
02:20
were mostly discoveries made by accident.
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžืงืจื”.
02:24
Mostly discoveries made by accident.
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ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช.
02:26
We were looking for something and found something else.
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ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ื“, ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
02:29
And everything we're going to talk about
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•
02:31
represents a one tenth of one percent glimpse, because that's all we've seen.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ (ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก), ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจืื™ื ื•.
02:37
I have a characterization.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื™ื•ืจ.
02:39
This is a characterization of what it would look like if you could remove the water.
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ื–ื” ืื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื™ืจืื” ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื.
02:43
It gives you the false impression it's a map.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช ืฉื–ื• ืžืคื”.
02:45
It is not a map.
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ื–ื• ืœื ืžืคื”.
02:47
In fact, I have another version at my office
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื™
02:50
and I ask people, "Why are there mountains here, on this area here,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, "ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื ืคื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
02:55
but there are none over here?" And they go, "Well, gee,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื?" ื•ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื ื•, ืชืจืื”,
02:58
I don't know," saying,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข," ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
03:00
"Is it a fracture zone? Is it a hot spot?"
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"ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืจื”? ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื—ืžื”?"
03:02
No, no, that's the only place a ship's been.
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ืœื, ืœื, ื–ื” ืจืง ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื•.
03:06
Most of the southern hemisphere is unexplored.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืœื ืžืžื•ืคื”.
03:09
We had more exploration ships down there
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ
03:12
during Captain Cook's time than now. It's amazing.
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงืคื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืง ืžืืฉืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
03:15
All right. So we're going to immerse ourselves
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉืงื•ืข
03:18
in the 72 percent of the planet because, you know,
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ื‘-72 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื’ืœืœ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
03:21
it's really naive to think that the Easter Bunny
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืชืžื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืืจื ื‘ ื”ืคืกื—ื
03:25
put all the resources on the continents.
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ืฉื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
03:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:30
You know, it's just ludicrous.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื’ื•ื—ืš.
03:33
We are always, constantly playing the zero sum game.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื—ืง ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก.
03:38
You know, we're going to do this, we're going to take it away from something else.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื–ื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
03:41
I believe in just enriching the economy.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
03:43
And we're leaving so much on the table, 72 percent of the planet.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, 72 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:47
And as I will point out later in the presentation,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืฆื’ืช,
03:49
50 percent of the United States of America lies beneath the sea.
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50 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื™ื.
03:55
50 percent of our country that we own, have all legal jurisdiction,
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50 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื ื•, ืฉื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•,
03:58
have all rights to do whatever we want, lies beneath the sea
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื ืžื” ืฉื ืจืฆื”, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื™ื
04:01
and we have better maps of Mars than that 50 percent.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืคื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ืžืฉืœ 50 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:05
Why? OK. Now, I began my explorations the hard way.
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ืœืžื”? ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฉื”.
04:13
Back then -- actually my first expedition
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื• -- ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™
04:15
was when I was 17 years old. It was 49 years ago.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 17. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ 49 ืฉื ื™ื.
04:18
Do the math, I'm 66. And I went out to sea on a Scripps ship
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ืชืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื‘ืŸ 66. ื•ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืงืจื™ืคืก (ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ืžื™)
04:22
and we almost got sunk by a giant rogue wave,
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื ื• ืชื—ืช ื’ืœ ืื™ืžืชื ื™,
04:26
and I was too young to be -- you know, I thought it was great!
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื›ื“ื™ -- ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ!
04:28
I was a body surfer and I thought, "Wow, that was an incredible wave!"
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื’ื•ืœืฉ ืœืœื ื’ืœืฉืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, "ื•ื•ืื•, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ืœ ืื“ื™ืจ!"
04:31
And we almost sank the ship, but I became enraptured
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื ื• ืขื ื”ืื ื™ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืงืกืžืชื™
04:35
with mounting expeditions. And over the last 49 years,
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ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ. ื•ื‘-49 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
04:38
I've done about 120, 121 -- I keep doing them -- expeditions.
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ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœื‘ืขืจืš 120, 121 -- ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฆืืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ -- ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช.
04:42
But in the early days, the only way I could get to the bottom
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืจื“ืช ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช (ื”ื™ื)
04:45
was to crawl into a submarine, a very small submarine,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื–ื—ื•ืœ ืœืชื•ืš ืฆื•ืœืœืช, ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืื•ื“,
04:48
and go down to the bottom.
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ื•ืœืจื“ืช ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช.
04:50
I dove in a whole series of different deep diving submersibles.
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ืฆืœืœืชื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœืฆืœื™ืœื” ืขืžื•ืงื”.
04:52
Alvin and Sea Cliff and Cyana,
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ืืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฆื•ืง ื™ื ื•ืงื™ืื ื”,
04:54
and all the major deep submersibles we have, which are about eight.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืžื•ื ื”.
04:58
In fact, on a good day, we might have four or five human beings
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
05:04
at the average depth of the Earth --
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ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ --
05:06
maybe four or five human beings out of whatever billions we've got going.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื•.
05:09
And so it's very difficult to get there, if you do it physically.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืจื ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ืื ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช.
05:12
But I was enraptured, and in my graduate years
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืงืกืžืชื™, ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™
05:18
was the dawn of plate tectonics. And we realized
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช. ื•ื”ื‘ื ื•
05:21
that the greatest mountain range on Earth lies beneath the sea.
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ืฉืจื›ืก ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืžืฆื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื™ื.
05:23
The mid-ocean ridge runs around like the seam on a baseball.
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ื”ืจื›ืก ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื™ ืจืฅ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืžื• ืชืคืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ.
05:26
This is on a Mercator projection.
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ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืžืจืงื˜ื•ืจ.
05:28
But if you were to put it on an equal area projection,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื˜ืœื” ืฉื•ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—,
05:31
you'd see that the mid-ocean ridge covers 23 percent
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืฉื”ืจื›ืก ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื›ืกื” 23 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
05:34
of the Earth's total surface area.
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ืžื›ืœืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:36
Almost a quarter of our planet is a single mountain range
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจื‘ืข ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ืจื›ืก ื”ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“
05:39
and we didn't enter it until after Neil Armstrong
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ื•ืœื ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื ืขื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ืœ ืืจืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’
05:41
and Buzz Aldrin went to the moon.
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ื•ื‘ืื– ืื•ืœื“ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—.
05:43
So we went to the moon, played golf up there,
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ืื– ื˜ืกื ื• ืœื™ืจื—, ืฉื™ื—ืงื ื• ืฉื ื’ื•ืœืฃ,
05:45
before we went to the largest feature on our own planet.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•.
05:50
And our interest in this mountain range, as Earth scientists in those days,
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืจื›ืก ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืื ืฉื™ ืžื“ืขื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•
05:53
was not only because of its tremendous size, dominating the planet,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœื• ืฉื—ื•ืœืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
05:56
but the role it plays in the genesis of the Earth's outer skin.
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ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:59
Because it's along the axis of the mid-ocean ridge
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ืก ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื™
06:01
where the great crustal plates are separating.
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ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื•ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”.
06:03
And like a living organism, you tear it open,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™, ืืชื” ืงื•ืจืข ืื•ืชื•
06:06
it bleeds its molten blood, rises up to heal that wound
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืžื ืืช ื”ื“ื ื”ืžื•ืชืš ืฉืœื•, ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœืจืคื ืืช ื”ืคืฆืข
06:09
from the asthenosphere, hardens, forms new tissue and moves laterally.
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ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืกืชื ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืžืชืงืฉื”, ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืจืงืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื ืข ืื•ืคืงื™ืช.
06:14
But no one had actually gone down
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืจื“ ืœืžื˜ื”
06:16
into the actual site of the boundary of creation as we call it --
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืืชืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• --
06:19
into the Rift Valley -- until a group of seven of us
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืงืข -- ืขื“ ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•
06:21
crawled in our little submarines in the summer of 1973, 1974
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ื–ื—ืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 1973/1974
06:26
and were the first human beings to enter the Great Rift Valley.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื‘ืงืข ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
06:29
We went down into the Rift Valley.
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ื™ืจื“ื ื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืงืข,
06:31
This is all accurate except for one thing -- it's pitch black.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืœืžืขื˜ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ -- ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช.
06:34
It's absolutely pitch black, because
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ื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื—ืฉื•ืš ืžืคื ื™
06:36
photons cannot reach the average depth of the ocean,
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ืฉืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
06:39
which is 12,000 feet. In the Rift Valley, it's 9,000 feet.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›-3.6 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื‘ื‘ืงืข (ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื™) ื”ื•ื 2.7 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
06:42
Most of our planet does not feel the warmth of the sun.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื•ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
06:46
Most of our planet is in eternal darkness.
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ืจื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืจื•ื™ ื‘ืืคื™ืœื” ื ืฆื—ื™ืช.
06:48
And for that reason, you do not have photosynthesis in the deep sea.
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ื•ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื.
06:52
And with the absence of photosynthesis
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ื•ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”
06:54
you have no plant life, and as a result,
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ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš,
06:56
you have very little animal life living in this underworld.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื–ื”.
06:59
Or so we thought. And so in our initial explorations,
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ืื• ื›ืš ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•. ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
07:02
we were totally focused on exploring the boundary of creation,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื”,
07:06
looking at the volcanic features running along that entire 42,000 miles.
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ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืจืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ 67000 ื”ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:12
Running along this entire 42,000 miles
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ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจื›ื ืฉืœ 67000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื
07:15
are tens of thousands of active volcanoes.
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ืคืจื•ืกื™ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื.
07:17
Tens of thousands of active volcanoes.
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื.
07:19
There are more active volcanoes beneath the sea
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื™ื
07:22
than on land by two orders of magnitude.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืกื“ืจื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
07:24
So, it's a phenomenally active region,
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืื–ื•ืจ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
07:26
it's not just a dark, boring place. It's a very alive place.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืงื•ื ืืคืœ ื•ืžืฉืขืžื. ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื™.
07:31
And it's then being ripped open.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ืคืชื— ื•ื ืงืจืข.
07:33
But we were dealing with a particular scientific issue back then.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืกืงื ื• ืื– ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžื“ืขื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื•.
07:36
We couldn't understand why you had a mountain under tension.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืจื™ื ืชื—ืช ืžืืžืฅ ืžืชื™ื—ื”.
07:39
In plate tectonic theory, we knew that if you had plates collide,
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ืžืชื•ืš ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื,
07:42
it made sense: they would crush into one another,
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ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™, ื”ื ื™ื™ืžื—ืฆื• ืื—ื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™,
07:45
you would thicken the crust, you'd uplift it.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืงืจื•ื ื™ืชืขื‘ื”, ื•ื™ื•ืจื.
07:47
That's why you get, you know, you get seashells up on Mount Everest.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆืื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืกื’ืช ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜.
07:50
It's not a flood, it was pushed up there.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืœ, ื”ื ื ื“ื—ืคื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ืœืฉื.
07:52
We understood mountains under compression,
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ื”ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื™ื ืชื—ืช ืžืืžืฅ ืฉืœ ืœื—ื™ืฆื”.
07:54
but we could not understand why we had a mountain under tension.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื™ื ืชื—ืช ืžืืžืฅ ืžืชื™ื—ื”.
07:57
It should not be. Until one of my colleagues said,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช. ืขื“ ืฉืื—ืช ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ืืžืจ,
08:00
"It looks to me like a thermal blister, and the mid-ocean ridge
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"ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ืชืจืžืœื™ืช, ื•ื”ืจื›ืก ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื™
08:02
must be a cooling curve." We said, "Let's go find out."
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืงื•ืžืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ". ืื ื—ื ื• ืืžืจื ื•, "ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฆื ืœื‘ืจืจ."
08:05
We punched a bunch of heat probes. Everything made sense,
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ืคืจืกื ื• ื›ืžื” ื’ืœืื™ ื—ื•ื. ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืกืชื“ืจ,
08:08
except, at the axis, there was missing heat. It was missing heat.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ื—ื•ื. ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื—ืกืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื.
08:11
It was hot. It wasn't hot enough.
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ื”ื™ื” ื—ื. ืœื ื—ื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
08:13
So, we came up with multiple hypotheses:
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ืื– ื”ืขืœื™ื ื• ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
08:15
there's little green people down there taking it;
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืฉื ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
08:17
there's all sorts of things going on.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื.
08:19
But the only logical [explanation] was that there were hot springs.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื.
08:21
So, there must be underwater hot springs.
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ืื– ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื ืชืช ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
08:23
We mounted an expedition to look for the missing heat.
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ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื—ืกืจ.
08:25
And so we went along this mountain range, in an area along Galapagos Rift,
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ื•ื›ืš ืฆืœืœื ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ืจื›ืก ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœืื•ืจืš ื‘ืงืข ื’ืœืคื’ื•ืก,
08:30
and did we find the missing heat.
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืื‘ื•ื“.
08:32
It was amazing. These giant chimneys, huge giant chimneys.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื. ื”ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”. ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืง ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช.
08:36
We went up to them with our submersible.
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ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœื ื•.
08:38
We wanted to get a temperature probe, we stuck it in there,
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžื“ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”, ื•ืชืงืขื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืฉื,
08:40
looked at it -- it pegged off scale.
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ื‘ื• -- ื”ื•ื ืขืฃ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืกืงืืœื”.
08:42
The pilot made this great observation: "That's hot."
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ื”ื ื”ื’ (ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืช) ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”: "ื–ื” ื—ื."
08:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:46
And then we realized our probe was made out of the same stuff --
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ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ื’ืœืื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืžืจ --
08:49
it could have melted. But it turns out the exiting temperature
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ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื ืชืš. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” (ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื)
08:51
was 650 degrees F, hot enough to melt lead.
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ื”ื™ื 340 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก, ื—ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ืš ืขื•ืคืจืช.
08:54
This is what a real one looks like, on the Juan de Fuca Ridge.
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ื›ื›ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืื—ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืจื›ืก ื—ื•ืืŸ ื“ื” ืคื•ืงื”.
08:57
What you're looking at is an incredible pipe organ
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ื’ื‘ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
08:59
of chemicals coming out of the ocean.
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ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
09:01
Everything you see in this picture is commercial grade:
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช --
09:03
copper, lead, silver, zinc and gold.
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ื ื—ื•ืฉืช, ืขื•ืคืจืช, ื›ืกืฃ, ืื‘ืฅ ื•ื–ื”ื‘.
09:05
So the Easter Bunny has put things in the ocean floor,
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ื›ืš ืฉืืจื ื‘ ื”ืคืกื—ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
09:09
and you have massive heavy metal deposits
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืจื‘ืฆื™ ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช
09:11
that we're making in this mountain range.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืก ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
09:13
We're making huge discoveries of large commercial-grade ore
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื‘ืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช
09:16
along this mountain range, but it was dwarfed by what we discovered.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืจื›ืก ื”ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืชื’ืžื“ ืœื™ื“ ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• (ืขื•ื“).
09:20
We discovered a profusion of life,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื
09:22
in a world that it should not exist [in]. Giant tube worms, 10 feet tall.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช. ืชื•ืœืขื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 3 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
09:27
I remember having to use vodka -- my own vodka -- to pickle it
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืงื” -- ื”ื•ื•ื“ืงื” ืฉืœื™ -- ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื”
09:29
because we don't carry formaldehyde.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื• ืœื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื™ืชื ื• ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืŸ.
09:31
We went and found these incredible clam beds
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ื”ืœื›ื ื• ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืฉืฆื“ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:33
sitting on the barren rock. Large clams,
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ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืœืข ื—ืฉื•ืฃ -- ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
09:36
and when we opened them, they didn't look like a clam.
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ื•ื›ืฉืคืชื—ื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืŸ ืœื ื ืจืื• ื›ืžื• ืฆื“ืคื•ืช.
09:39
And when we cut them open, they didn't have the anatomy of a clam.
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ื•ื›ืฉื—ืชื›ื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืคื•ืช.
09:42
No mouth, no gut, no digestive system.
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ืœื ืคื”, ืœื ืžืขื™, ืœื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ.
09:44
Their bodies had been totally taken over
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ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™
09:47
by another organism, a bacterium, that had figured out
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืื—ืจ, ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”, ืฉืžืฆืื” ื“ืจืš
09:50
how to replicate photosynthesis in the dark,
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ืื™ืš ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื”
09:53
through a process we now call chemosynthesis.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื›ื™ืžื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”.
09:56
None of it in our textbooks. None of this in our textbooks.
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื•. ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“.
09:59
We did not know about this life system.
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื•.
10:01
We were not predicting it.
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ืœื ื—ื–ื™ื ื• ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื”.
10:03
We stumbled on it, looking for some missing heat.
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ื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ื”, ื›ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ืžืขื˜ ื—ื•ื ื—ืกืจ.
10:06
So, we wanted to accelerate this process.
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ืื– ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”.
10:09
We wanted to get away from this silly trip, up and down on a submarine:
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื”ืžืกืข ื”ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ื•ืžื˜ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืœืœืช.
10:12
average depth of the ocean, 12,000 feet;
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ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื•ื 3.6 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
10:14
two and half hours to get to work in the morning;
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ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
10:16
two and half hours to get to home. Five hour commute to work.
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ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”. ืกื”"ื› ื—ืžืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืžื ื”.
10:19
Three hours of bottom time, average distance traveled -- one mile.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช, ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืขื‘ืจืช -- ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™.
10:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:24
On a 42,000 mile mountain range. Great job security, but not the way to go.
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ืขืœ ืจื›ืก ืฉืœ 67000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ืื—ืœื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื”.
10:28
So, I began designing a new technology of telepresence,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืขืฆื‘ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช
10:31
using robotic systems to replicate myself,
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™,
10:34
so I wouldn't have to cycle my vehicle system.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืกื™ืข ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื.
10:37
We began to introduce that in our explorations,
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
10:39
and we continued to make phenomenal discoveries
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช
10:41
with our new robotic technologies. Again, looking for something else,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,
10:44
moving from one part of the mid-ocean ridge to another.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ืก ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืื—ืจ.
10:47
The scientists were off watch and they came across incredible life forms.
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื•ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช.
10:52
They came across new creatures they had not seen before.
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ื”ื ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืจืื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
10:55
But more importantly, they discovered
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื–ื” ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื•
10:57
edifices down there that they did not understand.
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ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•.
10:59
That did not make sense. They were not above a magma chamber.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืœ ืœืชื ืžืื’ืžื”.
11:02
They shouldn't be there. And we called it Lost City.
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื. ื•ืงืจืื ื• ืœื–ื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”.
11:06
And Lost City was characterized by these incredible limestone formations
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ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”
11:10
and upside down pools. Look at that.
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ื•ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช. ืชืจืื• ืืช ื–ื”.
11:13
How do you do that? That's water upside down.
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ืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”? ืืœื” ืžื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื.
11:16
We went in underneath and tapped it, and we found that it had the pH of Drano.
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ื ื™ื’ืฉื ื• ืžืชื—ืช ื•ื“ื’ืžื ื• ืื•ืชื ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื pH ืฉืœ ืคื•ืชื— ืกืชื™ืžื•ืช.
11:21
The pH of 11, and yet it had chemosynthetic bacteria living in it
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ื–ื” pH ืฉืœ 11, ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื›ื™ืžื•ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
11:25
and at this extreme environment.
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ื•ื–ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
11:27
And the hydrothermal vents were in an acidic environment.
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ื•ื”ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืชืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ืช.
11:30
All the way at the other end, in an alkaline environment,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืงืืœื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช
11:33
at a pH of 11, life existed.
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ืฉืœ pH 11, ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
11:35
So life was much more creative than we had ever thought.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•.
11:38
Again, discovered by accident. Just two years ago
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช. ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื
11:41
working off Santorini, where people are sunning themselves on the beach,
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ื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืžื•ืœ ืกื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื™, ืื™ืคื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชื–ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
11:45
unbeknownst to them in the caldera nearby,
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ื“ืขืช ืืช ืœื•ืข ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ื”ืขื ืง ืฉื‘ืงืจื‘ืชื,
11:47
we found phenomenal hydrothermal vent systems
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืคื ื•ืžื ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืชืจืžืœื™ื•ืช
11:50
and more life systems.
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
11:52
This was two miles from where people go to sunbathe,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” 3.5 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืœื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื–ืฃ,
11:55
and they were oblivious to the existence of this system.
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ื•ื”ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื•.
11:59
Again, you know, we stop at the water's edge.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืงื• ื”ืžื™ื.
12:03
Recently, diving off -- in the Gulf of Mexico, finding pools of water,
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื›ืฉืฆืœืœื ื• ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•, ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื
12:09
this time not upside down, right side up.
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ื”ืคืขื ืœื ื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
12:11
Bingo. You'd think you're in air, until a fish swims by.
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ื‘ื™ื ื’ื•. ืืชื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืืชื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขื“ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื’ ืฉื•ื—ื” ืœื™ื“.
12:16
You're looking at brine pools formed by salt diapirs.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืžืœื—ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื“ืจื™ ืžืœื—.
12:20
Near that was methane. I've never seen volcanoes of methane.
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ืœื™ื“ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืืŸ. ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ ืฉืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžืชืืŸ.
12:25
Instead of belching out lava, they were belching out
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืคืœื•ื˜ ืœื‘ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื
12:28
big, big bubbles of methane. And they were creating these volcanoes,
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ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชืืŸ. ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ื”ืืœื”,
12:32
and there were flows, not of lava,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืคื›ื™ื, ืœื ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื”,
12:34
but of the mud coming out of the Earth but driven by --
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ืืœื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉื‘ื ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื ื“ื—ืฃ --
12:37
I've never seen this before.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
12:39
Moving on, there's more than just natural history beneath the sea --
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืžืฉื™ืš, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืง ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœื™ื.
12:44
human history. Our discoveries of the Titanic.
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ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ืื ื™ืง.
12:47
The realization that the deep sea is the largest museum on Earth.
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
12:51
It contains more history than all of the museums on land combined.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื™ื—ื“.
12:54
And yet we're only now penetrating it.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืจืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื•.
12:57
Finding the state of preservation.
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ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ.
12:59
We found the Bismarck in 16,000 feet. We then found the Yorktown.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืกืžืืจืง ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ 4.8 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ืื– ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ.
13:03
People always ask, "Did you find the right ship?"
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืœื•, "ืžืฆืืชื ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”?"
13:05
It said Yorktown on the stern.
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืจืงื˜ืื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื›ืชื™ื™ื.
13:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:09
More recently, finding ancient history.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืžืฆืื ื• ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืชื™ืงื”.
13:12
How many ancient mariners have had a bad day? The number's a million.
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ืœื›ืžื” ื™ืžืื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืจืข? ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ.
13:16
We've been discovering these along ancient trade routes,
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ืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืืช ืืœื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ืขืชื™ืงื™ื
13:19
where they're not supposed to be.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
13:21
This shipwreck sank 100 years before the birth of Christ.
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ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืงืขื” 100 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
13:23
This one sank carrying a prefabricated, Home Depot Roman temple.
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ื–ื• ืฉืงืขื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืืช ืžืงื“ืฉ ืจื•ืžื™ ื™ืคื”ืคื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ื”.
13:28
And then here's one that sank at the time of Homer, at 750 B.C.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืจื•ืก ื‘-750 ืœืคื ื”"ืก.
13:33
More recently, into the Black Sea, where we're exploring.
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ืขื•ื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
13:36
Because there's no oxygen there, it's the largest reservoir
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:39
of hydrogen sulfide on Earth. Shipwrecks are perfectly preserved.
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื’ื•ืคืจืชื™ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ืฉืœื.
13:43
All their organics are perfectly preserved. We begin to excavate them.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ.
13:47
We expect to start hauling out the bodies in perfect condition with their DNA.
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ืื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืขื ื”ื“ื "ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
13:51
Look at the state of preservation --
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ืชืจืื• ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ.
13:53
still the ad mark of a carpenter. Look at the state of those artifacts.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ืจ. ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
13:57
You still see the beeswax dripping. When they dropped, they sealed it.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื ื’ ื ื•ื˜ืฃ. ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืคืœื• ื”ื•ื ืื˜ื ืื•ืชืŸ.
14:01
This ship sank 1,500 years ago.
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ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืงืขื” ืœืคื™ 1500 ืฉื ื”.
14:05
Fortunately, we've been able to convince Congress.
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก.
14:07
We begin to go on the Hill and lobby.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ืขื” (ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ื•ืœ) ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืฉื.
14:09
And we stole recently a ship from the United States Navy.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื’ื ื‘ื ื• ืกืคื™ื ื” ืžื”ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
14:13
The Okeanos Explorer on its mission.
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ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžืชื”.
14:15
Its mission is as good as you could get.
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ.
14:17
Its mission is to go where no one has gone before on planet Earth.
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ืžืฉื™ืžืชื” ื”ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ื ืื“ื ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ืœืš ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
14:21
And I was looking at it yesterday, it's up in Seattle. OK.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืืชืžื•ืœ, ื–ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืกื™ืื˜ืœ. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
14:26
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:27
It comes online this summer,
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœืจืฉืช ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื–ื”,
14:30
and it begins its journey of exploration.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืกืข ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื”.
14:32
But we have no idea what we're going find when we go out there with our technology.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ื ืžืฆื ื›ืฉื ืฆื ืœืฉื ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
14:36
But certainly, it's going to be going to the unknown America.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืข ืืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื”.
14:39
This is that part of the United States that lies beneath the sea.
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืฉืงื•ืข ืžืชื—ืช ืœื™ื.
14:43
We own all of that blue and yet,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื–ืงื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
14:45
like I say, particularly the western territorial trust,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช,
14:47
we don't have maps of them. We don't have maps of them.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืคื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื.
14:50
We have maps of Venus, but not of the western territorial trust.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื’ื” ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
14:54
The way we're going to run this -- we have no idea what we're going to discover.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ื ื ื”ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช.
14:57
We have no idea what we're going to discover.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ืื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช.
14:59
We're going to discover an ancient shipwreck, a Phoenician off Brazil,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื’ืœื” ืกืคื™ื ื” ื˜ืจื•ืคื”, ืคื™ื ื™ืงื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ,
15:02
or a new rock formation, a new life.
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ืื• ืชืฆื•ืจืช ืกืœืข ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
15:04
So, we're going to run it like an emergency hospital.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื ื”ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืจ ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
15:06
We're going to connect our command center,
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ืื ื• ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•
15:08
via a high-bandwidth satellite link to a building we're building
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ื“ืจืš ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืก ืจื—ื‘ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื
15:12
at the University of Rhode Island, called the Interspace Center.
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืจื•ื“ ืื™ื™ืœื ื“ ืฉื™ื™ืงืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™.
15:15
And within that, we're going to run it just like you run a nuclear submarine,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื ื”ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื ื•ื”ืœืช ืฆื•ืœืœืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช,
15:19
blue-gold team, switching them off and on, running 24 hours a day.
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ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื”, ืฉื™ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžืžื”.
15:23
A discovery is made, that discovery is instantly seen
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ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืžืชื’ืœื”, ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ืžื™ื“
15:26
in the command center a second later.
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
15:29
But then it's connected through Internet too --
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจ 2 --
15:31
the new Internet highway that makes Internet one
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ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™
15:33
look like a dirt road on the information highway --
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ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืขืคืจ ืœื™ื“ ืื•ื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื“ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข --
15:36
with 10 gigabits of bandwidth.
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ืขื ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืคืก ืฉืœ 10 ื’'ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื˜.
15:38
We'll go into areas we have no knowledge of.
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ืื ื• ื ืฆืœื•ืœ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื.
15:40
It's a big blank sheet on our planet. We'll map it within hours,
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ื–ื” ืœื•ื— ืœื‘ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•. ืื ื• ื ืžืคื” ืื•ืชื• ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื•ืช,
15:44
have the maps disseminated out to the major universities.
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ื ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืคื•ืช ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
15:48
It turns out that 90 percent of all the oceanographic intellect
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ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉื‘ืขืจืš 90 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื
15:52
in this country are at 12 universities. They're all on I-2.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘-12 ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช. ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ 2.
15:55
We can then build a command center.
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ืื– ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
15:57
This is a remote center at the University of Washington.
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ื–ื” ืžืจื›ื– ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
15:59
She's talking to the pilot. She's 5,000 miles away, but she's assumed command.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขื ื”ื ื”ื’. ื”ื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช 8000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ืœืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“.
16:04
But the beauty of this, too, is we can then disseminate it to children.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื–ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื.
16:07
We can disseminate.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ.
16:09
They can follow this expedition. I've started a program --
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ื–ื•. ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืชื›ื ื™ืช --
16:12
where are you Jim? Jim Young who helped me start a program
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ืื™ืคื” ืืชื” ื’'ื™ื? ื’ื™ื ื™ืื ื’ ืฉืขื–ืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช
16:16
called the Jason Project. More recently, we've started a program
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื’'ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืชื›ื ื™ืช
16:19
with the Boys and Girls Clubs of America,
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ืขื ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”
16:21
so that we can use exploration,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ,
16:23
and the excitement of live exploration, to motivate them and excite them
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ื•ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ื•ืœืจื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื
16:27
and then give them what they're already ready for.
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ื•ืื– ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืงืจืืชื•.
16:30
I would not let an adult drive my robot.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื™.
16:32
You don't have enough gaming experience.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’.
16:34
But I will let a kid with no license take over control of my vehicle system.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื™ืœื“ ื‘ืœื™ ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื™.
16:38
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:40
Because we want to create --
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ.
16:42
we want to create the classroom of tomorrow.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื›ื™ืชืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืจ.
16:44
We have stiff competition and we need to motivate and it's all being done.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขื–ื” ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื”.
16:49
You win or lose an engineer or a scientist by eighth grade.
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ืืชื” ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืื• ืžืคืกื™ื“ ืžื”ื ื“ืก/ืช ืขื“ ื›ื™ืชื” ื—'.
16:54
The game is not over -- it's over by the eighth grade, it's not beginning.
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ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืœื ื ื’ืžืจ. ื”ื•ื ื ื’ืžืจ ืขื“ ื›ื™ืชื” ื—' -- ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ.
16:58
We need to be not only proud of our universities.
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ืื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
17:01
We need to be proud of our middle schools.
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืื™ื ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
17:03
And when we have the best middle schools in the world,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
17:05
we'll have the best kids pumped out of that system, let me tell you.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆืื• ืžืฉื, ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื.
17:08
Because this is what we want. This is what we want.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
17:12
This is a young lady, not watching a football game,
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ื–ื• ื™ืœื“ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื”, ืฉืœื ืจื•ืื” ืžืฉื—ืง ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ,
17:15
not watching a basketball game.
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ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ.
17:17
Watching exploration live from thousands of miles away,
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ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ืžืกืข ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืžืจื—ืง ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
17:20
and it's just dawning on her what she's seeing.
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ื•ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื–ื•ืจื— ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื”.
17:23
And when you get a jaw drop, you can inform.
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืฆื ื™ื—ืช ืœืกืช ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ืข.
17:26
You can put so much information into that mind, it's in full [receiving] mode.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื“ืข, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืœื.
17:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:32
This, I hope, will be a future engineer
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ื–ื•, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”, ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื ื“ืกืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
17:37
or a future scientist in the battle for truth.
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ืื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช.
17:40
And my final question, my final question --
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” --
17:43
why are we not looking at moving out onto the sea?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื• ืœื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื?
17:47
Why do we have programs to build habitation on Mars,
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ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืื“ื™ื,
17:51
and we have programs to look at colonizing the moon,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื—,
17:54
but we do not have a program looking at how we colonize our own planet?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•?
17:59
And the technology is at hand.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•.
18:01
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
18:03
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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