Why you should love statistics | Alan Smith

554,769 views ใƒป 2017-02-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: hila scherba
00:12
Back in 2003,
0
12534
3096
ื‘-2003,
00:15
the UK government carried out a survey.
1
15654
2509
ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืขืจื›ื” ืกืงืจ.
00:19
And it was a survey that measured levels of numeracy
2
19314
3149
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกืงืจ ืฉืžื“ื“ ืืช ืจืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”.
00:22
in the population.
3
22487
1237
00:23
And they were shocked to find out
4
23748
1643
ื•ื”ื ื ื“ื”ืžื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช
00:25
that for every 100 working age adults in the country,
5
25415
3364
ืฉืขืœ ื›ืœ 100 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
00:28
47 of them lacked Level 1 numeracy skills.
6
28803
3501
ืœ47 ืžื”ื ื—ืกืจื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” 1.
00:32
Now, Level 1 numeracy skills -- that's low-end GCSE score.
7
32712
4112
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” 1 -- ื–ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
00:37
It's the ability to deal with fractions, percentages and decimals.
8
37230
3248
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื, ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ื™ื.
00:40
So this figure prompted a lot of hand-wringing in Whitehall.
9
40502
4628
ืื– ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื.
00:45
Policies were changed,
10
45154
1628
ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”,
00:46
investments were made,
11
46806
1722
ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื ืขืฉื•,
00:48
and then they ran the survey again in 2011.
12
48552
3038
ื•ืื– ื”ื ื”ืจื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืกืงืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘-2011.
00:51
So can you guess what happened to this number?
13
51614
2205
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉ ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”?
00:55
It went up to 49.
14
55841
1444
ื”ื•ื ืขืœื” ืœ 49.
00:57
(Laughter)
15
57309
1449
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:58
And in fact, when I reported this figure in the FT,
16
58782
2449
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘-FT (ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ื ืกื™),
01:01
one of our readers joked and said,
17
61255
1671
ืื—ื“ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืชื‘ื“ื— ื•ืืžืจ,
01:02
"This figure is only shocking to 51 percent of the population."
18
62950
3761
"ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื–ืขื–ืข ืจืง ืœ-51 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”."
01:06
(Laughter)
19
66735
2286
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:09
But I preferred, actually, the reaction of a schoolchild
20
69045
3157
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“
01:12
when I presented at a school this information,
21
72226
3095
ื›ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
01:15
who raised their hand and said,
22
75345
1531
ืฉื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื™ื“ื• ื•ืืžืจ,
01:16
"How do we know that the person who made that number
23
76900
2516
"ืื™ืš ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”
01:19
isn't one of the 49 percent either?"
24
79440
1815
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื’ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”-49 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื?"
01:21
(Laughter)
25
81279
1254
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:22
So clearly, there's a numeracy issue,
26
82557
4050
ืื– ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช,
01:26
because these are important skills for life,
27
86631
2110
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืœื” ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื,
01:28
and a lot of the changes that we want to introduce in this century
28
88765
3867
ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื–ื•
01:32
involve us becoming more comfortable with numbers.
29
92656
2441
ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ื— ืขื ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
01:35
Now, it's not just an English problem.
30
95121
1848
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
01:36
OECD this year released some figures looking at numeracy in young people,
31
96993
4930
ื”-OECD ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ืจืจ ื›ืžื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
01:41
and leading the way, the USA --
32
101947
2780
ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช --
01:44
nearly 40 percent of young people in the US have low numeracy.
33
104751
4670
ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœ 40 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
01:49
Now, England is there too,
34
109445
1297
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื’ื ืฉื,
01:50
but there are seven OECD countries with figures above 20 percent.
35
110766
5533
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘-OECD ืขื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืž-20 ืื—ื•ื–.
01:56
That is a problem, because it doesn't have to be that way.
36
116323
2759
ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš.
01:59
If you look at the far end of this graph,
37
119106
2008
ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืฃ,
02:01
you can see the Netherlands and Korea are in single figures.
38
121138
2960
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื•ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
02:04
So there's definitely a numeracy problem that we want to address.
39
124122
4416
ืื– ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ.
02:09
Now, as useful as studies like these are,
40
129330
2930
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืžื” ืฉืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
02:12
I think we risk herding people inadvertently into one of two categories;
41
132284
5400
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืจืขื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืื—ืช ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•;
02:17
that there are two kinds of people:
42
137708
1776
ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื:
02:19
those people that are comfortable with numbers, that can do numbers,
43
139508
4349
ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ื— ืœื”ื ืขื ืžืกืคืจื™ื, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ,
02:23
and the people who can't.
44
143881
2236
ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื.
02:26
And what I'm trying to talk about here today
45
146141
2101
ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืคื” ื”ื™ื•ื
02:28
is to say that I believe that is a false dichotomy.
46
148266
3042
ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื“ื™ื›ื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉื™ืงืจื™ืช.
02:31
It's not an immutable pairing.
47
151332
1868
ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
02:33
I think you don't have to have tremendously high levels of numeracy
48
153224
3648
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช
02:36
to be inspired by numbers,
49
156896
1728
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืžืกืคืจื™ื,
02:38
and that should be the starting point to the journey ahead.
50
158648
3109
ื•ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœืžืกืข ืฉืœื ื• ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
02:42
And one of the ways in which we can begin that journey, for me,
51
162207
4311
ื•ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™,
02:46
is looking at statistics.
52
166542
1726
ื–ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช.
02:48
Now, I am the first to acknowledge that statistics has got somewhat
53
168292
3495
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”
ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ืชื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
02:51
of an image problem.
54
171811
1318
02:53
(Laughter)
55
173153
1047
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:54
It's the part of mathematics
56
174224
1532
ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
02:55
that even mathematicians don't particularly like,
57
175780
3059
ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื,
02:58
because whereas the rest of maths is all about precision and certainty,
58
178863
4012
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉืืจ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืง ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช,
03:02
statistics is almost the reverse of that.
59
182899
2284
ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื”ืคืš ืžื–ื”.
03:05
But actually, I was a late convert to the world of statistics myself.
60
185613
4655
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ืžืจืชื™ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื™.
03:10
If you'd asked my undergraduate professors
61
190292
2082
ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™
03:12
what two subjects would I be least likely to excel in after university,
62
192398
4759
ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”,
03:17
they'd have told you statistics and computer programming,
63
197181
2767
ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืืžืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืช,
03:19
and yet here I am, about to show you some statistical graphics
64
199972
2939
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื” ืื ื™, ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื’ืจืคื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืชื›ื ืชืชื™.
03:22
that I programmed.
65
202935
1202
03:24
So what inspired that change in me?
66
204565
1755
ืื– ืžื” ื ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™?
03:26
What made me think that statistics was actually an interesting thing?
67
206344
3648
ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ?
03:30
It's really because statistics are about us.
68
210016
2266
ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœื ื•.
03:32
If you look at the etymology of the word statistics,
69
212689
2582
ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”,
03:35
it's the science of dealing with data
70
215295
2609
ื–ื” ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื™ื“ืข
03:37
about the state or the community that we live in.
71
217928
2430
ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:40
So statistics are about us as a group,
72
220382
3354
ืื– ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื ื• ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”,
03:43
not us as individuals.
73
223760
1675
ืœื ืœื ื• ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
03:45
And I think as social animals,
74
225459
1470
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
03:46
we share this fascination about how we as individuals relate to our groups,
75
226953
3944
ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืกื ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
03:50
to our peers.
76
230921
1388
ืœืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:52
And statistics in this way are at their most powerful
77
232333
3110
ื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงื”
03:55
when they surprise us.
78
235467
1301
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื ื•.
03:57
And there's been some really wonderful surveys carried out recently
79
237297
3207
ื•ื”ื™ื• ืกืงืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื ืคืœืื™ื ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
04:00
by Ipsos MORI in the last few years.
80
240528
1714
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืคืกื•ืก ืžื•ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
04:02
They did a survey of over 1,000 adults in the UK,
81
242266
2708
ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืกืงืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 1,000 ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”,
04:04
and said, for every 100 people in England and Wales,
82
244998
3780
ื•ืืžืจื•, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ 100 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœืก,
04:08
how many of them are Muslim?
83
248802
1870
ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื?
04:10
Now the average answer from this survey,
84
250696
2646
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืœืกืงืจ ื”ื–ื”,
04:13
which was supposed to be representative of the total population, was 24.
85
253366
3412
ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื”, 24.
04:16
That's what people thought.
86
256802
3676
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•.
04:20
British people think 24 out of every 100 people in the country are Muslim.
87
260502
3639
ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉ 24 ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœ 100 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื.
04:24
Now, official figures reveal that figure to be about five.
88
264165
4410
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื”.
04:29
So there's this big variation between what we think, our perception,
89
269552
3987
ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื•,
04:33
and the reality as given by statistics.
90
273563
2038
ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”.
04:35
And I think that's interesting.
91
275625
1544
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
04:37
What could possibly be causing that misperception?
92
277193
3290
ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืคื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื•?
04:41
And I was so thrilled with this study,
93
281032
1854
ื•ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”,
04:42
I started to take questions out in presentations. I was referring to it.
94
282910
3480
ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื’ื•ืช, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกืชื™ ืœื–ื”.
04:46
Now, I did a presentation
95
286414
1218
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžืฆื’ืช
04:47
at St. Paul's School for Girls in Hammersmith,
96
287656
2310
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืืžืจืกืžื™ืช',
04:49
and I had an audience rather like this,
97
289990
2140
ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืงื”ืœ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื”,
04:52
except it was comprised entirely of sixth-form girls.
98
292154
3868
ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื•'.
04:56
And I said, "Girls,
99
296046
2396
ื•ืืžืจืชื™, "ื‘ื ื•ืช,
04:59
how many teenage girls do you think the British public think
100
299418
4543
ื›ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืฉืจื” ืืชืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
05:03
get pregnant every year?"
101
303985
1748
ืฉื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”?"
05:05
And the girls were apoplectic when I said
102
305757
2676
ื•ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืกืžื•ืงื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ื›ืฉืืžืจืชื™
05:09
the British public think that 15 out of every 100 teenage girls
103
309273
3913
ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉ 15 ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœ 100 ื ืขืจื•ืช
05:13
get pregnant in the year.
104
313210
1293
ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
05:15
And they had every right to be angry,
105
315249
2231
ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื’ื–,
05:17
because in fact, I'd have to have closer to 200 dots
106
317504
2758
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ 200 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช
05:20
before I could color one in,
107
320286
1570
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ืื—ืช,
05:21
in terms of what the official figures tell us.
108
321880
2515
ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื•.
05:24
And rather like numeracy, this is not just an English problem.
109
324419
3800
ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช, ื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.
05:28
Ipsos MORI expanded the survey in recent years to go across the world.
110
328243
4504
ืื™ืคืกื•ืก ืžื•ืจื™ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืกืงืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
05:32
And so, they asked Saudi Arabians,
111
332771
2950
ื•ื›ืš, ื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื,
05:35
for every 100 adults in your country,
112
335745
2521
ืœื›ืœ 100 ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื,
05:38
how many of them are overweight or obese?
113
338290
2873
ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื™ืชืจ ืื• ืขื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉืจ?
05:42
And the average answer from the Saudis was just over a quarter.
114
342346
5333
ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืžื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื‘ืข.
05:48
That's what they thought.
115
348222
1202
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•.
05:49
Just over a quarter of adults are overweight or obese.
116
349448
2568
ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืื• ืขื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉืจ.
05:52
The official figures show, actually, it's nearer to three-quarters.
117
352040
4781
ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจื‘ืขื™ื.
05:56
(Laughter)
118
356845
1456
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:58
So again, a big variation.
119
358325
2292
ืื– ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
06:00
And I love this one: they asked in Japan, they asked the Japanese,
120
360641
4446
ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”: ื”ื ืฉืืœื• ื‘ื™ืคืŸ, ื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื,
06:05
for every 100 Japanese people,
121
365111
1960
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ 100 ื™ืคื ื™ื,
06:07
how many of them live in rural areas?
122
367095
2601
ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื?
06:10
The average was about a 50-50 split, just over halfway.
123
370341
4901
ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ 50-50, ืงืฆืช ืžืขืœ ื”ื—ืฆื™.
06:15
They thought 56 out of every 100 Japanese people lived in rural areas.
124
375266
4147
ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉ 56 ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœ 100 ื™ืคื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื.
06:19
The official figure is seven.
125
379437
1687
ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื”.
06:22
So extraordinary variations, and surprising to some,
126
382079
4450
ืื– ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื•ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ืžื”,
06:26
but not surprising to people who have read the work
127
386553
2389
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
06:28
of Daniel Kahneman, for example, the Nobel-winning economist.
128
388966
4392
ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื›ื”ื ืžืŸ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื ื•ื‘ืœ.
06:33
He and his colleague, Amos Tversky, spent years researching this disjoint
129
393382
5092
ื”ื•ื ื•ืขืžื™ืชื•, ืขืžื•ืก ื˜ื‘ืจืกืงื™, ื‘ื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ื ืชืง ื”ื–ื”
06:38
between what people perceive and the reality,
130
398498
3145
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
06:41
the fact that people are actually pretty poor intuitive statisticians.
131
401667
3751
ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”.
06:45
And there are many reasons for this.
132
405442
1760
ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื–ื”.
06:47
Individual experiences, certainly, can influence our perceptions,
133
407226
3115
ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื ื•,
06:50
but so, too, can things like the media reporting things by exception,
134
410365
3958
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืš, ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื•ื—ืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
06:54
rather than what's normal.
135
414347
1696
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืจืžืœื™.
06:56
Kahneman had a nice way of referring to that.
136
416675
2126
ืœื›ื”ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื™ืคื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ -
06:58
He said, "We can be blind to the obvious" --
137
418825
2085
"ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืืœื™ื•, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
07:00
so we've got the numbers wrong --
138
420934
1638
07:02
"but we can be blind to our blindness about it."
139
422596
2322
"ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ืœืขื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”."
07:04
And that has enormous repercussions for decision making.
140
424942
3266
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
07:08
So at the statistics office while this was all going on,
141
428232
2852
ืื– ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ,
07:11
I thought this was really interesting.
142
431108
1912
ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
ืืžืจืชื™, ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
07:13
I said, this is clearly a global problem,
143
433044
2010
ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื”.
07:15
but maybe geography is the issue here.
144
435078
2435
07:17
These were questions that were all about, how well do you know your country?
145
437537
3909
ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืขื• ืœื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื?
07:21
So in this case, it's how well do you know 64 million people?
146
441470
3993
ืื– ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื 64 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื?
07:25
Not very well, it turns out. I can't do that.
147
445487
2732
ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ. ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
07:28
So I had an idea,
148
448243
1324
ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ,
07:29
which was to think about this same sort of approach
149
449591
3123
ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื”
07:32
but to think about it in a very local sense.
150
452738
2105
ืื‘ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื™.
07:34
Is this a local?
151
454867
1191
ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™?
07:36
If we reframe the questions and say,
152
456082
1941
ืื ื ืžืกื’ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื•ื ื’ื™ื“,
07:38
how well do you know your local area,
153
458047
2122
ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื›ื,
07:40
would your answers be any more accurate?
154
460193
2103
ื”ืื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช?
07:43
So I devised a quiz:
155
463637
1762
ืื– ื—ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืŸ:
07:45
How well do you know your area?
156
465423
1859
ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื?
07:48
It's a simple Web app.
157
468274
1889
ื–ื• ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
07:50
You put in a post code
158
470187
1183
ืืชื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“
07:51
and then it will ask you questions based on census data
159
471394
2707
ื•ืื– ื–ื” ื™ืฉืืœ ืืชื›ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืคืงื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ
07:54
for your local area.
160
474125
1539
ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื›ื.
07:56
And I was very conscious in designing this.
161
476125
2123
ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ืข ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
07:58
I wanted to make it open to the widest possible range of people,
162
478272
4109
ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:02
not just the 49 percent who can get the numbers.
163
482405
2828
ืœื ืจืง 49 ืื—ื•ื– ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘.
08:05
I wanted everyone to engage with it.
164
485257
1755
ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื–ื”.
ืื– ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ,
08:07
So for the design of the quiz,
165
487036
1525
08:08
I was inspired by the isotypes
166
488585
3615
ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ื• ื ื•ื™ืจืช' ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื” 20 ื•ื”30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20.
08:12
of Otto Neurath from the 1920s and '30s.
167
492224
2602
08:14
Now, these are methods for representing numbers
168
494850
4348
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืœื” ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžืกืคืจื™ื
08:19
using repeating icons.
169
499222
1773
ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžืœื™ืœื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื.
08:21
And the numbers are there, but they sit in the background.
170
501460
3165
ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจืงืข.
08:24
So it's a great way of representing quantity
171
504649
2723
ืื– ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื’ ื›ืžื•ืช
08:27
without resorting to using terms like "percentage,"
172
507396
2984
ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื,"
08:30
"fractions" and "ratios."
173
510404
1230
"ืฉื‘ืจื™ื" ื•"ื™ื—ืกื™ื."
08:31
So here's the quiz.
174
511658
1702
ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืฉืืœื•ืŸ.
08:34
The layout of the quiz is,
175
514130
1647
ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื,
08:35
you have your repeating icons on the left-hand side there,
176
515801
2819
ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืกืžืœื™ืœื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉื,
08:38
and a map showing you the area we're asking you questions about
177
518644
3123
ื•ืžืคื” ืฉืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืชื›ื ืฉืืœื•ืช
ืžืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ.
08:41
on the right-hand side.
178
521791
1167
08:42
There are seven questions.
179
522982
1281
ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืืœื•ืช.
08:44
Each question, there's a possible answer between zero and a hundred,
180
524287
3893
ืœื›ืœ ืฉืืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืคืก ืœืžืื”,
08:48
and at the end of the quiz,
181
528204
1349
ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืŸ, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืคืก ืœืžืื”.
08:49
you get an overall score between zero and a hundred.
182
529577
3218
08:52
And so because this is TEDxExeter,
183
532819
2084
ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” TEDx ืืงืกื˜ืจ,
08:54
I thought we would have a quick look at the quiz
184
534927
2325
ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืฆืฆื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ
ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืงืกื˜ืจ.
08:57
for the first few questions of Exeter.
185
537276
2309
08:59
And so the first question is:
186
539609
1405
ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื:
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ 100 ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 16?
09:01
For every 100 people, how many are aged under 16?
187
541038
2992
09:04
Now, I don't know Exeter very well at all, so I had a guess at this,
188
544604
3600
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืืงืกื˜ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”,
09:08
but it gives you an idea of how this quiz works.
189
548228
2561
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
09:10
You drag the slider to highlight your icons,
190
550813
3706
ืืชื ื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืจื’ืœ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืžืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
09:14
and then just click "Submit" to answer,
191
554543
2235
ื•ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืœื—ืฆื• "ืฉืœื™ื—ื”" ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช,
09:16
and we animate away the difference between your answer and reality.
192
556802
3663
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืคื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
09:20
And it turns out, I was a pretty terrible guess: five.
193
560489
4075
ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ: ื—ืžืฉ.
09:24
How about the next question?
194
564969
1424
ืžื” ืขื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”?
ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืืœืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื” ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
09:26
This is asking about what the average age is,
195
566417
2156
09:28
so the age at which half the population are younger
196
568597
2445
ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื• ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:31
and half the population are older.
197
571066
1674
ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:32
And I thought 35 -- that sounds middle-aged to me.
198
572764
3350
ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ 35 -- ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื’ื™ืœ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™.
09:36
(Laughter)
199
576138
1443
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:40
Actually, in Exeter, it's incredibly young,
200
580026
2106
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืืงืกื˜ืจ, ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืฆืขื™ืจ,
09:42
and I had underestimated the impact of the university in this area.
201
582156
4538
ื•ื”ืขืจื›ืชื™ ื ืžื•ืš ืžื“ื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
09:46
The questions get harder as you go through.
202
586718
2031
ื”ืฉืืœื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื.
09:48
So this one's now asking about homeownership:
203
588773
2383
ืื– ื–ื• ืฉื•ืืœืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ื:
09:51
For every 100 households, how many are owned with a mortgage or loan?
204
591775
3699
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ 100 ื‘ืชื™ื, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉื›ื ืชื” ืื• ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”?
09:55
And I hedged my bets here,
205
595498
1280
ื•ื’ื™ื“ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืคื”,
09:56
because I didn't want to be more than 50 out on the answer.
206
596802
3098
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 50 ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
09:59
(Laughter)
207
599924
2020
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:01
And actually, these get harder, these questions,
208
601968
2466
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืœื” ื ืขืฉื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
10:04
because when you're in an area, when you're in a community,
209
604458
2859
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ, ื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื”,
10:07
things like age -- there are clues to whether a population is old or young.
210
607341
5250
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ืœ -- ื™ืฉ ืจืžื–ื™ื ืœืื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืื• ืฆืขื™ืจื”.
10:12
Just by looking around the area, you can see it.
211
612615
2345
ืจืง ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
10:14
Something like homeownership is much more difficult to see,
212
614984
3391
ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช,
10:18
so we revert to our own heuristics,
213
618399
2608
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื ื•,
10:21
our own biases about how many people we think own their own homes.
214
621031
4451
ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
10:25
Now the truth is, when we published this quiz,
215
625506
3650
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืืžืช, ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
10:29
the census data that it's based on was already a few years old.
216
629180
3536
ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
10:32
We've had online applications that allow you to put in a post code
217
632740
3569
ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“
10:36
and get statistics back for years.
218
636333
2094
ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื”.
10:38
So in some senses,
219
638451
1189
ืื– ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
10:39
this was all a little bit old and not necessarily new.
220
639664
3549
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžืขื˜ ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื—ื“ืฉ.
10:43
But I was interested to see what reaction we might get
221
643237
3639
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ื–ื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืงื‘ืœ
10:46
by gamifying the data in the way that we have,
222
646900
2717
ื‘ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืขืฉื™ื ื•,
10:49
by using animation
223
649641
1407
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื”
10:51
and playing on the fact that people have their own preconceptions.
224
651072
3748
ื•ืœืฉื—ืง ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืคื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื.
10:55
It turns out, the reaction was, um ...
225
655328
3583
ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื”, ืืžืž...
11:00
was more than I could have hoped for.
226
660148
1928
ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช.
11:02
It was a long-held ambition of mine to bring down a statistics website
227
662100
3381
ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืื™ืคื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืชืจ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”
11:05
due to public demand.
228
665505
1408
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืงื”ืœ,
11:06
(Laughter)
229
666937
1800
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:08
This URL contains the words "statistics," "gov" and "UK,"
230
668761
3464
ื” URL ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”," "ืžืžืฉืœื”" ื•"UK,"
11:12
which are three of people's least favorite words in a URL.
231
672249
3242
ืฉื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘-URL.
11:15
And the amazing thing about this was that the website came down
232
675515
3985
ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ืืชืจ ื™ืจื“
11:19
at quarter to 10 at night,
233
679524
2093
ื‘ืจื‘ืข ืœ 10 ื‘ืขืจื‘,
11:21
because people were actually engaging with this data
234
681641
3211
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ืœืžื™ื“ืข
11:24
of their own free will,
235
684876
1539
ืžืจืฆื•ื ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™,
11:26
using their own personal time.
236
686439
2035
ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
11:28
I was very interested to see
237
688498
2487
ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช
11:31
that we got something like a quarter of a million people
238
691009
3713
ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ืข ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
11:34
playing the quiz within the space of 48 hours of launching it.
239
694746
3272
ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืš 48 ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืขืœื™ื™ืชื•.
11:38
And it sparked an enormous discussion online, on social media,
240
698042
3927
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืช ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืฉืช, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
11:41
which was largely dominated
241
701993
2037
ืฉื ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ
11:44
by people having fun with their misconceptions,
242
704054
3993
ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื”ืชืคื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
11:48
which is something that I couldn't have hoped for any better,
243
708071
3059
ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืžื ื•,
11:51
in some respects.
244
711154
1160
ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
11:52
I also liked the fact that people started sending it to politicians.
245
712338
3226
ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื.
11:55
How well do you know the area you claim to represent?
246
715588
2589
ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืืชื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื?
11:58
(Laughter)
247
718201
1162
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:59
And then just to finish,
248
719387
1560
ื•ืื– ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื,
12:01
going back to the two kinds of people,
249
721812
2330
ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
12:04
I thought it would be really interesting to see
250
724166
2257
ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืŸ.
12:06
how people who are good with numbers would do on this quiz.
251
726447
2815
12:09
The national statistician of England and Wales, John Pullinger,
252
729286
3016
ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœืก, ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื ื’ืจ,
ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
12:12
you would expect he would be pretty good.
253
732326
2073
12:15
He got 44 for his own area.
254
735344
2449
ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ 44 ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•.
12:17
(Laughter)
255
737817
2468
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:20
Jeremy Paxman -- admittedly, after a glass of wine -- 36.
256
740309
4949
ื’'ืจืžื™ ืคืงืกืžืŸ -- ืื ืื ื™ ืื•ื“ื”, ืื—ืจื™ ื›ื•ืก ื™ื™ืŸ -- 36.
12:25
Even worse.
257
745871
1461
ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื–ื”.
12:27
It just shows you that the numbers can inspire us all.
258
747356
3201
ื–ื” ืจืง ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•.
12:30
They can surprise us all.
259
750581
1260
ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
12:31
So very often, we talk about statistics
260
751865
2039
ืื– ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
12:33
as being the science of uncertainty.
261
753928
1962
12:35
My parting thought for today is:
262
755914
1782
ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื:
12:37
actually, statistics is the science of us.
263
757720
3035
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœื ื•.
12:40
And that's why we should be fascinated by numbers.
264
760779
2788
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงืกืžื™ื ืžื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
12:43
Thank you very much.
265
763591
1190
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
12:44
(Applause)
266
764805
3777
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7