Taryn Simon photographs secret sites

102,904 views ใƒป 2009-09-24

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yael BST ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:18
Okay, so
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ื˜ื•ื‘,
00:20
90 percent of my photographic process
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90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœื™
00:23
is, in fact, not photographic.
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื "ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™".
00:25
It involves a campaign of letter writing,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื,
00:28
research and phone calls
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ
00:30
to access my subjects,
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœื™ -
00:32
which can range from Hamas leaders in Gaza
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืขื–ื”
00:35
to a hibernating black bear in its cave
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ื•ืขื“ ื“ื•ื‘ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœื•,
00:38
in West Virginia.
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ื‘ืžืขืจืชื• ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื”.
00:41
And oddly, the most notable
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ -
00:44
letter of rejection I ever received
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ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ -
00:46
came from Walt Disney World,
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ืž"ืขื•ืœื ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื“ื™ืกื ื™",
00:48
a seemingly innocuous site.
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ืืชืจ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœื ืžื–ื™ืง.
00:50
And it read -- I'm just going to read a key sentence:
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ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื•... ืืงืจื ืจืง ืืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืคืชื— ืžืžื ื•,
00:53
"Especially during these violent times,
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"ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืืœื•,
00:56
I personally believe
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"ืื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืืžื™ืŸ
00:58
that the magical spell cast upon guests who visit our theme parks
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"ืฉื”ืงืกื ื”ืื•ืคืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืคืืจืงื™ ื”ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
01:02
is particularly important to protect
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"ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื”ื’ื ื”
01:05
and helps to provide them with an important fantasy
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"ื•ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืกืคืง ืœื”ื ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
01:07
they can escape to."
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"ืฉืืœื™ื” ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื—."
01:09
Photography threatens fantasy.
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ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื”.
01:12
They didn't want to let my camera in
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ื”ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืชืช ืœื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืžืฆืœืžื”
01:14
because it confronts constructed realities, myths and beliefs,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื,
01:18
and provides what appears to be
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ื•ืžืกืคืงืช ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื”
01:21
evidence of a truth.
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ื›ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœืืžืช.
01:23
But there are multiple truths attached to every image,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืืžื™ืชื•ืช,
01:26
depending on the creator's intention, the viewer
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ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ, ื”ืฆื•ืคื”,
01:29
and the context in which it is presented.
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ื•ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ืช.
01:33
Over a five year period following September 11th,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ'
01:36
when the American media and government were seeking
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ื›ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื™ืคืฉื•
01:38
hidden and unknown sites
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ืืชืจื™ื ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœื•ืžื™ื
01:40
beyond its borders,
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”,
01:42
most notably weapons of mass destruction,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืชืจื™ ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช,
01:45
I chose to look inward at that which was integral
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ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืื ื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื”, ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™
01:48
to America's foundation,
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ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
01:50
mythology and daily functioning.
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ืžื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื•ืžืชืคืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™.
01:52
I wanted to confront the boundaries of the citizen,
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืชืขืžืช ืขื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืคื•ื’ืฉ ื”ืื–ืจื—,
01:55
self-imposed and real,
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ืืœื• ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืœื• ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื,
01:57
and confront the divide between privileged
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ื•ืœื”ืชืขืžืช ืขื ืคืขืจื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื™ื“ืข
02:00
and public access to knowledge.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘.
02:04
It was a critical moment in American history
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”
02:07
and global history
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ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช:
02:09
where one felt they didn't have access to accurate information.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืžื“ื•ื™ืง.
02:12
And I wanted to see the center with my own eyes,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื•-ืขื™ื ื™ื™,
02:16
but what I came away with is a photograph.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืฉืืจืชื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขื ืฆื™ืœื•ื.
02:19
And it's just another place from which to observe,
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืง ืขื•ื“ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืžืžื ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ.
02:21
and the understanding that
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ื•ื’ื ืขื ื”ื”ื‘ื ื”
02:23
there are no absolute, all-knowing insiders.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื ืฉื™-ืกื•ื“ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™-ื›ื•ืœ
02:26
And the outsider can never really reach the core.
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ื•ืฉืื“ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืœื™ื‘ื”.
02:31
I'm going to run through some of the photographs in this series.
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ืื ื™ ืืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืžื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:35
It's titled, "An American Index
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ื›ื•ืชืจืชื”: "ืื™ื ื“ืงืก ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
02:37
of the Hidden and Unfamiliar,"
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"ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกืชืจ ื•ื”ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ"
02:39
and it's comprised of nearly 70 images.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื›ืžืขื˜ 70 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
02:42
In this context I'll just show you a few.
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืจืง ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ.
02:44
This is a nuclear waste storage and encapsulation facility
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ื–ื”ื• ืืชืจ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ืžื•ืก ืคืกื•ืœืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช
02:49
at Hanford site in Washington State,
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ื‘ื”ื ืคื•ืจื“ ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ
02:51
where there are over 1,900
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉื ืžืขืœ 1900
02:53
stainless steel capsules containing nuclear waste
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ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืช ืžืคืœื“ืช-ืืœ ื—ืœื“ ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืฉืงื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื.
02:55
submerged in water.
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ืื“ื ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื›ืžื•ืกื” ืœื ืžื•ื’ื ืช - ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื“.
02:57
A human standing in front of an unprotected capsule would die instantly.
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03:01
And I found one section amongst all of these
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืžืฆืืชื™ ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื
03:04
that actually resembled the outline
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ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘.
03:06
of the United States of America,
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03:08
which you can see here.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื.
03:10
And a big part of the work that is
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ืขื“ืจ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜.
03:12
sort of absent in this context is text.
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03:16
So I create these two poles.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฉื ื™ ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื.
03:18
Every image is accompanied with a very detailed factual text.
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ื›ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืžืื•ื“.
03:22
And what I'm most interested in
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื•ืชื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
03:24
is the invisible space between a text
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜
03:27
and its accompanying image,
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืฆื™ื“ื•,
03:29
and how the image is transformed by the text
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ื•ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”
03:32
and the text by the image.
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” - ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜.
03:34
So, at best, the image is meant to float away
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ืื–, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืจื—ืฃ
03:36
into abstraction and multiple truths and fantasy.
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ืืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ื•ืืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื”.
03:40
And then the text functions as this cruel anchor
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ื•ืื– ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ืขื•ื’ืŸ ืื›ื–ืจื™
03:43
that kind of nails it to the ground.
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ืฉืžืžืกืžืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืงืจืงืข.
03:45
But in this context I'm just going to read
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืืงืจื ืจืง
03:48
an abridged version of those texts.
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ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
03:50
This is a cryopreservation unit,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืงืคืื”
03:53
and it holds the bodies of the wife and mother
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืฉืชื• ื•ืืžื•
03:55
of cryonics pioneer Robert Ettinger,
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ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืฅ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืงืคืื”, ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืื˜ื™ื ื’ืจ,
03:57
who hoped to be awoken one day to extended life
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ืฉืงื™ื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
04:00
in good health, with advancements in science and technology,
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื“ืžื” ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
04:04
all for the cost of 35 thousand dollars, for forever.
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืชืžื•ืจืช 35 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืœื ืฆื—.
04:09
This is a 21-year-old Palestinian woman
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื™ืฉื” ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืื™ืช ื‘ืช 21
04:12
undergoing hymenoplasty.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื™ืžื ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™
04:14
Hymenoplasty is a surgical procedure which restores the virginal state,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ ืœืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืงืจื•ื ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื,
04:19
allowing her to adhere to certain cultural expectations
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช
04:22
regarding virginity and marriage.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.
04:24
So it essentially reconstructs a ruptured hymen,
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ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืžืฉื—ื–ืจื™ื ืืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ืข,
04:27
allowing her to bleed upon having sexual intercourse,
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ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืžื ื‘ืขืช ืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™-ืžื™ืŸ,
04:31
to simulate the loss of virginity.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ืŸ.
04:34
This is a jury simulation deliberation room,
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืœื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื,
04:37
and you can see beyond that two-way mirror
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืจืื” ื”ื“ื•-ืฆื“ื“ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
04:39
jury advisers standing in a room behind the mirror.
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ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื—ื‘ืจ-ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืจืื”
04:43
And they observe deliberations
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ื•ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื
04:45
after mock trial proceedings
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืš ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžื“ื•ืžื”
04:47
so that they can better advise their clients how to adjust their trial strategy
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื
04:51
to have the outcome that they're hoping for.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœื” ื”ื ืžื™ื™ื—ืœื™ื.
04:54
This process costs 60,000 dollars.
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ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” 60 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
04:59
This is a U.S. Customs and Border Protection room,
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ื–ื” ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื›ืก ื•ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘
05:03
a contraband room, at John F. Kennedy International Airport.
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ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืข"ืฉ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืค' ืงื ื“ื™.
05:06
On that table you can see 48 hours' worth
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ 48 ืฉืขื•ืช
05:09
of seized goods from passengers entering in to the United States.
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ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกืช ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืืจื”"ื‘.
05:13
There is a pig's head and African cane rats.
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ื™ืฉ ืคื” ืจืืฉ ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื•ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช.
05:17
And part of my photographic work
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœื™
05:19
is I'm not just documenting what's there.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืžืชืขื“ืช ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ,
05:22
I do take certain liberties and intervene.
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ืืœื ืžืชื™ืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื•ืžืชืขืจื‘ืช.
05:25
And in this I really wanted it to resemble
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ื•ืคื” ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ
05:27
an early still-life painting,
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ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื˜ื‘ืข-ื“ื•ืžื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื
05:29
so I spent some time with the smells and items.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื–ืžืŸ ืขื ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื.
05:34
This is the exhibited art on the walls of the CIA
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ืช ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช
05:37
in Langley, Virginia, their original headquarters building.
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ื‘ืœืื ื’ืœื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื”, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
05:40
And the CIA has had a long history
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ื•ืœืกื™-ืื™ื™-ืื™ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื”
05:43
with both covert and public cultural diplomacy efforts.
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ืฉืœ ืžืืžืฆื™ ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ื—ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
05:47
And it's speculated that some of their interest in the arts
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช
05:49
was designed to counter Soviet communism
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ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—-ื ื’ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™,
05:52
and promote what it considered to be pro-American
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ื•ืœืงื“ื ืžื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช.
05:54
thoughts and aesthetics.
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05:56
And one of the art forms that elicited the interest of the agency,
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ื•ืื—ืช ืžืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืจืจื• ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช,
06:00
and had thus come under question, is abstract expressionism.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืขืœืชื” ืชืžื™ื”ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜.
06:06
This is the Forensic Anthropology Research Facility,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”"ืžืชืงืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™",
06:10
and on a six acre plot
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ื•ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 24 ื“ื•ื ื
06:12
there are approximately 75 cadavers at any given time
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ ื›-75 ื’ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช,
06:16
that are being studied by forensic anthropologists
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ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื
06:19
and researchers who are interested in monitoring
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ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื˜ืจ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืจืงื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื”.
06:22
a rate of corpse decomposition.
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06:25
And in this particular photograph the body of a young boy
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ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ื–ื•, ื’ื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ
06:28
has been used to reenact a crime scene.
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ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื–ื™ืจืช ืคืฉืข.
06:32
This is the only federally funded site
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ื–ื” ื”ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉืžืžื•ืžืŸ ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
06:35
where it is legal to cultivate cannabis
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ื•ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืชื™ืจ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืงื ืื‘ื™ืก
06:38
for scientific research in the United States.
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™.
06:41
It's a research crop marijuana grow room.
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ื–ื” ื—ื“ืจ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ.
06:43
And part of the work that I hope for
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืคืงื˜ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
06:46
is that there is a sort of disorienting entropy
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœืช
06:49
where you can't find any discernible formula in how these things --
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ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืื™ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• --
06:53
they sort of awkwardly jump from government to science
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื’ื•ืฉื ืžืžืžืฉืœ ืœืžื“ืข,
06:56
to religion to security --
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ืœื“ืช, ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ --
06:58
and you can't completely understand
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ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื’ืžืจื™
07:01
how information is being distributed.
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ืื™ืš ืžืชื—ืœืง ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
07:05
These are transatlantic submarine communication cables
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ืืœื• ื›ื‘ืœื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืชืช-ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ืจื ืกืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ื™ื
07:08
that travel across the floor of the Atlantic Ocean,
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ืฉืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™
07:11
connecting North America to Europe.
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ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
07:13
They carry over 60 million simultaneous voice conversations,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื, ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืžืขืœ 60 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื™ื•ืช.
07:17
and in a lot of the government and technology sites
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ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
07:20
there was just this very apparent vulnerability.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืชื•ืจืคื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช.
07:23
This one is almost humorous because it feels like I could
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื”, ื›ื™ ื ื“ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื”
07:25
just snip all of that conversation in one easy cut.
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ืœืงื˜ื•ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ืงืœ.
07:28
But stuff did feel like it could have been taken
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช
07:32
30 or 40 years ago, like it was locked in the Cold War era
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ืœืคื ื™ 30 ืื• 40 ืฉื ื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ืชืงืขื• ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”
07:36
and hadn't necessarily progressed.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•.
07:39
This is a Braille edition of Playboy magazine.
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ื–ื• ื’ืจืกื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ "ืคืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™".
07:42
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:44
And this is ... a division of the Library of Congress
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ื•ื–ื”...ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœืงื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก
07:46
produces a free national library service
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ืฉืžืคื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื
07:50
for the blind and visually impaired,
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœืงื•ื™ื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”.
07:52
and the publications they choose to publish
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ื•ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ
07:54
are based on reader popularity.
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื
07:57
And Playboy is always in the top few.
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ื•"ืคืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™" ื ืžืฆื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”.
07:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:01
But you'd be surprised, they don't do the photographs. It's just the text.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ืคืชืขื• ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜.
08:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:06
This is an avian quarantine facility
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืชืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœืขื•ืคื•ืช
08:08
where all imported birds coming into America
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ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื‘ืื•ืช ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”
08:10
are required to undergo a 30-day quarantine,
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ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœ 30 ื™ื•ื,
08:13
where they are tested for diseases
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ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ื ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช
08:15
including Exotic Newcastle Disease
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ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืžื—ืœืช ื ื™ื•ืงืืกืœ ื”ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ืช
08:17
and Avian Influenza.
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ื•ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช.
08:21
This film shows
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ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืจืื”
08:25
the testing of a new explosive fill on a warhead.
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ-ื ืคืฅ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืงืจื‘ื™.
08:29
And the Air Armament Center
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ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™
08:31
at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida
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ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื’ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”,
08:33
is responsible for the deployment and testing
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ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ื•ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”
08:35
of all air-delivered weaponry
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™-ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
08:38
coming from the United States.
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ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
08:42
And the film was shot on 72 millimeter, government-issue film.
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ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื ื‘ืกืจื˜ 72 ืž"ืž ืฉื”ื ืคื™ืงื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
08:46
And that red dot is a marking on the government-issue film.
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™.
08:50
All living white tigers in North America
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ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื’ืจื™ืกื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”
08:53
are the result of selective inbreeding --
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ื”ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืื” ื‘ืจืจื ื™ืช --
08:55
that would be mother to son,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ืขื ื‘ื ื”,
08:57
father to daughter, sister to brother --
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ืื‘ ืขื ื‘ืชื•, ืื—ื•ืช ืขื ืื—ื™ื” --
08:59
to allow for the genetic conditions
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
09:02
that create a salable white tiger.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื˜ื™ื’ืจื™ืก ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจ-ืžื›ื™ืจื”.
09:04
Meaning white fur, ice blue eyes, a pink nose.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืคืจื•ื•ื” ืœื‘ื ื”, ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืงืจื—, ืืฃ ื•ืจื•ื“.
09:08
And the majority of these white tigers
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ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื’ืจื™ืกื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
09:11
are not born in a salable state
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ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ "ื‘ืจ-ืžื›ื™ืจื”"
09:13
and are killed at birth.
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ื•ืžื•ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื“ื”.
09:15
It's a very violent process that is little known.
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ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืื•ื“ ืืœื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข ืจืง ืžืขื˜.
09:18
And the white tiger is obviously celebrated in several forms of entertainment.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื’ืจื™ืก ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื›ื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ.
09:23
Kenny was born. He actually made it to adulthood.
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ืงื ื™ ื ื•ืœื“. ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
09:26
He has since passed away,
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ืžืื– ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืคื˜ืจ,
09:28
but was mentally retarded
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื’ืจ ืฉื›ืœื™ืช
09:30
and suffers from severe bone abnormalities.
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ื•ืกื‘ืœ ืžืื ื•ืžืœื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช.
09:34
This, on a lighter note, is at
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ื–ื”, ื‘ื ื™ืžื” ืงืœื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:36
George Lucas' personal archive.
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ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืœื•ืงืืก.
09:39
This is the Death Star.
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ื–ื” "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช".
09:41
And it's shown here in its true orientation.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื’ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
09:44
In the context of "Star Wars: Return of the Jedi,"
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ื‘"ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื: ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’'ื“ื™ื™"
09:46
its mirror image is presented.
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ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืจืื™ ืฉืœื•.
09:48
They flip the negative.
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ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื™ืœ.
09:50
And you can see the photoetched brass detailing,
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืœื™ืชื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื–,
09:53
and the painted acrylic facade.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืืงืจื™ืœื™ืง.
09:55
In the context of the film,
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ื‘ืกืจื˜,
09:57
this is a deep-space battle station of the Galactic Empire,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกืคื™ื ืช ื—ืœืœ ืงืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ืช,
10:00
capable of annihilating planets and civilizations,
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ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช.
10:04
and in reality it measures about four feet by two feet.
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ื•ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื˜ืจ.
10:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:11
This is at Fort Campbell in Kentucky.
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ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืจ ืงืžืคื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ืงื ื˜ืงื™.
10:14
It's a Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain site.
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ื–ื” ืืชืจ ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื ื•ื™.
10:17
Essentially they've simulated a city
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ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ
10:20
for urban combat,
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ืœืœื•ื—ืžื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช.
10:22
and this is one of the structures that exists in that city.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ื•.
10:24
It's called the World Church of God.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื "ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื".
10:27
It's supposed to be a generic site of worship.
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ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ืืชืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื“ืชื™.
10:30
And after I took this photograph,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
10:33
they constructed a wall around the World Church of God
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ื‘ื ื• ื—ื•ืžื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื ืกื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื
10:35
to mimic the set-up of mosques in Afghanistan or Iraq.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง.
10:40
And I worked with Mehta Vihar
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ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขื ืžื”ื˜ื” ื•ื™ืืจ
10:42
who creates virtual simulations for the army
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื
10:45
for tactical practice.
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื™ื
10:47
And we put that wall around the World Church of God,
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ื”ืฆื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื ืกื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื,
10:49
and also used the characters and vehicles and explosions
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื ืคืฅ
10:53
that are offered in the video games for the army.
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ืฉืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ื•ื™ื“ื™ืื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื
10:56
And I put them into my photograph.
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ื•ืฉื™ืœื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™.
11:00
This is live HIV virus
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ื–ื” ื ื’ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื—ื™
11:02
at Harvard Medical School, who is working with the U.S. Government
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“, ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ืžืžืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘
11:04
to develop sterilizing immunity.
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ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
11:08
And Alhurra is a U.S. Government- sponsored
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"ืืœื—ื•ืจื”" ืžืžื•ืžื ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
11:11
Arabic language television network
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ื•ื–ืืช ืจืฉืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช
11:14
that distributes news and information to over 22 countries in the Arab world.
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ืฉืžืคื™ืฆื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-22 ืืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™.
11:19
It runs 24 hours a day, commercial free.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื“ืจืช 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžืžื”, ืœืœื ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช.
11:22
However, it's illegal to broadcast Alhurra within the United States.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ "ืืœื—ื•ืจื”" ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื”"ื‘ ืืกื•ืจ ืขืค"ื™ ื—ื•ืง.
11:27
And in 2004, they developed a channel called Alhurra Iraq,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004 ื”ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืขืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืฉื "ืืœื—ื•ืจื”-ืขื™ืจืืง",
11:30
which specifically deals with events occurring in Iraq
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ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื˜ื ื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง
11:33
and is broadcast to Iraq.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื“ืจ ืœืขื™ืจืืง.
11:36
Now I'm going to move on to another project I did.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืื—ืจ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™.
11:38
It's titled "The Innocents."
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ื›ื•ืชืจืชื• "ื”ื—ืคื™ื ืžืคืฉืข"
11:41
And for the men in these photographs,
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
11:43
photography had been used to create a fantasy.
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ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื”.
11:46
Contradicting its function as evidence of a truth,
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ื‘ืกืชื™ืจื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืจืื™ื™ื” ืœืืžืช,
11:49
in these instances it furthered the fabrication of a lie.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื™ื”.
11:53
I traveled across the United States
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ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจื”"ื‘
11:55
photographing men and women who had been wrongfully convicted
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ื•ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉืขื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืฆื“ืง
11:58
of crimes they did not commit, violent crimes.
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ื‘ืคืฉืขื™ื ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื•, ืคืฉืขื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื.
12:02
I investigate photography's ability to blur truth and fiction,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืœื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžืช ืœื‘ื“ื™ื™ื”,
12:06
and its influence on memory,
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ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
12:08
which can lead to severe, even lethal consequences.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช.
12:12
For the men in these photographs,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•
12:14
the primary cause of their wrongful conviction
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœื”ืจืฉืขืชื ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช
12:16
was mistaken identification.
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ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™.
12:19
A victim or eyewitness identifies
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ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืื• ืขื“ ืจืื™ื” ืžื–ื”ื”
12:21
a suspected perpetrator
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ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื”
12:23
through law enforcement's use of images.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืคื”.
12:26
But through exposure to composite sketches,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
12:28
Polaroids, mug shots and line-ups,
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ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœืจื•ืื™ื“, ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืžืืกืจ ื•ืžืกื“ืจื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™,
12:31
eyewitness testimony can change.
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ืขื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื“ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
12:33
I'll give you an example from a case.
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžืงืจื” ืืžื™ืชื™.
12:36
A woman was raped and presented with a series of photographs
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ืื™ืฉื” ื ืื ืกื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื” ื›ืžื” ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื
12:39
from which to identify her attacker.
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ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ.
12:41
She saw some similarities in one of the photographs,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืื” ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
12:45
but couldn't quite make a positive identification.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ื•ื“ืื™.
12:47
Days later, she is presented with another photo array
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ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
12:51
of all new photographs,
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
12:53
except that one photograph that she had some draw to
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ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืช ืฉืฆื“ื” ืืช ืขื™ื ื”
12:56
from the earlier array is repeated in the second array.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
12:59
And a positive identification is made
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ื•ื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื™.
13:02
because the photograph replaced the memory,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
13:04
if there ever was an actual memory.
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ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™.
13:08
Photography offered the criminal justice system
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ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ืงื ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช
13:11
a tool that transformed innocent citizens into criminals,
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ื›ืœื™ ืฉื”ืคืš ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื—ืคื™ื ืžืคืฉืข ืœืคื•ืฉืขื™ื.
13:14
and the criminal justice system failed to recognize the limitations
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช
13:18
of relying on photographic identifications.
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ืฉื‘ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
13:22
Frederick Daye, who is photographed at his alibi location,
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ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื“ื™ื™, ืฉืžืฆื•ืœื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืืœื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื•,
13:26
where 13 witnesses placed him at the time of the crime.
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉ-13 ืขื“ื™ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคืฉืข.
13:29
He was convicted by an all-white jury
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ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืœื‘ื ื™ื,
13:32
of rape, kidnapping and vehicle theft.
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ื”ืจืฉื™ืข ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ื ืก, ื—ื˜ื™ืคื” ื•ื’ื ื™ื‘ืช ืจื›ื‘.
13:34
And he served 10 years of a life sentence.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืฆื” 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืžืืกืจ ืขื•ืœื.
13:38
Now DNA exonerated Frederick
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ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื“ื "ื ื ื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืืฉืžื”
13:40
and it also implicated another man
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ
13:42
who was serving time in prison.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืืกืจ.
13:44
But the victim refused to press charges
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชืœื•ื ื”
13:46
because she claimed that law enforcement
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ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืคื”
13:48
had permanently altered her memory through the use of Frederick's photograph.
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ืฉื™ื ื• ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง.
13:53
Charles Fain was convicted of kidnapping, rape and murder
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ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ืคื”, ืื•ื ืก ื•ืจืฆื—
13:57
of a young girl walking to school.
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ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ื”"ืก.
13:59
He served 18 years of a death sentence.
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ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืฆื” 18 ืฉื ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื–ืจ-ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืช.
14:02
I photographed him at the scene of the crime
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ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืคืฉืข
14:04
at the Snake River in Idaho.
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ื‘ื ื”ืจ ืกื ื™ื™ืง ื‘ืื™ื™ื“ื”ื•.
14:06
And I photographed all of the wrongfully convicted
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ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืขื™ื ืฉืœื ื‘ืฆื“ืง
14:10
at sites that came to particular significance
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ื‘ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
14:15
in the history of their wrongful conviction.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืขืชื ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช:
14:17
The scene of arrest, the scene of misidentification,
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ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืืกืจ, ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™,
14:19
the alibi location.
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ืžืงื•ื ื”ืืœื™ื‘ื™.
14:21
And here, the scene of the crime, it's this place
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ื•ืคื”, ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืคืฉืข, ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื
14:23
to which he's never been, but changed his life forever.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืžืขื•ืœื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœื ืฆื—.
14:27
So photographing there, I was hoping to highlight
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ืื– ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉื, ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืื•ืจ
14:29
the tenuous relationship between truth and fiction,
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ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืช ืœื‘ื“ื™ื”,
14:32
in both his life and in photography.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื.
14:37
Calvin Washington was convicted of capital murder.
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ืงืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ืจืฆื—.
14:40
He served 13 years of a life sentence in Waco, Texas.
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ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืฆื” 13 ืฉื ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžืืกืจ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื™ืงื• ืฉื‘ื˜ืงืกืก.
14:45
Larry Mayes, I photographed at the scene of arrest,
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ืœืืจื™ ืžื™ื™ืก, ืื•ืชื• ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืืกืจ,
14:48
where he hid between two mattresses in Gary, Indiana,
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ืฉื ื”ืกืชืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžื–ืจื ื™ื, ื‘ื’ืืจื™ ืฉื‘ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื”,
14:50
in this very room to hide from the police.
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ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ืกืชืชืจ ืžื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”.
14:54
He ended up serving 18 and a half years
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ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืฆื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ 18 ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”
14:56
of an 80 year sentence for rape and robbery.
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ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื–ืจ-ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ 80 ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ืื•ื ืก ื•ืฉื•ื“.
14:59
The victim failed to identify Larry
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ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืœืืจื™
15:01
in two live lineups
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืกื“ืจื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื ื ื›ื—
15:03
and then made a positive identification, days later,
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ื•ืื– ื–ื™ื”ืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
15:06
from a photo array.
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ืžืชื•ืš ืกื“ืจืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
15:09
Larry Youngblood served eight years of a 10 and half year sentence
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ืœืืจื™ ื™ืื ื’ื‘ืœื“ ืจื™ืฆื” 8 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื–ืจ-ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ 10 ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื
15:12
in Arizona for the abduction and repeated sodomizing
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ื‘ืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื”, ืขืœ ื—ื˜ื™ืคื” ื•ืžืขืฉื™ ืกื“ื•ื
15:16
of a 10 year old boy at a carnival.
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ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ 10 ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืชื”ืœื•ื›ืช ืงืจื ื‘ืœ.
15:19
He is photographed at his alibi location.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ืœื ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืืœื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื•.
15:23
Ron Williamson. Ron was convicted of the rape and murder
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ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืœื™ืืžืกื•ืŸ. ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ืื•ื ืก ื•ื‘ืจืฆื—
15:27
of a barmaid at a club,
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ,
15:29
and served 11 years of a death sentence.
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ื•ืจื™ืฆื” 11 ืฉื ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื–ืจ-ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืช.
15:32
I photographed Ron at a baseball field
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ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืืช ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ
15:34
because he had been drafted to the Oakland A's
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ื™ื™ืก ืœื ื‘ื—ืจืช ืื•ืงืœื ื“ ืื™ื™'ืก
15:36
to play professional baseball just before his conviction.
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ื›ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจืฉืขืชื•.
15:40
And the state's key witness in Ron's case
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ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืคืชื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืŸ
15:43
was, in the end, the actual perpetrator.
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ื”ื™ื”, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืคื•ืฉืข ืขืฆืžื•.
15:48
Ronald Jones served eight years of a death sentence
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ืจื•ื ืœื“ ื’'ื•ื ืก ืจื™ืฆื” 8 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื–ืจ-ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืช
15:52
for rape and murder of a 28-year-old woman.
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ืขืœ ืื•ื ืก ื•ืจืฆื— ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื” ื›ื‘ืช 28.
15:54
I photographed him at the scene of arrest in Chicago.
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ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืืกืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืงืื’ื•.
15:59
William Gregory was convicted of rape and burglary.
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ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื’ืจื’ื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ืื•ื ืก ื•ืคืจื™ืฆื”.
16:03
He served seven years of a 70 year sentence in Kentucky.
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ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืฆื” 7 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื–ืจ-ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ 70 ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืงื ื˜ืงื™.
16:08
Timothy Durham, who I photographed at his alibi location
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ื˜ื™ืžื•ื˜ื™ ื“ื•ืจื”ื, ืื•ืชื• ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืืœื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื•
16:11
where 11 witnesses placed him at the time of the crime,
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ืžืงื•ื ืฉ-11 ืขื“ื™ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ื“ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคืฉืข,
16:14
was convicted of 3.5 years
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ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื•ื ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ื ื• ืœ-3.5 ืฉื ื™ื
16:16
of a 3220 year sentence,
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ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื–ืจ-ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ 3220 ืฉื ื”,
16:21
for several charges of rape and robbery.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ืก ื•ืฉื•ื“.
16:23
He had been misidentified by an 11-year-old victim.
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื”ื” ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ืŸ 11.
16:28
Troy Webb is photographed here at the scene of the crime in Virginia.
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ื˜ืจื•ื™ ื•ื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ืœื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืคืฉืข ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื”.
16:32
He was convicted of rape, kidnapping and robbery,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ืื•ื ืก, ื—ื˜ื™ืคื” ื•ืฉื•ื“,
16:35
and served seven years of a 47 year sentence.
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ื•ืจื™ืฆื” 7 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื–ืจ-ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ 47 ืฉื ื”.
16:39
Troy's picture was in a photo array
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ืชืžื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
16:41
that the victim tentatively had some draw toward,
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ื•ืžืฉื›ื” ืœืจื’ืข ืืช ืขื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžื“ื™.
16:43
but said he looked too old.
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16:46
The police went and found a photograph of Troy Webb
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ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืื™ืชืจื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ื™ ื•ื•ื‘
16:49
from four years earlier,
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ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ
16:51
which they entered into a photo array days later,
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ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืื•ืชื” ืœืกื“ืจืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
16:54
and he was positively identified.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ื“ืื™.
16:58
Now I'm going to leave you with a self portrait.
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ืืคืจื“ ืžื›ื ืขื ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™
17:02
And it reiterates that distortion is a constant,
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ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื ืชื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข,
17:06
and our eyes are easily deceived.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืงืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
17:19
That's it. Thank you.
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœ. ืชื•ื“ื”.
17:21
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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