Nirmalya Kumar: India's invisible innovation

12,906 views ใƒป 2015-07-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Thu-Huong Ha Reviewer: Jenny Zurawell
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Orr Schlesinger ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Over the last two decades, India has become
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื•ื“ื•
00:15
a global hub for software development
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ืœืžืจื›ื– ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™
00:18
and offshoring of back office services, as we call it,
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ื•ืžื™ืงื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฅ ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ืื—ื•ืจื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื”
00:22
and what we were interested in finding out was that
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”
00:27
because of this huge industry that has started
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ืฉืขืงื‘ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื ืงื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉื”ื—ืœื”
00:31
over the last two decades in India,
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ื‘-20 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
00:33
offshoring software development and back office services,
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ืžื™ืงื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ืื—ื•ืจื™,
00:36
there's been a flight of white collar jobs
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ื—ืœื” ืžื ื•ืกื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“
00:38
from the developed world to India.
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ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื— ืœื”ื•ื“ื•
00:42
When this is combined with the loss of manufacturing jobs
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ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื”ืคืกื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ
00:45
to China, it has, you know, led to considerable angst
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ืœืกื™ืŸ, ื–ื”, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ืจื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
00:49
amongst the Western populations.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช.
00:52
In fact, if you look at polls, they show a declining
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืกืงืจื™ื, ื”ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžื’ืžื” ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื”
00:55
trend for support for free trade in the West.
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ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ืกื—ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘.
01:00
Now, the Western elites, however, have said
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืืžืจื•
01:03
this fear is misplaced.
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ืฉื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•.
01:05
For example, if you have read โ€” I suspect many of you
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ืงืจืืชื - ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืจื•ื‘ื›ื ืงืจืืชื
01:08
have done so โ€” read the book by Thomas Friedman
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ืืช ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืก ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ
01:11
called "The World Is Flat," he said, basically, in his book
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"ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ื•ื—"' ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ,
01:14
that, you know, this fear for free trade is wrong
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ืฉื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืžืกื—ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื˜ืขื”
01:18
because it assumes, it's based on a mistaken assumption
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ื—, ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช
01:21
that everything that can be invented has been invented.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืžืฆื.
01:25
In fact, he says, it's innovation that will keep the West
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ, ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืชืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ
01:28
ahead of the developing world,
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ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—,
01:30
with the more sophisticated, innovative tasks being done
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื•ืช
01:33
in the developed world, and the less sophisticated,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—, ื•ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช,
01:36
shall we say, drudge work being done
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื’ื™ื“, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช
01:37
in the developing world.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—.
01:40
Now, what we were trying to understand was,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”
01:44
is this true?
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ื”ืื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืืžืช?
01:47
Could India become a source, or a global hub,
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืงื•ืจ, ืื• ืžืจื›ื– ืขื•ืœืžื™,
01:50
of innovation, just like it's become a global hub
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ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ืขื•ืœืžื™
01:54
for back office services and software development?
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ื›ื ื”?
01:57
And for the last four years, my coauthor Phanish Puranam
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ื•ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื™ ืคืื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืจืื ืื
02:01
and I spent investigating this topic.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืงืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
02:05
Initially, or, you know, as people would say, you know,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ืื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
02:09
in fact the more aggressive people who are supporting
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื
02:11
the Western innovative model, say,
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
02:13
"Where are the Indian Googles, iPods and Viagras,
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"ืื™ืคื” ื”ื’ื•ื’ืœื™ื, ืื™ื™ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื™ืื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช,
02:16
if the Indians are so bloody smart?" (Laughter)
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ืื ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ?" (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:20
So initially, when we started our research, we went
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ืื– ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ื”ืœื›ื ื•
02:22
and met several executives, and we asked them,
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ื•ื ืคื’ืฉื ื• ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื, ื•ืฉืืœื ื• ืื•ืชื,
02:24
"What do you think? Will India go from being a favored
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"ืžื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื? ื”ืื ื”ื•ื“ื• ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืžืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ
02:27
destination for software services and back office services
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ืื—ื•ืจื™
02:30
to a destination for innovation?"
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ืœื™ืขื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช?"
02:33
They laughed. They dismissed us.
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ื”ื ืฆื—ืงื•. ื”ื ื“ื—ื• ืื•ืชื ื•.
02:35
They said, "You know what? Indians don't do innovation."
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”? ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช."
02:38
The more polite ones said, "Well, you know, Indians
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ื”ืžื ื•ื ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžืจื•, "ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ื™ื
02:40
make good software programmers and accountants,
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ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช,
02:43
but they can't do the creative stuff."
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื."
02:46
Sometimes, it took a more, took a veneer of sophistication,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื—ื›ื•ื,
02:50
and people said, "You know, it's nothing to do with Indians.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื• "ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”, ื–ื” ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
02:53
It's really the rule-based, regimented education system
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ื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื
02:56
in India that is responsible for killing all creativity."
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ืฉืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ืคืกื™ืœืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช."
03:01
They said, instead, if you want to see real creativity,
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช,
03:03
go to Silicon Valley, and look at companies
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ืœื›ื• ืœืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ, ื•ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
03:05
like Google, Microsoft, Intel.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ื’ืœ, ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜, ืื™ื ื˜ืœ.
03:08
So we started examining the R&D and innovation labs
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช
03:11
of Silicon Valley.
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ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ.
03:13
Well, interestingly, what you find there is,
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ืื–, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช, ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื ืฉื ื–ื”,
03:15
usually you are introduced to the head of the innovation lab
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ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชืš ืœืจืืฉ ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช
03:18
or the R&D center as they may call it,
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ืื• ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื•"ืค ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื”,
03:20
and more often than not, it's an Indian. (Laughter)
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ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื“ื™. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:24
So I immediately said, "Well, but you could not have been
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ืื– ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืžืจืชื™, "ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื
03:27
educated in India, right?
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ื—ื•ื ื›ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:28
You must have gotten your education here."
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื•ื ื›ืช ื›ืืŸ."
03:30
It turned out, in every single case,
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ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื,
03:34
they came out of the Indian educational system.
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ื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.
03:38
So we realized that maybe we had the wrong question,
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ืื– ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
03:40
and the right question is, really, can Indians
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื
03:43
based out of India do innovative work?
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช?
03:47
So off we went to India. We made, I think,
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ืื– ื”ืœื›ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื•. ืขืฉื™ื ื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
03:49
about a dozen trips to Bangalore, Mumbai, Gurgaon,
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืจื™ืกืจ ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื’ืœื•ืจ, ืžื•ืžื‘ืื™, ื’ื•ืจื’ืื•ืŸ,
03:52
Delhi, Hyderabad, you name it, to examine
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ื“ืœื”ื™, ื”ื™ื™ื“ืจืื‘ืื“, ืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื•, ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช
03:55
what is the level of corporate innovation in these cities.
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ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
04:00
And what we found was, as we progressed in our research,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื”ื™ื”, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืชืงื“ืžื ื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ,
04:02
was, that we were asking really the wrong question.
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
04:05
When you ask, "Where are the Indian Googles,
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ืืœ, "ืื™ืคื” ื”ื’ื•ื’ืœื™ื,
04:07
iPods and Viagras?" you are taking a particular perspective
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ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื™ืื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื?" ืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช
04:11
on innovation, which is innovation for end users,
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ืงืฆื”,
04:16
visible innovation.
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ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื”.
04:17
Instead, innovation, if you remember, some of you
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืงื›ื
04:21
may have read the famous economist Schumpeter,
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ืงืจืืชื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉื•ืžืคื˜ืจ
04:23
he said, "Innovation is novelty
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ
04:25
in how value is created and distributed."
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืžื•ืคืฅ"
04:29
It could be new products and services,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
04:31
but it could also be new ways of producing products.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื.
04:33
It could also be novel ways of organizing firms and industries.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช.
04:36
Once you take this, there's no reason to restrict innovation,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
04:40
the beneficiaries of innovation, just to end users.
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ืืช ืžื•ื˜ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ืงืฆื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
04:44
When you take this broader conceptualization of innovation,
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ื›ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
04:47
what we found was, India is well represented
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
04:50
in innovation, but the innovation that is being done in India
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ื‘ืื’ืฃ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ืืš ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•
04:54
is of a form we did not anticipate, and what we did was
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ื”ื ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืฉืœื ืฆื™ืคื™ื ื• ืœื”, ื•ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื”
04:57
we called it "invisible innovation."
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ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” "ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช".
04:59
And specifically, there are four types of invisible innovation
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ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“, ื™ืฉื ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช
05:02
that are coming out of India.
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ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ื•ื“ื•.
05:04
The first type of invisible innovation out of India
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช ืžื”ื•ื“ื•
05:07
is what we call innovation for business customers,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื
05:10
which is led by the multinational corporations,
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ื”ืžื•ื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
05:13
which have -- in the last two decades, there have been
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ื‘-20 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื‘ื ื•
05:16
750 R&D centers set up in India by multinational companies
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750 ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืž"ื•ืค ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
05:22
employing more than 400,000 professionals.
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ื”ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-400,000 ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข.
05:26
Now, when you consider the fact that, historically,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช,
05:31
the R&D center of a multinational company
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ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื•"ืค ืฉืœ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
05:34
was always in the headquarters, or in the country of origin
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื˜ื”, ืื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ืฆื
05:38
of that multinational company, to have 750 R&D centers
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ 750 ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื•"ืค
05:42
of multinational corporations in India
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ืฉืœ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•
05:45
is truly a remarkable figure.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:47
When we went and talked to the people in those innovation
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ื”ืœื›ื ื• ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™
05:50
centers and asked them what are they working on,
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื•ืฉืืœื ื• ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
05:52
they said, "We are working on global products."
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ื”ื ืืžืจื• "ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื."
05:54
They were not working on localizing global products
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ื”ื ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
05:57
for India, which is the usual role of a local R&D.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืž"ื•ืค ืžืงื•ืžื™.
06:01
They were working on truly global products,
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ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ,
06:03
and companies like Microsoft, Google, AstraZeneca,
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜, ื’ื•ื’ืœ, ืืกื˜ืจื”-ื–ื ืงื”,
06:07
General Electric, Philips, have already answered
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ื’'ื ืจืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืง, ืคื™ืœื™ืคืก, ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื ื•
06:10
in the affirmative the question that from their Bangalore
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ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืžืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžื•"ืค ืฉืœื”ื
06:13
and Hyderabad R&D centers they are able to produce
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ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื“ืจืื‘ืื“ ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
06:17
products and services for the world.
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ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
06:20
But of course, as an end user, you don't see that,
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ืืš ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ืงืฆื”, ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
06:23
because you only see the name of the company,
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ื›ื™ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืจืง ืืช ืฉื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
06:24
not where it was developed.
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ืœื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืคื•ืชื—.
06:28
The other thing we were told then was, "Yes, but, you know,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืื– ื”ื™ื”, "ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
06:31
the kind of work that is coming out of the Indian R&D center
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ืกื•ื’ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื•"ืค ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•
06:33
cannot be compared to the kind of work that is coming out
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืข
06:35
of the U.S. R&D centers."
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ืžืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžื•"ืค ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘."
06:38
So my coauthor Phanish Puranam, who happens to be
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ืื– ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื™ - ืคื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืจืื ืื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงืจื”
06:39
one of the smartest people I know, said
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ, ืืžืจ
06:42
he's going to do a study.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ.
06:43
What he did was he looked at those companies
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ื” - ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
06:46
that had an R&D center in USA and in India,
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ืขื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื•"ืค ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
06:49
and then he looked at a patent that was filed
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉ
06:52
out of the U.S. and a similar patent filed out of the same
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ืžืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ืคื˜ื ื˜ ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉ
06:55
company's subsidiary in India,
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ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•
06:57
so he's now comparing the patents of R&D centers
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืž"ื•ืค
07:00
in the U.S. with R&D centers in India of the same company
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื•"ืค ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
07:04
to find out what is the quality of the patents filed
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื™ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉื™ื
07:07
out of the Indian centers and how do they compare
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ืžื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœืขื•ืžืช
07:08
with the quality of the patents filed out of the U.S. centers?
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ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘?
07:11
Interestingly, what he finds is
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ื–ื”
07:13
โ€” and by the way, the way we look at the quality of a patent
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- ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื
07:16
is what we call forward citations: How many times
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ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื—ื•ืจื™: ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื
07:19
does a future patent reference the older patent? โ€”
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ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืคื˜ื ื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ? -
07:23
he finds something very interesting.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื“.
07:26
What we find is that the data says
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื
07:28
that the number of forward citations of a patent filed
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื˜ื ื˜ ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉ
07:32
out of a U.S. R&D subsidiary is identical to the number
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ืžืžืจื›ื– ืžื•"ืค ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืจื”"ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื”ื” ืœืžืกืคืจ
07:35
of forward citations of a patent filed by an Indian subsidiary
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ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื˜ื ื˜ ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉ ืžื”ืื’ืฃ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™
07:39
of the same company within that company.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
07:41
So within the company, there's no difference in the forward
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ืื– ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืžืช
07:44
citation rates of their Indian subsidiaries versus
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ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ
07:46
their U.S. subsidiaries.
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
07:47
So that's the first kind of invisible innovation coming out of India.
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ื•ื“ื•.
07:51
The second kind of invisible innovation coming out of India
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ื•ื“ื•
07:54
is what we call outsourcing innovation to Indian companies,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื™ืงื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช,
07:58
where many companies today are contracting
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ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ื
08:01
Indian companies to do a major part of their product
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช
08:04
development work for their global products
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ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
08:09
which are going to be sold to the entire world.
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ืฉื™ื™ืžื›ืจื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
08:11
For example, in the pharma industry, a lot of the molecules
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืงื—ื•ืช, ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
08:13
are being developed, but you see a major part of that work
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ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช
08:16
is being sent to India.
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ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•.
08:19
For example, XCL Technologies,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื—ื‘ืจืช XCL ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
08:22
they developed two of the mission critical systems
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ืคื™ืชื—ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืœืžืฉื™ืžื”
08:24
for the new Boeing 787 Dreamliner,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’ 787 ื”ื—ื“ืฉ,
08:28
one to avoid collisions in the sky,
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ืื—ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
08:30
and another to allow landing in zero visibility.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืืคืก ืจืื•ืช.
08:34
But of course, when you climb onto the Boeing 787,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’ 787,
08:36
you are not going to know that this is invisible innovation
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช
08:39
out of India.
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ื•ื“ื•.
08:40
The third kind of invisible innovation coming out of India
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ื•ื“ื•
08:43
is what we call process innovations, because of an injection
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ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื, ืขืงื‘ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฅ
08:46
of intelligence by Indian firms.
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ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
08:49
Process innovation is different from product innovation.
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ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื.
08:53
It's about how do you create a new product or develop
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื
08:56
a new product or manufacture a new product,
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ืžื•ืฆืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจ ื—ื“ืฉ,
08:58
but not a new product itself?
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ืืš ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจ ืขืฆืžื•?
09:00
Only in India do millions of young people dream
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ืจืง ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ืชืžืฆืื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœืžื™ื
09:05
of working in a call center.
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ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
09:09
What happens โ€” You know, it's a dead end job in the West,
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื–ื” - ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืœื ืขืชื™ื“,
09:12
what high school dropouts do.
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉื ืฉืจ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
09:15
What happens when you put hundreds of thousands
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืฉืžื™ื ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™
09:18
of smart, young, ambitious kids
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื
09:21
on a call center job?
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ื‘ืžืฉืจืช ืžื•ืงื“ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช?
09:23
Very quickly, they get bored, and they start innovating,
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ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“, ื”ื ืžืฉืชืขืžืžื™ื, ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉ,
09:28
and they start telling the boss how to do this job better, and
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื ื”ืœ ืื™ืš ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื•,
09:32
out of this process innovation comes product innovations,
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ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื,
09:35
which are then marketed around the world.
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ืฉืื– ืžืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
09:37
For example, 24/7 Customer,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, 24/7 ืงืืกื˜ื•ืžืจ,
09:39
traditional call center company, used to be a traditional
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช
09:41
call center company. Today they're developing
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ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื
09:43
analytical tools to do predictive modeling so that before
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ื›ืœื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืชื—ื–ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉืœืคื ื™
09:47
you pick up the phone, you can guess
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ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื ืœื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื—ืฉ
09:50
or predict what this phone call is about.
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ืื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”.
09:56
It's because of an injection of intelligence into a process
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขืงื‘ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš
09:59
which was considered dead for a long time in the West.
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ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืžืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘.
10:02
And the last kind of innovation, invisible innovation
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ื•ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช
10:05
coming out of India is what we call management innovation.
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ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™.
10:08
It's not a new product or a new process
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ื–ื”ื• ืœื ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื“ืฉ
10:09
but a new way to organize work,
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ืืœื ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
10:12
and the most significant management innovation to come
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข
10:14
out of India, invented by the Indian offshoring industry
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ืžื”ื•ื“ื•, ื•ื”ื•ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืฃ-ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื’ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช
10:18
is what we call the global delivery model.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
10:20
What the global delivery model allows is, it allows you
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ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืœืš
10:23
to take previously geographically core-located tasks,
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ืœืงื—ืช ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืžืžื•ืงืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืื—ื“,
10:26
break them up into parts, send them around the world
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ืœืคืจืง ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœืงื™ื, ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
10:29
where the expertise and the cost structure exists,
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ืืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช,
10:31
and then specify the means for reintegrating them.
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ื•ืื– ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
10:34
Without that, you could not have any of the other
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ืœืœื ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
10:36
invisible innovations today.
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ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
10:38
So, what I'm trying to say is, what we are finding
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ืื–, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืืžืจ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื
10:41
in our research is, that if products for end users
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื–ื”, ืฉืื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ืงืฆื”
10:46
is the visible tip of the innovation iceberg,
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ื”ื ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
10:49
India is well represented in the invisible, large,
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ื”ื•ื“ื• ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”
10:53
submerged portion of the innovation iceberg.
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ืฉืœ ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื.
10:58
Now, this has, of course, some implications,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช,
11:03
and so we developed three implications of this research.
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ืื– ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื”.
11:07
The first is what we called sinking skill ladder,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืœื• ืกื•ืœื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืงืข,
11:11
and now I'm going to go back to where I started my
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืขืžื” ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืืช
11:13
conversation with you, which was about the flight of jobs.
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ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืืชื›ื, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื ื•ืกืช ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช.
11:16
Now, of course, when we first, as a multinational company,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
11:20
decide to outsource jobs to India in the R&D,
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ืœืžืงื ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืžื•"ืค ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
11:22
what we are going to do is we are going to outsource the
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ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืœืžืงื ืืช
11:26
bottom rung of the ladder to India, the least sophisticated jobs,
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ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช - ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
11:29
just like Tom Friedman would predict.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆืคื”.
11:32
Now, what happens is, when you outsource the bottom rung
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื–ื”, ื›ืฉืžืžืงืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
11:35
of the ladder to India for innovation and for R&D work,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื•ืžื•"ืค,
11:40
at some stage in the very near future you are going to have
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘
11:43
to confront a problem,
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ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื”,
11:45
which is where does the next step
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ืฉื”ื™ื - ืžืื™ืคื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ
11:47
of the ladder people come from within your company?
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”?
11:50
So you have two choices then:
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช:
11:53
Either you bring the people from India into
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ืื• ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื•ื“ื•
11:55
the developed world to take positions in the next step
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื— ืœืงื—ืช ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื
11:58
of the ladder โ€” immigration โ€”
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื - ื”ื’ื™ืจื” -
12:01
or you say, there's so many people in the bottom step
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ืื• ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
12:03
of the ladder waiting to take the next position in India,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื ืฉืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
12:06
why don't we move the next step to India?
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ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•?
12:10
What we are trying to say is
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื–ื”
12:12
that once you outsource the bottom end of the ladder, you --
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ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืžืงืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ,
12:17
it's a self-perpetuating act, because of the sinking skill ladder,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ืขืงื‘ ืกื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก,
12:20
and the sinking skill ladder is simply the point that
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ื•ืกื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
12:23
you can't be an investment banker
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ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ืงืื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช
12:25
without having been an analyst once.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืื ืœื™ืกื˜.
12:27
You can't be a professor without having been a student.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜.
12:29
You can't be a consultant without having been a research associate.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื‘ืœื™ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื™ืช ืžื—ืงืจ.
12:32
So, if you outsource the least sophisticated jobs,
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ืื– ืื ืžืžืงืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
12:35
at some stage, the next step of the ladder has to follow.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื•.
12:39
The second thing we bring up is what we call
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื
12:41
the browning of the TMT, the top management teams.
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ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ืขืœ TMT, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช.
12:44
If the R&D talent is going to be based out of India
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ืื ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ื•ื“ื•
12:47
and China, and the largest growth markets
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ื•ืกื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:49
are going to be based out of India and China,
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ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืกื™ืŸ,
12:51
you have to confront the problem that
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
12:53
your top management of the future
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ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“
12:55
is going to have to come out of India and China,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืกื™ืŸ,
12:58
because that's where the product leadership is,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ,
12:59
that's where the important market leadership is.
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ืฉื ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
13:02
Right? And the last thing we point out in this slide,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
13:04
which is, you know, that to this story, there's one caveat.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื–ื”ืจื” ืื—ืช.
13:08
India has the youngest growing population in the world.
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ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
13:12
This demographic dividend is incredible, but paradoxically,
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื ื“ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืืœื™ืช,
13:16
there's also the mirage of mighty labor pools.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืฉืœ ืžืื’ืจื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
13:19
Indian institutes and educational system,
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ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
13:22
with a few exceptions, are incapable of producing students
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ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
13:24
in the quantity and quality needed
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ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช
13:27
to keep this innovation engine going,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—,
13:30
so companies are finding innovative ways to overcome this,
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ื›ืš ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ืืœืฆื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
13:33
but in the end it does not absolve the government
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืœื ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
13:35
of the responsibility for creating this educational structure.
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ืžื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
13:40
So finally, I want to conclude
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ืื– ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื”
13:43
by showing you the profile of one company, IBM.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืช, IBM.
13:46
As many of you know, IBM has always been considered
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, IBM ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืชืคืกื”
13:49
for the last hundred years to be one of the most
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ื‘-100 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
13:51
innovative companies.
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:52
In fact, if you look at the number of patents filed over history,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
13:55
I think they are in the top or the top two or three companies
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช
13:57
in the world of all patents filed in the USA as a private company.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืข"ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช.
14:01
Here is the profile of employees of
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ื”ื ื” ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ
14:03
IBM over the last decade.
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IBM ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
14:07
In 2003, they had 300,000 employees,
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ื‘-2003, ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื 300,000 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
14:10
or 330,000 employees, out of which, 135,000
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ืื• 330,000 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื 135,000
14:14
were in America, 9,000 were in India.
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ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, 9,000 ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
14:18
In 2009, they had 400,000 employees, by which time
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ื‘-2009, ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื 400,000 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ืขื“ ืื–
14:23
the U.S. employees had moved to 105,000,
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื‘ืจ ืœ-105,000,
14:25
whereas the Indian employees had gone to 100,000.
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ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœื” ืœ-100,000.
14:29
Well, in 2010, they decided they're not going to reveal
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘-2010, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ
14:32
this data anymore, so I had to make some estimates
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ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”, ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ื›ืžื” ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช
14:34
based on various sources.
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช.
14:35
Here are my best guesses. Okay? I'm not saying
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื™. ืื•ืงื™ื™? ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ
14:38
this is the exact number, it's my best guess.
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™.
14:39
It gives you a sense of the trend.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื’ืžื”.
14:41
There are 433,000 people now at IBM, out of which
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ื™ืฉื ื 433,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘-IBM ื›ืจื’ืข, ืžืชื•ื›ื
14:46
98,000 are remaining in the U.S.,
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98,000 ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
14:48
and 150,000 are in India.
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ื•-150,000 ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
14:52
So you tell me, is IBM an American company,
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ืื– ืชื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื™, ื”ืื IBM ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
14:55
or an Indian company? (Laughter)
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ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช? (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:59
Ladies and gentlemen, thank you very much. (Applause)
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ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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