Nirmalya Kumar: India's invisible innovation

12,575 views ใƒป 2015-07-15

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Thu-Huong Ha Reviewer: Jenny Zurawell
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: K Bang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Sean Park
00:12
Over the last two decades, India has become
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์ง€๋‚œ 20๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—, ์ธ๋„๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ
00:15
a global hub for software development
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ํ”ํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” '์‚ฌ๋ฌด ์ง€์› ์„œ๋น„์Šค'๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ
00:18
and offshoring of back office services, as we call it,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
and what we were interested in finding out was that
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
00:27
because of this huge industry that has started
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์ง€๋‚œ 20์—ฌ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ธ๋„์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋˜
00:31
over the last two decades in India,
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์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…,
00:33
offshoring software development and back office services,
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์ฆ‰, ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด ์ง€์› ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ตด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ
00:36
there's been a flight of white collar jobs
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์„ ์ง„๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธ๋„๋กœ ํ™”์ดํŠธ ์นผ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ง์˜
00:38
from the developed world to India.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ด๋™์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
When this is combined with the loss of manufacturing jobs
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ง ๋นผ์•—๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด
00:45
to China, it has, you know, led to considerable angst
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๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๊ตฌ์ธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š”
00:49
amongst the Western populations.
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์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
In fact, if you look at polls, they show a declining
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์—ฌ๋ก  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์„œ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์œ  ๋ฌด์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
00:55
trend for support for free trade in the West.
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์ง€์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
01:00
Now, the Western elites, however, have said
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ค‘์ถ” ์„ธ๋ ฅ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด
01:03
this fear is misplaced.
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์ž˜๋ชป ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
For example, if you have read โ€” I suspect many of you
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋งŒ์˜ ์ฑ…์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด --
01:08
have done so โ€” read the book by Thomas Friedman
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ณด์…จ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ --
01:11
called "The World Is Flat," he said, basically, in his book
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"์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ‰ํƒ„ํ•˜๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ฑ…์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š”
01:14
that, you know, this fear for free trade is wrong
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์ž์œ  ๋ฌด์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์€ ์ž˜๋ชป ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
because it assumes, it's based on a mistaken assumption
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ’ˆ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
01:21
that everything that can be invented has been invented.
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ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ์ „์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
01:25
In fact, he says, it's innovation that will keep the West
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•ž์„œ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:28
ahead of the developing world,
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ํ˜์‹ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
with the more sophisticated, innovative tasks being done
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์„ ์ง„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:33
in the developed world, and the less sophisticated,
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๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š”, ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๋œ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ 
01:36
shall we say, drudge work being done
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๋‹จ์กฐ๋กœ์šด ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š”
01:37
in the developing world.
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๋œป ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
Now, what we were trying to understand was,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
01:44
is this true?
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'๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ผ๊นŒ?' ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
Could India become a source, or a global hub,
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์‚ฌ๋ฌด ์ง€์› ์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์—์„œ
01:50
of innovation, just like it's become a global hub
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์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์ธ๋„๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์›์ฒœ,
01:54
for back office services and software development?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ?
01:57
And for the last four years, my coauthor Phanish Puranam
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์ง€๋‚œ 4๋…„๊ฐ„, ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต๋™์ €์ž‘์„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํŒŒ๋‹ˆ์‰ฌ ํ‘ธ๋ผ๋‚จ๊ณผ ์ €๋Š”
02:01
and I spent investigating this topic.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
Initially, or, you know, as people would say, you know,
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์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š”, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ,
02:09
in fact the more aggressive people who are supporting
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์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ˜์‹  ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
02:11
the Western innovative model, say,
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๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
"Where are the Indian Googles, iPods and Viagras,
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"์ธ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ธ๋„์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€, ์ธ๋„์˜ ์•„์ดํฐ,
02:16
if the Indians are so bloody smart?" (Laughter)
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์ธ๋„์˜ ๋น„์•„๊ทธ๋ผ๋Š” ์–ด๋”” ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์•ผ?" (์›ƒ์Œ)
02:20
So initially, when we started our research, we went
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
02:22
and met several executives, and we asked them,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ณ ์œ„ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
"What do you think? Will India go from being a favored
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"์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”? ์ธ๋„๊ฐ€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์™€
02:27
destination for software services and back office services
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์‚ฌ๋ฌด ์ง€์› ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ ์—์„œ
02:30
to a destination for innovation?"
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ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€”๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
02:33
They laughed. They dismissed us.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์›ƒ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์›…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
They said, "You know what? Indians don't do innovation."
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”. "์ธ๋„์ธ๋“ค์€ ํ˜์‹ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
02:38
The more polite ones said, "Well, you know, Indians
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์ข€ ๋” ์ •์ค‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ "์ธ๋„์ธ๋“ค์€
02:40
make good software programmers and accountants,
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์ข‹์€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ์™€ ํšŒ๊ณ„์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
02:43
but they can't do the creative stuff."
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์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ "๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
Sometimes, it took a more, took a veneer of sophistication,
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ์น˜์žฅํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ
02:50
and people said, "You know, it's nothing to do with Indians.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ธ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
It's really the rule-based, regimented education system
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์„ ๋ง์‚ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทœ์น™์— ๊ฒฝ์ง๋˜๊ณ 
02:56
in India that is responsible for killing all creativity."
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์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ธ๋„์˜ ๊ต์œก ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์š”."
03:01
They said, instead, if you want to see real creativity,
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๋Œ€์‹  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€, ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ๋ฉด
03:03
go to Silicon Valley, and look at companies
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์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์ด๋‚˜,
03:05
like Google, Microsoft, Intel.
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ, ์ธํ…” ๊ฐ™์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
So we started examining the R&D and innovation labs
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ํ˜์‹  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ€์„œ๋ฅผ
03:11
of Silicon Valley.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
Well, interestingly, what you find there is,
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์ ์€
03:15
usually you are introduced to the head of the innovation lab
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜์‹  ๋ถ€์„œ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ถ€์„œ์˜
03:18
or the R&D center as they may call it,
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์ฑ…์ž„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ๋‚ด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
and more often than not, it's an Indian. (Laughter)
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฝค ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:24
So I immediately said, "Well, but you could not have been
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ์ฃ . "์ธ๋„์—์„œ
03:27
educated in India, right?
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๊ต์œก๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์‹ ๊ฒŒ ๋งž์ฃ ?
03:28
You must have gotten your education here."
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์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ›์œผ์…จ๊ฒ ๊ตฐ์š”."
03:30
It turned out, in every single case,
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๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€, ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ,
03:34
they came out of the Indian educational system.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๋„ ๊ต์œก ์ œ๋„์—์„œ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
So we realized that maybe we had the wrong question,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„ ์ฐจ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
and the right question is, really, can Indians
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ '์ธ๋„์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
03:43
based out of India do innovative work?
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ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?' ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
So off we went to India. We made, I think,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ๋„๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„ ๊ฐ”์ฃ . ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—
03:49
about a dozen trips to Bangalore, Mumbai, Gurgaon,
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10์ฐจ๋ก€ ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€๋กœ, ๋ญ„๋ฐ”์ด, ๊ตฌ๋ฅด๊ฐ€์˜จ,
03:52
Delhi, Hyderabad, you name it, to examine
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๋ธ๋ฆฌ, ํ—ค๋“œ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋“œ, ์ด๋ฆ„๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ฉด ์–ด๋””๋“ ,
03:55
what is the level of corporate innovation in these cities.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋„์‹œ์— ๊ธฐ์—…์  ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
And what we found was, as we progressed in our research,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
04:02
was, that we were asking really the wrong question.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
When you ask, "Where are the Indian Googles,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด "์ธ๋„์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€, ์ธ๋„์˜ ์•„์ดํŒŸ, ์ธ๋„์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด์•„๊ทธ๋ผ๋Š” ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์„ ๋•Œ,
04:07
iPods and Viagras?" you are taking a particular perspective
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ˜์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌป๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:11
on innovation, which is innovation for end users,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ตœ์ข… ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ,
04:16
visible innovation.
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๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
Instead, innovation, if you remember, some of you
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‹ , ํ˜์‹ ์€, ์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š”
04:21
may have read the famous economist Schumpeter,
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์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž์ธ ์ŠˆํŽ˜ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ์€๊ฑธ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
04:23
he said, "Innovation is novelty
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๊ทธ๋Š” "ํ˜์‹ ์ด๋ž€
04:25
in how value is created and distributed."
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๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์ด๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
It could be new products and services,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:31
but it could also be new ways of producing products.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ผ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
It could also be novel ways of organizing firms and industries.
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๊ธฐ์—…์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐธ์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:36
Once you take this, there's no reason to restrict innovation,
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•  ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์œ ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
the beneficiaries of innovation, just to end users.
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ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ข… ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋กœ๋งŒ ์ œํ•œํ•  ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:44
When you take this broader conceptualization of innovation,
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ํ˜์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋„“์€ ๊ฐœ๋…ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ๋•Œ,
04:47
what we found was, India is well represented
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ธ๋„๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ž ์žฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
04:50
in innovation, but the innovation that is being done in India
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์ธ๋„์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์€
04:54
is of a form we did not anticipate, and what we did was
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
04:57
we called it "invisible innovation."
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ํ”ํžˆ "๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ˜์‹ "์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:59
And specifically, there are four types of invisible innovation
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์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์ธ๋„์—์„œ ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์—๋Š”
05:02
that are coming out of India.
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๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
The first type of invisible innovation out of India
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์ธ๋„์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์จฐ ์œ ํ˜•์€
05:07
is what we call innovation for business customers,
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์‚ฌ์—… ๊ณ ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
which is led by the multinational corporations,
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์ด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
05:13
which have -- in the last two decades, there have been
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์ง€๋‚œ 20์—ฌ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ธ๋„์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์ด
05:16
750 R&D centers set up in India by multinational companies
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750์—ฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:22
employing more than 400,000 professionals.
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40๋งŒ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:26
Now, when you consider the fact that, historically,
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์ถ”๋Š”
05:31
the R&D center of a multinational company
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ณธ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—
05:34
was always in the headquarters, or in the country of origin
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์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:38
of that multinational company, to have 750 R&D centers
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์ธ๋„์— ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์€ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์„ธ์šด
05:42
of multinational corporations in India
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750๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š”
05:45
is truly a remarkable figure.
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์ •๋ง ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์ˆซ์ž์ฃ .
05:47
When we went and talked to the people in those innovation
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ˜์‹  ์„ผํ„ฐ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
05:50
centers and asked them what are they working on,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด
05:52
they said, "We are working on global products."
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
They were not working on localizing global products
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ์ธ๋„์— ์ง€์—ญํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
05:57
for India, which is the usual role of a local R&D.
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์ง€์—ญํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ง€์—ญ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ถ€์„œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ™œ์ด์ง€์š”.
06:01
They were working on truly global products,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
and companies like Microsoft, Google, AstraZeneca,
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๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ, ๊ตฌ๊ธ€, ์•„์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์ œ๋„ค์นด,
06:07
General Electric, Philips, have already answered
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์ œ๋ ˆ๋Ÿด ์ผ๋ ‰ํŠธ๋ฆญ, ํ•„๋ฆฝ์Šค ๊ฐ™์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ
06:10
in the affirmative the question that from their Bangalore
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์„ธ์šด ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋‚˜ ํ—ค๋“œ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋“œ์— ์„ธ์šด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ถ€์„œ์—์„œ
06:13
and Hyderabad R&D centers they are able to produce
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์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ณผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์—
06:17
products and services for the world.
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๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ๋‚ด๋†“๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
But of course, as an end user, you don't see that,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ตœ์ข… ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:23
because you only see the name of the company,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ณผ ๋ฟ์ด์ง€
06:24
not where it was developed.
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์–ด๋””์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
06:28
The other thing we were told then was, "Yes, but, you know,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” "๋„ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
06:31
the kind of work that is coming out of the Indian R&D center
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์ธ๋„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ถ€์„œ์—์„œ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์ผ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š”
06:33
cannot be compared to the kind of work that is coming out
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ถ€์„œ์—์„œ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์ผ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์—
06:35
of the U.S. R&D centers."
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๋น„๊ต๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค." ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
06:38
So my coauthor Phanish Puranam, who happens to be
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €์™€ ๊ณต๋™ ์ง‘ํ•„์„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํŒŒ๋‹ˆ์‰ฌ ํ‘ธ๋ฃจ๋‚จ์€,
06:39
one of the smartest people I know, said
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๊ทธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ค‘์— ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด์—์š”,
06:42
he's going to do a study.
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๊ทธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
What he did was he looked at those companies
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๊ทธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ธ๋„์—
06:46
that had an R&D center in USA and in India,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ถ€์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:49
and then he looked at a patent that was filed
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ถœ์›๋œ ํŠนํ—ˆ์™€
06:52
out of the U.S. and a similar patent filed out of the same
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๋™์ผํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ธ๋„ ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ถœ์›๋œ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ
06:55
company's subsidiary in India,
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์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
so he's now comparing the patents of R&D centers
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ธ๋„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ถ€์„œ์—์„œ
07:00
in the U.S. with R&D centers in India of the same company
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๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ถœ์›๋œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•ด์„œ
07:04
to find out what is the quality of the patents filed
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์ธ๋„์—์„œ ์ถœ์›๋œ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ์–ด๋–ค์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
out of the Indian centers and how do they compare
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ถ€์„œ์—์„œ ์ถœ์›๋œ
07:08
with the quality of the patents filed out of the U.S. centers?
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ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ์–ด๋• ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:11
Interestingly, what he finds is
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
07:13
โ€” and by the way, the way we look at the quality of a patent
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-- ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
07:16
is what we call forward citations: How many times
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ธ์šฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ถœ์›๋œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ฐ€
07:19
does a future patent reference the older patent? โ€”
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์ด์ „ ์ถœ์›๋œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ  --
07:23
he finds something very interesting.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด๋ฐ์š”.
07:26
What we find is that the data says
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์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
07:28
that the number of forward citations of a patent filed
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ธ์šฉ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
07:32
out of a U.S. R&D subsidiary is identical to the number
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜
07:35
of forward citations of a patent filed by an Indian subsidiary
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์ธ๋„ ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜
07:39
of the same company within that company.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ธ์šฉ ์ง€์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
So within the company, there's no difference in the forward
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๋™์ผํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋‚ด์—์„œ, ์ธ๋„ ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ธ์šฉ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š”
07:44
citation rates of their Indian subsidiaries versus
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ธ์šฉ ์ง€์ˆ˜์™€
07:46
their U.S. subsidiaries.
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์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:47
So that's the first kind of invisible innovation coming out of India.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ธ๋„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ "๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ˜์‹ " ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:51
The second kind of invisible innovation coming out of India
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์ธ๋„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ "๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ˜์‹ " ์€
07:54
is what we call outsourcing innovation to Indian companies,
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์ธ๋„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„์›ƒ์†Œ์‹ฑ ํ˜์‹ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ค.
07:58
where many companies today are contracting
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋งŽ์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€
08:01
Indian companies to do a major part of their product
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์ธ๋„ํšŒ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํŒ”๋ฆด
08:04
development work for their global products
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์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
08:09
which are going to be sold to the entire world.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
For example, in the pharma industry, a lot of the molecules
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ œ์•ฝ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด
08:13
are being developed, but you see a major part of that work
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
08:16
is being sent to India.
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์ธ๋„๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
For example, XCL Technologies,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋Š”, XCL์‚ฌ(็คพ)์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
08:22
they developed two of the mission critical systems
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์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ณด์ž‰ 787 ๋“œ๋ฆผ๋ผ์ด๋„ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์˜
08:24
for the new Boeing 787 Dreamliner,
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๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์กฐ์ • ์žฅ์น˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
08:28
one to avoid collisions in the sky,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณต์ค‘์—์„œ ์ถฉ๋Œ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
08:30
and another to allow landing in zero visibility.
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๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์–ด๋„ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜์—์š”.
08:34
But of course, when you climb onto the Boeing 787,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ณด์ž‰ 787์„ ํƒ€๋ฉด, ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
08:36
you are not going to know that this is invisible innovation
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์ธ๋„์˜ '๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ' ๋•๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
08:39
out of India.
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์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
The third kind of invisible innovation coming out of India
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์ธ๋„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ "๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ˜์‹ "์€
08:43
is what we call process innovations, because of an injection
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ”ํžˆ '๊ณผ์ • ํ˜์‹ '์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”,
08:46
of intelligence by Indian firms.
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์ธ๋„ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง€๋Šฅ ์ด์ž…์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
Process innovation is different from product innovation.
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๊ณผ์ • ํ˜์‹ ์€ ์ƒํ’ˆ ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
It's about how do you create a new product or develop
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€,
08:56
a new product or manufacture a new product,
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ํ˜น์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ด ๋‚ด๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ณ 
08:58
but not a new product itself?
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ œํ’ˆ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
09:00
Only in India do millions of young people dream
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์ธ๋„์—๋งŒ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์ Š์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด
09:05
of working in a call center.
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์ฝœ ์„ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
What happens โ€” You know, it's a dead end job in the West,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด --์•„์‹œ์ฃ , ์ด๊ฑด ์„œ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ถœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ง์—…์ด์—์š”,
09:12
what high school dropouts do.
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๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ค‘ํ‡ด์ž๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
09:15
What happens when you put hundreds of thousands
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์ Š๊ณ  ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ผ๋ง์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ Š์€์ด๋“ค์„
09:18
of smart, young, ambitious kids
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์ฝœ ์„ผํ„ฐ์— ์žก์•„๋‘๋ฉด
09:21
on a call center job?
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์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”?
09:23
Very quickly, they get bored, and they start innovating,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ˜์‹ ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
and they start telling the boss how to do this job better, and
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์šฐ๋‘๋จธ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ผ์ด ๋‚˜์•„์งˆ์ง€,
09:32
out of this process innovation comes product innovations,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ณผ์ • ํ˜์‹ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒํ’ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์ด ๋”ฐ๋ผ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
which are then marketed around the world.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ƒํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ํŒ”๋ฆฌ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ง€์š”.
09:37
For example, 24/7 Customer,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, 24/7 ๊ณ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋Š”
09:39
traditional call center company, used to be a traditional
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์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ฝœ ์„ผํ„ฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ฃ , ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝœ ์„ผํ„ฐ
09:41
call center company. Today they're developing
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์š”. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š”
09:43
analytical tools to do predictive modeling so that before
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ๊ธฐ ์ „์—
09:47
you pick up the phone, you can guess
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๊ทธ ํ†ตํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
09:50
or predict what this phone call is about.
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์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
It's because of an injection of intelligence into a process
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์„œ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค๋žœ ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„,
09:59
which was considered dead for a long time in the West.
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๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ง€๋Šฅ ์ด์ž… ๋•๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
And the last kind of innovation, invisible innovation
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์ธ๋„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ "๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ˜์‹ "์€
10:05
coming out of India is what we call management innovation.
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๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ˜์‹ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
It's not a new product or a new process
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์ด๊ฑด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:09
but a new way to organize work,
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์ผ์„ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
and the most significant management innovation to come
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์ธ๋„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ˜์‹ ์ด์—์š”.
10:14
out of India, invented by the Indian offshoring industry
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์ด๊ฑด ์ธ๋„์˜ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:18
is what we call the global delivery model.
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ํ”ํžˆ '์„ธ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
What the global delivery model allows is, it allows you
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'์„ธ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ'์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
10:23
to take previously geographically core-located tasks,
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์˜ˆ์ „์— ์ง€์—ญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ณณ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์„
10:26
break them up into parts, send them around the world
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:29
where the expertise and the cost structure exists,
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๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ ์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด
10:31
and then specify the means for reintegrating them.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žฌ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
Without that, you could not have any of the other
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค "๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ˜์‹ "๋„
10:36
invisible innovations today.
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์—†์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
So, what I'm trying to say is, what we are finding
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”
10:41
in our research is, that if products for end users
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์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ตœ์ข…์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด
10:46
is the visible tip of the innovation iceberg,
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๋น™์‚ฐ์—์„œ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•œ ์ผ๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:49
India is well represented in the invisible, large,
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์ธ๋„๋Š” ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น™์‚ฐ์—
10:53
submerged portion of the innovation iceberg.
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์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ํฐ ์—ญํ™œ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
Now, this has, of course, some implications,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
11:03
and so we developed three implications of this research.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
The first is what we called sinking skill ladder,
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์ฒซ ์งธ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ '๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:11
and now I'm going to go back to where I started my
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:13
conversation with you, which was about the flight of jobs.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง์—…์˜ ์ด๋™ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์—ˆ์ฃ .
11:16
Now, of course, when we first, as a multinational company,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ถ€์„œ๋ฅผ
11:20
decide to outsource jobs to India in the R&D,
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์ธ๋„์— ์•„์›ƒ ์†Œ์‹ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
11:22
what we are going to do is we are going to outsource the
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋ ค๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ œ์ผ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ
11:26
bottom rung of the ladder to India, the least sophisticated jobs,
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์•„์›ƒ ์†Œ์‹ฑํ•˜๋ ค๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—์š”. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ผ์ด์ง€์š”.
11:29
just like Tom Friedman would predict.
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์ด๊ฑด ํ†ฐ ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋งŒ์ด ์˜ˆ์ธกํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋Œ€๋กœ์—์š”.
11:32
Now, what happens is, when you outsource the bottom rung
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์‹ค์ œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ž„๋ฌด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
11:35
of the ladder to India for innovation and for R&D work,
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์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ตœ์ € ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•„์›ƒ ์†Œ์‹ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด,
11:40
at some stage in the very near future you are going to have
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š”, ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ
11:43
to confront a problem,
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๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
which is where does the next step
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ 'ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋‚ด์—์„œ
11:47
of the ladder people come from within your company?
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์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งก์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์–ด๋””์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๊ฐ€?' ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ฃ .
11:50
So you have two choices then:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด, ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ด ๋‚จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
11:53
Either you bring the people from India into
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์ธ๋„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค๋‹ค๊ฐ€
11:55
the developed world to take positions in the next step
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์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
11:58
of the ladder โ€” immigration โ€”
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์ด๋ฏผ์„ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:01
or you say, there's so many people in the bottom step
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์€ "์˜ค, ์ธ๋„์— ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ
12:03
of the ladder waiting to take the next position in India,
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์ธ๋„๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ์Šน์ง„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŽ๋„ค.
12:06
why don't we move the next step to India?
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์•„์˜ˆ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ง์ข…์„ ์ธ๋„๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:10
What we are trying to say is
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”
12:12
that once you outsource the bottom end of the ladder, you --
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์ผ๋‹จ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ตœ์ € ๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ์•„์›ƒ์†Œ์‹ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด,
12:17
it's a self-perpetuating act, because of the sinking skill ladder,
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๊ทธ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ์ง€์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์š”. '๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ'์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์น˜์—์š”.
12:20
and the sinking skill ladder is simply the point that
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'๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ'๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
12:23
you can't be an investment banker
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ํˆฌ์ž์€ํ–‰๊ฐ€๋Š”
12:25
without having been an analyst once.
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ํˆฌ์ž๋ถ„์„๊ฐ€ (์—ญ์ฃผ: ํˆฌ์ž์€ํ–‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์‚ฌ์›์ง) ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋ชป ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
You can't be a professor without having been a student.
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ํ•™์ƒ์ด ๋˜์–ด๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๊ต์ˆ˜๋„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
You can't be a consultant without having been a research associate.
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๊ธฐ์—…์ž๋ฌธ ์‚ฌ์›์ง์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์—… ์ž๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
So, if you outsource the least sophisticated jobs,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ง์ข…์„ ์•„์›ƒ์†Œ์‹ฑํ•˜๋ฉด
12:35
at some stage, the next step of the ladder has to follow.
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์–ด๋Š ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์—”๊ฐ€, ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:39
The second thing we bring up is what we call
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€
12:41
the browning of the TMT, the top management teams.
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TMT(์ตœ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์˜ํŒ€)์˜ ์ฐจ์šฉ์ด์—์š”.
12:44
If the R&D talent is going to be based out of India
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ธ๋„์™€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด.
12:47
and China, and the largest growth markets
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด
12:49
are going to be based out of India and China,
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์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ธ๋„์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ,
12:51
you have to confront the problem that
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž๋“ค์€
12:53
your top management of the future
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๊ทธ ๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™€์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”
12:55
is going to have to come out of India and China,
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๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
because that's where the product leadership is,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ œํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‰ฝ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
12:59
that's where the important market leadership is.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ œํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‰ฝ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
Right? And the last thing we point out in this slide,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? ์ด ์Šค๋ผ์ด๋“œ์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์€,
13:04
which is, you know, that to this story, there's one caveat.
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์ด ๋Œ€๋ชฉ์—๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”.
13:08
India has the youngest growing population in the world.
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์ธ๋„์—๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ Š์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
This demographic dividend is incredible, but paradoxically,
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์ธ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น์€ ๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„์—์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์—ญ์„ค์ ์œผ๋กœ
13:16
there's also the mirage of mighty labor pools.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
13:19
Indian institutes and educational system,
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์ธ๋„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์ œ๋„๋Š”
13:22
with a few exceptions, are incapable of producing students
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ๋™๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
13:24
in the quantity and quality needed
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋งŽ์ด
13:27
to keep this innovation engine going,
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ํ‚ค์›Œ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
so companies are finding innovative ways to overcome this,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์—ญ์‹ ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
13:33
but in the end it does not absolve the government
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ต์œก ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ ์ฑ…์ž„์„
13:35
of the responsibility for creating this educational structure.
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๋ฉดํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
So finally, I want to conclude
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ €๋Š” IBM ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
13:43
by showing you the profile of one company, IBM.
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๊ฐœ์š”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๋งˆ์น˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
As many of you know, IBM has always been considered
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๋‹ค๋“ค ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, IBM ์€ ์ง€๋‚œ 100์—ฌ๋…„๊ฐ„
13:49
for the last hundred years to be one of the most
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์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ํ˜์‹ ์  ๊ธฐ์—… ์ค‘์—
13:51
innovative companies.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์นญ์†ก ๋ฐ›์•„ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
In fact, if you look at the number of patents filed over history,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์›๋œ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
13:55
I think they are in the top or the top two or three companies
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๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์—…์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ถœ์›๋œ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ด๋„
13:57
in the world of all patents filed in the USA as a private company.
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1์œ„, 2์œ„ ํ˜น์€ 3์œ„ ์ฏค ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
Here is the profile of employees of
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ IBM ์ง์›๋“ค์˜
14:03
IBM over the last decade.
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๊ฐœ๋žต์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
14:07
In 2003, they had 300,000 employees,
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2003๋…„์— ๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—๋Š” 30๋งŒ๋ช…์—์„œ 33๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜
14:10
or 330,000 employees, out of which, 135,000
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์ง์›์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, 13๋งŒ 5์ฒœ๋ช…์ด
14:14
were in America, 9,000 were in India.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , 9์ฒœ๋ช…์ด ์ธ๋„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
In 2009, they had 400,000 employees, by which time
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2009๋…„์—๋Š” 40๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์ง์›์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
14:23
the U.S. employees had moved to 105,000,
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ˜„์ง€ ์ง์›์€ 10๋งŒ 5์ฒœ ๋ช…์ด ๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—
14:25
whereas the Indian employees had gone to 100,000.
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์ธ๋„์ธ ์ง์›์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 10๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:29
Well, in 2010, they decided they're not going to reveal
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์ž, 2010๋…„์— ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ
14:32
this data anymore, so I had to make some estimates
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ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ
14:34
based on various sources.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ถ”์ •์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
14:35
Here are my best guesses. Okay? I'm not saying
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
14:38
this is the exact number, it's my best guess.
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์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ถ”์ธก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:39
It gives you a sense of the trend.
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๋Œ€๋žต์ ์ธ ์ถ”์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
There are 433,000 people now at IBM, out of which
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ํ˜„์žฌ IBM ์—๋Š” 43๋งŒ 3์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ์ง์›์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
14:46
98,000 are remaining in the U.S.,
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์ด ์ค‘์— 9๋งŒ 8์ฒœ ๋ช…์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๊ณ 
14:48
and 150,000 are in India.
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15๋งŒ๋ช…์€ ์ธ๋„์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:52
So you tell me, is IBM an American company,
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๋ง์”€ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. IBM ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”
14:55
or an Indian company? (Laughter)
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ธ๋„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”? (์›ƒ์Œ)
14:59
Ladies and gentlemen, thank you very much. (Applause)
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์‹ ์‚ฌ ์ˆ™๋…€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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