Climate Change Is Happening. Here's How We Adapt | Alice Bows-Larkin | TED Talks

124,320 views ใƒป 2015-10-27

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Over our lifetimes,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
00:14
we've all contributed to climate change.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืชืจืžื ื• ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
00:17
Actions, choices and behaviors
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ืžืขืฉื™ื, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ
00:21
will have led to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions.
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ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”.
00:26
And I think that that's quite a powerful thought.
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื–ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืจื‘ืช-ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
00:29
But it does have the potential to make us feel guilty
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืจื’ืฉื™ ืืฉืžื”
00:32
when we think about decisions we might have made
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ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ,
00:35
around where to travel to,
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ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืžื•: ืœืืŸ ื ื™ืกืข,
00:37
how often and how,
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืืžืฆืขื™ื,
00:40
about the energy that we choose to use
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ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ืœื ืฆืœ
00:43
in our homes or in our workplaces,
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ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื• ืื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
00:46
or quite simply the lifestyles that we lead and enjoy.
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ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื”ื.
00:51
But we can also turn that thought on its head,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื•,
00:55
and think that if we've had such a profound
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื•
00:57
but a negative impact on our climate already,
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ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
01:01
then we have an opportunity to influence the amount of future climate change
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ื›ื™ ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
01:06
that we will need to adapt to.
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ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ื ื™ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ.
01:09
So we have a choice.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื™ืจื”.
01:10
We can either choose to start to take climate change seriously,
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ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
01:15
and significantly cut and mitigate our greenhouse gas emissions,
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ืœืงืฆืฅ ื•ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ืฉืœื ื•,
01:19
and then we will have to adapt to less of the climate change impacts in future.
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ื•ืื– ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
01:25
Alternatively, we can continue to really ignore the climate change problem.
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ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
01:30
But if we do that, we are also choosing
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ืืš ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื
01:33
to adapt to very much more powerful climate impacts in future.
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ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขื–ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
01:38
And not only that.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื›ืœ.
01:39
As people who live in countries with high per capita emissions,
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ื›ืžื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืขื ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืœื ืคืฉ,
01:42
we're making that choice on behalf of others as well.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืชื™ืขืฉื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉืžื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:47
But the choice that we don't have
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœื ื•
01:49
is a no climate change future.
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ื”ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
01:53
Over the last two decades,
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ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
01:55
our government negotiators and policymakers have been coming together
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ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืžื•"ืž ื•ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืชื ื• ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•
01:59
to discuss climate change,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
02:01
and they've been focused on avoiding a two-degree centigrade warming
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื‘ืช ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก
02:05
above pre-industrial levels.
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ืžืขืœ ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื-ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™.
02:08
That's the temperature that's associated with dangerous impacts
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช,
02:12
across a range of different indicators,
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ื‘ืงืฉืช ืฉืœ ืกืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
02:15
to humans and to the environment.
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ืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื•ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
02:17
So two degrees centigrade constitutes dangerous climate change.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, 2 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื.
02:22
But dangerous climate change can be subjective.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
02:24
So if we think about an extreme weather event
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืืงืœื™ืžื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™
02:27
that might happen in some part of the world,
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ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
02:29
and if that happens in a part of the world where there is good infrastructure,
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ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
02:33
where there are people that are well-insured and so on,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ื›ื•',
02:36
then that impact can be disruptive.
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:40
It can cause upset, it could cause cost.
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฆืจื•ืช, ืœืขืœื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ.
02:43
It could even cause some deaths.
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืžื•ืชื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
02:45
But if that exact same weather event happens in a part of the world
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืืงืœื™ืžื™ ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื
02:49
where there is poor infrastructure,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื”,
02:51
or where people are not well-insured,
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ืื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื˜ื•ื‘,
02:53
or they're not having good support networks,
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ืื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
02:55
then that same climate change impact could be devastating.
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ื›ื™ ืื– ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ืืงืœื™ืžื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™.
03:00
It could cause a significant loss of home,
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ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจืช-ื’ื’,
03:03
but it could also cause significant amounts of death.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœืชืžื•ืชื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช.
03:07
So this is a graph of the CO2 emissions at the left-hand side
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคื“"ื—
03:11
from fossil fuel and industry,
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ืžื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”,
03:13
and time from before the Industrial Revolution
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช
03:16
out towards the present day.
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ื•ืขื“ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
03:18
And what's immediately striking about this
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื›ืืŸ ืžื™ื“
03:21
is that emissions have been growing exponentially.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™.
03:25
If we focus in on a shorter period of time from 1950,
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ืื ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฆืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื—ืœ ืž-1950,
03:29
we have established in 1988
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ื‘-1988 ื”ืงืžื ื•
03:32
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
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ืืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
03:35
the Rio Earth Summit in 1992,
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ืคืกื’ืช ืจื™ื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘-1992,
03:39
then rolling on a few years, in 2009 we had the Copenhagen Accord,
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ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘-2009, ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืกื›ื ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ,
03:44
where it established avoiding a two-degree temperature rise
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืขืœื™ื™ืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 2 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก
03:48
in keeping with the science and on the basis of equity.
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ืœืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™.
03:52
And then in 2012, we had the Rio+20 event.
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ื•ื‘-2012 ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ืจื™ื•+20.
03:56
And all the way through, during all of these meetings
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:59
and many others as well,
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ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
04:01
emissions have continued to rise.
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ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ.
04:04
And if we focus on our historical emission trend in recent years,
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ื•ืื ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
04:10
and we put that together with our understanding
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ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื•
04:12
of the direction of travel in our global economy,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
04:15
then we are much more on track
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
04:17
for a four-degree centigrade global warming
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื‘ืช 4 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก
04:20
than we are for the two-degree centigrade.
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ืžืืฉืจ 2 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื•ื™ืก.
04:24
Now, let's just pause for a moment
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ื‘ื” ื ืขืฆื•ืจ,
04:26
and think about this four-degree global average temperature.
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ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืจื’ืข ืขืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื–ื•, ืฉืœ 4 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
04:30
Most of our planet is actually made up of the sea.
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ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ื• ื™ื.
04:34
Now, because the sea has a greater thermal inertia than the land,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ืจืฆื™ื” ืชืจืžื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืฉืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”,
04:38
the average temperatures over land are actually going to be higher
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ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:41
than they are over the sea.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ื™ื.
04:43
The second thing is that we as human beings don't experience
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื
04:47
global average temperatures.
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ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช.
04:49
We experience hot days, cold days,
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื, ื™ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื,
ื™ืžื™ ื’ืฉื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืืชื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ, ื›ืžื•ื ื™.
04:52
rainy days, especially if you live in Manchester like me.
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04:55
So now put yourself in a city center.
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ืื– ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ,
04:58
Imagine somewhere in the world:
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื --
05:00
Mumbai, Beijing, New York, London.
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ืžื•ืžื‘ืื™, ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’, ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง, ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ --
05:03
It's the hottest day that you've ever experienced.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื.
ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืงื•ืคื—ืช ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ื›ื,
05:07
There's sun beating down,
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05:08
there's concrete and glass all around you.
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช.
05:11
Now imagine that same day --
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ื•ื›ืขืช, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
05:13
but it's six, eight, maybe 10 to 12 degrees warmer
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ 6, 8, ืื•ืœื™ 10 ืื• 12 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:18
on that day during that heat wave.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื’ืœ-ื—ื•ื.
05:20
That's the kind of thing we're going to experience
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ืืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช
05:23
under a four-degree global average temperature scenario.
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ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ืช 4 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
05:27
And the problem with these extremes,
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ืขื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
05:29
and not just the temperature extremes,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืชื ืื™ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื,
05:31
but also the extremes in terms of storms and other climate impacts,
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ืืœื ื’ื ืชื ืื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
05:35
is our infrastructure is just not set up to deal with these sorts of events.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืขืจื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
05:40
So our roads and our rail networks
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ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉืœื ื•
05:42
have been designed to last for a long time
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ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืžื™ื,
05:44
and withstand only certain amounts of impacts
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ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช
05:47
in different parts of the world.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
05:48
And this is going to be extremely challenged.
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ื•ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
05:51
Our power stations are expected to be cooled by water
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ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื
05:54
to a certain temperature to remain effective and resilient.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ืฉืืจื ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช.
05:58
And our buildings are designed to be comfortable
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืœื ื•ื—ื•ืช
06:01
within a particular temperature range.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื.
06:03
And this is all going to be significantly challenged
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ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
06:06
under a four-degree-type scenario.
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ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืฉืœ 4 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
06:08
Our infrastructure has not been designed to cope with this.
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ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื”.
06:14
So if we go back, also thinking about four degrees,
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ืื– ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”-4 ืžืขืœื•ืช,
06:18
it's not just the direct impacts,
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช,
06:20
but also some indirect impacts.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืขืงื™ืคื•ืช.
06:22
So if we take food security, for example.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
06:25
Maize and wheat yields
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ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื™ืจืก ื•ื”ื—ื™ื˜ื”
06:28
in some parts of the world
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
06:29
are expected to be up to 40 percent lower
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ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ 40%
06:33
under a four-degree scenario,
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ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ 4 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
06:35
rice up to 30 percent lower.
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ืื•ืจื– - ืขื“ 30% ืคื—ื•ืช.
06:38
This will be absolutely devastating for global food security.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
06:42
So all in all, the kinds of impacts anticipated
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ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช
06:45
under this four-degree centigrade scenario
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ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”-4 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ื”ื–ื”,
06:49
are going to be incompatible with global organized living.
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ืœื ืชืขืœื™ื ื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
06:55
So back to our trajectories and our graphs of four degrees and two degrees.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืœื’ื‘ื™ 4 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ 2 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
07:00
Is it reasonable still to focus on the two-degree path?
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ื”ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 2 ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช?
07:04
There are quite a lot of my colleagues and other scientists
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ ืžืขืžื™ืชื™, ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
07:07
who would say that it's now too late to avoid a two-degree warming.
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ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ืฉืœ 2 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
07:11
But I would just like to draw on my own research
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™
07:14
on energy systems, on food systems,
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
07:17
aviation and also shipping,
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ืชืขื•ืคื” ื•ื’ื ืกืคื ื•ืช,
07:19
just to say that I think there is still a small fighting chance
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ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™, ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ
07:23
of avoiding this two-degree dangerous climate change.
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ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืฉืœ 2 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
07:27
But we really need to get to grips with the numbers
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื,
07:29
to work out how to do it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื›ืš.
07:31
So if you focus in on this trajectory and these graphs,
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ืื ืชืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ืžืชื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื‘ื’ืจืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
07:35
the yellow circle there highlights that the departure
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ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช
07:38
from the red four-degree pathway
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ืžื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœ 4 ืžืขืœื•ืช
07:40
to the two-degree green pathway is immediate.
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ืœืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืœ 2 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™.
07:45
And that's because of cumulative emissions,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช,
ืื• ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ.
07:48
or the carbon budget.
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07:49
So in other words, because of the lights and the projectors
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืงืจื ื™ื
07:53
that are on in this room right now,
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ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”,
ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื“"ื— ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
07:55
the CO2 that is going into our atmosphere
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื–ืืช,
07:57
as a result of that electricity consumption
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07:59
lasts a very long time.
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ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืฉื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžืื“.
08:01
Some of it will be in our atmosphere for a century, maybe much longer.
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ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื” ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื” ืฉื ื”, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:05
It will accumulate, and greenhouse gases tend to be cumulative.
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ื–ื” ื™ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ, ื•ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ.
08:09
And that tells us something about these trajectories.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
08:12
First of all, it tells us that it's the area under these curves that matter,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืžืฆื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื”,
08:16
not where we reach at a particular date in future.
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ื•ืœื ืœืืŸ ื ื’ื™ืข, ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
08:19
And that's important, because it doesn't matter
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื”
08:21
if we come up with some amazing whiz-bang technology
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ืื ื ืžืฆื™ื ืื™ื–ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื–ื‘ื ื’-ื•ื’ืžืจื ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
08:24
to sort out our energy problem on the last day of 2049,
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ืฉืชืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 2049,
08:28
just in the nick of time to sort things out.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืขื•ื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘.
08:30
Because in the meantime, emissions will have accumulated.
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืชืฆื˜ื‘ืจื ื”.
08:34
So if we continue on this red, four-degree centigrade scenario pathway,
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ืื– ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”-4 ืžืขืœื•ืช,
08:40
the longer we continue on it,
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื•,
08:42
that will need to be made up for in later years
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ื›ืš ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ
08:45
to keep the same carbon budget, to keep the same area under the curve,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ืจืžืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืงื•ืžื” ืœื ื™ื’ื“ืœ.
08:49
which means that that trajectory, the red one there, becomes steeper.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ืชืœื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:54
So in other words, if we don't reduce emissions in the short to medium term,
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ืœื ื ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™,
08:57
then we'll have to make more significant year-on-year emission reductions.
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ื ื™ืืœืฅ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื”.
09:02
We also know that we have to decarbonize our energy system.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
09:06
But if we don't start to cut emissions in the short to medium term,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืœื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืฆืฅ ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™,
ื ื™ืืœืฅ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื.
09:10
then we will have to do that even sooner.
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09:13
So this poses really big challenges for us.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืื“.
09:18
The other thing it does is tells us something about energy policy.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
09:21
If you live in a part of the world where per capita emissions are already high,
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ืื ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื ืคืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช,
09:25
it points us towards reducing energy demand.
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ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
09:29
And that's because with all the will in the world,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘,
09:32
the large-scale engineering infrastructure
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ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ
09:34
that we need to roll out rapidly
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
09:36
to decarbonize the supply side of our energy system
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืžืกืคืง ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• -
ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
09:40
is just simply not going to happen in time.
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09:42
So it doesn't matter whether we choose nuclear power
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
09:45
or carbon capture and storage,
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ืื• ื ื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ื•ืื™ื—ืกื•ืŸ ืคื—ืžืŸ,
ื ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชืคื•ืงืช ื”ื“ืœืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
09:47
upscale our biofuel production,
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09:49
or go for a much bigger roll-out of wind turbines and wave turbines.
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ืื• ื ืœืš ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื— ื•ื’ืœื™ื.
09:53
All of that will take time.
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ืœื›ืœ ืืœื” ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ื–ืžืŸ.
09:55
So because it's the area under the curve that matters,
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืงื•ืžื”,
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืœื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช,
09:58
we need to focus on energy efficiency,
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10:00
but also on energy conservation -- in other words, using less energy.
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ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” -- ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
10:05
And if we do that, that also means
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ื•ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื
10:07
that as we continue to roll out the supply-side technology,
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ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืืช ืฆื“ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
10:11
we will have less of a job to do if we've actually managed
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ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืœื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื”, ืื ืื›ืŸ ื ืฆืœื™ื—
10:14
to reduce our energy consumption,
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ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
10:16
because we will then need less infrastructure on the supply side.
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ื›ื™ ืื– ื ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืืกืคืงื”.
10:21
Another issue that we really need to grapple with
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ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื™ืžื”
10:24
is the issue of well-being and equity.
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ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
10:27
There are many parts of the world where the standard of living needs to rise.
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช,
10:33
Bbut with energy systems currently reliant on fossil fuel,
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ืืš ืขื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
10:38
as those economies grow so will emissions.
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ื”ืจื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฆืžื—ื•, ื™ืชื’ื‘ืจื• ื’ื ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช.
10:41
And now, if we're all constrained by the same amount of carbon budget,
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืข"ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืคื—ืžืŸ,
10:44
that means that if some parts of the world's emissions are needing to rise,
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ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืื ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช,
10:48
then other parts of the world's emissions need to reduce.
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื˜ื•ืŸ.
10:53
So that poses very significant challenges for wealthy nations.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
10:57
Because according to our research,
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ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
11:00
if you're in a country where per capita emissions are really high --
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ืžื™ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืขื ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžืื“ ืœื ืคืฉ --
11:03
so North America, Europe, Australia --
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ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” --
11:07
emissions reductions of the order of 10 percent per year,
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ-ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 10% ืœืฉื ื”,
11:11
and starting immediately, will be required for a good chance
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืžื™ื“, ืื ื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘
11:15
of avoiding the two-degree target.
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ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื™ืขื“ 2 ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช.
11:18
Let me just put that into context.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืฆื™ื‘ ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ.
11:19
The economist Nicholas Stern
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ืกื˜ืจืŸ
11:21
said that emission reductions of more than one percent per year
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ืืžืจ ืฉืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-1% ืœืฉื ื”
ืงื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืจืง ืœืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืื• ืœืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช.
11:25
had only ever been associated with economic recession or upheaval.
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11:31
So this poses huge challenges for the issue of economic growth,
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ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
11:37
because if we have our high carbon infrastructure in place,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืคื—ืžื ื™ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช,
11:41
it means that if our economies grow,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ืชืฆืžื—,
11:44
then so do our emissions.
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ืชืขืœื” ื’ื ืจืžืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช.
11:46
So I'd just like to take a quote from a paper
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื” ืื—ืช ืžืžืืžืจ
11:48
by myself and Kevin Anderson back in 2011
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ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืขื ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-2011
11:52
where we said that to avoid the two-degree framing of dangerous climate change,
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ื•ื‘ื• ืืžืจื ื• ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ 2 ืžืขืœื•ืช,
11:58
economic growth needs to be exchanged at least temporarily
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื•ืœื• ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™,
12:02
for a period of planned austerity in wealthy nations.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื ืข ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
12:08
This is a really difficult message to take,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืจ ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœืขื™ื›ื•ืœ,
12:12
because what it suggests is that we really need to do things differently.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืื—ืจืช.
12:17
This is not about just incremental change.
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืขื“-ืื—ืจ-ืฆืขื“,
12:21
This is about doing things differently, about whole system change,
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ืืœื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœืœ-ืžืขืจื›ืชื™,
12:26
and sometimes it's about doing less things.
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื - ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ื”.
ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•,
12:30
And this applies to all of us,
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12:32
whatever sphere of influence we have.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ื•:
12:35
So it could be from writing to our local politician
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื•ืชื ื•,
12:38
to talking to our boss at work or being the boss at work,
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ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ื”ื‘ื•ืก ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืก ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
12:41
or talking with our friends and family, or, quite simply, changing our lifestyles.
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ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืื•, ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
12:47
Because we really need to make significant change.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
12:50
At the moment, we're choosing a four-degree scenario.
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ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื”, ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื ื• ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ 4 ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช.
12:55
If we really want to avoid the two-degree scenario,
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ืื ืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ 2 ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช,
12:58
there really is no time like the present to act.
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”.
13:02
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
13:03
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:12
Bruno Giussani: Alice, basically what you're saying,
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ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื’'ื™ื•ืกืื ื™: ืืœื™ืก, ืžื” ืฉืืช ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืžืจืช ื‘ื”ืจืฆืืชืš,
13:15
the talk is, unless wealthy nations start cutting 10 percent per year
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืงืฆืฅ 10% ื‘ืฉื ื”
13:18
the emissions now, this year, not in 2020 or '25,
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ื‘ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœื ื‘-2020 ืื• 25',
13:23
we are going to go straight to the four-plus-degree scenario.
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ืื ื• ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ 4 ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ืคืœื•ืก.
13:28
I am wondering what's your take on the cut by 70 percent for 2070.
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ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืžื” ืžืกืงื ืชืš ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ 70% ืขื“ 2070.
13:31
Alice Bows-Larkin: Yeah, it's just nowhere near enough to avoid two degrees.
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ืืœื™ืก ื‘ืื•-ืœืืจืงื™ืŸ: ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช 2 ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช.
13:35
One of the things that often --
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช --
13:37
when there are these modeling studies that look at what we need to do,
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืืœื”, ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
13:40
is they tend to hugely overestimate how quickly other countries in the world
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช.
13:45
can start to reduce emissions.
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13:46
So they make kind of heroic assumptions about that.
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ื”ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื“ื™ ื ื•ืขื–ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš.
13:50
The more we do that, because it's the cumulative emissions,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืœื” ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช --
13:52
the short-term stuff that really matters.
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ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ, ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืืžืช --
13:54
So it does make a huge difference.
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:56
If a big country like China, for example,
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ืื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืŸ
13:58
continues to grow even for just a few extra years,
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ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืœื• ืœืžืฉืš ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช,
14:00
that will make a big difference to when we need to decarbonize.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื›ืฉื ื™ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ.
14:03
So I don't think we can even say when it will be,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™, ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืชื™ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื”,
14:06
because it all depends on what we have to do in the short term.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ.
14:09
But I think we've just got huge scope, and we don't pull those levers
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ื•ืื ืœื ื ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืคื™ื
14:12
that allow us to reduce the energy demand, which is a shame.
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ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืœ.
14:15
BG: Alice, thank you for coming to TED and sharing this data.
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ื‘"ื’': ืืœื™ืก, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืืช ืœ-TED ื•ืฉื™ืชืคืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
14:18
ABL: Thank you.
256
858880
1200
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:20
(Applause)
257
860120
1880
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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