Bill Clinton: TED Prize wish: Let's build a health care system in Rwanda

109,057 views ใƒป 2007-04-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Itai Turbahn ืžื‘ืงืจ: Itai Raz
00:24
I thought in getting up to my TED wish
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ื›ืฉืงืžืชื™ ืœื”ืจืฆื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘TED ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™
00:30
I would try to begin by putting in perspective what I try to do
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ืฉืื ืกื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืœืžืกื’ืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
00:37
and how it fits with what they try to do.
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ืžื” ืฉื”ื (TED) ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
00:41
We live in a world that everyone knows is interdependent,
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ืœ ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืชืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช,
00:46
but insufficient in three major ways.
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ืืš ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืง ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช.
00:52
It is, first of all, profoundly unequal:
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™.
00:55
half the world's people still living on less than two dollars a day;
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ื—ืฆื™ ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื,
00:59
a billion people with no access to clean water;
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื,
01:01
two and a half billion no access to sanitation;
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืœืœื ืชื ืื™ ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”,
01:04
a billion going to bed hungry every night;
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืจืขื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”.
01:06
one in four deaths every year from AIDS, TB, malaria
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ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืื™ื™ื“ืก, ืฉื—ืคืช, ืžืœืจื™ื”
01:11
and the variety of infections associated with dirty water --
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ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื-
01:15
80 percent of them under five years of age.
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80 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 5.
01:18
Even in wealthy countries it is common now to see inequality growing.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฅ ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ื‘.
01:24
In the United States, since 2001 we've had five years of economic growth,
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ืžืื– 2001 ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
01:29
five years of productivity growth in the workplace,
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ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
01:32
but median wages are stagnant and the percentage of working families
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ืืš ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ื•ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
01:36
dropping below the poverty line is up by four percent.
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ืฉื™ืจื“ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงื• ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืขืœื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
01:40
The percentage of working families without health care up by four percent.
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ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจืคื•ืื™ ืขืœื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
01:44
So this interdependent world which has been pretty good to most of us --
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ื›ืš ืฉืขื•ืœื ื–ื” ืฉื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื™ืžื ื• --
01:48
which is why we're all here in Northern California doing what we do
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ื•ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืคื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื
01:52
for a living, enjoying this evening -- is profoundly unequal.
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ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื™ื ื•, ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื”ืขืจื‘ ื”ื–ื” -- ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™.
01:57
It is also unstable.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘.
02:00
Unstable because of the threats of terror,
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ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ,
02:04
weapons of mass destruction, the spread of global disease
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ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช
02:07
and a sense that we are vulnerable to it in a way that we weren't not so many years ago.
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ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืื ื• ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื ืžื›ื‘ืจ.
02:14
And perhaps most important of all, it is unsustainable
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ื›ืœ, ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื
02:18
because of climate change, resource depletion and species destruction.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื, ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื–ื ื™ื.
02:26
When I think about the world I would like to leave to my daughter
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœื‘ืชื™
02:30
and the grandchildren I hope to have,
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ื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื™,
02:32
it is a world that moves away from unequal, unstable, unsustainable
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ื–ื”ื• ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืง ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืœื ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื
02:39
interdependence to integrated communities -- locally, nationally and globally --
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ืขื•ืœื ืขื ืชืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช -- ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช --
02:44
that share the characteristics of all successful communities:
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ื”ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื•ืช.
02:47
a broadly shared, accessible set of opportunities,
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ืกื˜ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœืœ,
02:53
a shared sense of responsibility for the success of the common enterprise
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
02:57
and a genuine sense of belonging.
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ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช.
03:03
All easier said than done.
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ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช.
03:06
When the terrorist incidents occurred in the United Kingdom a couple of years ago,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
03:12
I think even though they didn't claim as many lives as we lost in the United States on 9/11,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ื’ื‘ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ,
03:17
I think the thing that troubled the British most
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:19
was that the perpetrators were not invaders, but homegrown citizens
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื, ืืœื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช
03:24
whose religious and political identities were more important to them
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ืืฉืจ ืืžื•ื ืชื ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉืงืคืชื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:29
than the people they grew up with, went to school with,
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ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ืœื• ืื™ืชื, ื”ืœื›ื• ืื™ืชื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
03:32
worked with, shared weekends with, shared meals with.
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ืขื‘ื“ื• ืื™ืชื, ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื™ืชื ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื—ืœืงื• ืื™ืชื ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช.
03:35
In other words, they thought their differences
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื
03:38
were more important than their common humanity.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
03:42
It is the central psychological plague of humankind in the 21st century.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื’ืคื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”21.
03:49
Into this mix, people like us, who are not in public office,
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ืืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžืฉืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช,
03:54
have more power to do good than at any time in history,
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ืœืชืจื•ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
03:59
because more than half the world's people
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
04:01
live under governments they voted in and can vote out.
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ื—ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ.
04:04
And even non-democratic governments are more sensitive to public opinion.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ.
04:08
Because primarily of the power of the Internet,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
04:13
people of modest means can band together and amass vast sums of money
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฆื ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืื’ื“ ื•ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ
04:19
that can change the world for some public good if they all agree.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ืื ื”ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื.
04:23
When the tsunami hit South Asia, the United States contributed 1.2 billion dollars.
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™ ืคื’ืข ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืกื™ื”, ืืจื”"ื‘ ืชืจืžื” 1.2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
04:28
30 percent of our households gave.
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30 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืชืจืžื•.
04:30
Half of them gave over the Internet.
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ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื ืชืจืžื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
04:32
The median contribution was somewhere around 57 dollars.
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ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื—ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืจืš 57 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
04:38
And thirdly, because of the rise of non-governmental organizations.
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ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคืจื™ื—ืชื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื.
04:43
They, businesses, other citizens' groups, have enormous power
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ื”ื, ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื•ื— ืจื‘
04:49
to affect the lives of our fellow human beings.
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ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื ื•.
04:54
When I became president in 1993,
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ื›ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื›ื ืฉื™ื ื‘1993,
04:56
there were none of these organizations in Russia.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”.
04:58
There are now a couple of hundred thousand.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืœืคื™ื.
05:00
None in India. There are now at least a half a million active.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•. ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื.
05:04
None in China. There are now 250,000 registered with the government,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ. ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ 250 ืืœืฃ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”,
05:07
probably twice again that many who are not registered for political reasons.
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ืขืงื‘ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
05:13
When I organized my foundation, and I thought about the world as it is
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืกื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงืจืŸ ืฉืœื™, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื
05:21
and the world that I hope to leave to the next generation,
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื,
05:26
and I tried to be realistic about what I had cared about all my life
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™
05:33
that I could still have an impact on.
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื ื—ื•ืชื,
05:35
I wanted to focus on activities
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช
05:38
that would help to alleviate poverty, fight disease, combat climate change,
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ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืขื•ื ื™, ื™ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื™ืื‘ืงื• ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื,
05:45
bridge the religious, racial and other divides that torment the world,
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ื™ื’ืฉืจื• ืขืœ ืคืขืจื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ื’ื–ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืกืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
05:49
but to do it in a way that would either use
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ืืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ
05:53
whatever particular skills we could put together in our group
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
05:59
to change the way some public good function was performed
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
06:04
so that it would sweep across the world more.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื™ืชืคืฉื˜ ืืœ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
06:07
You saw one reference to that in what we were able to do with AIDS drugs.
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ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช ืœืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืื™ื™ื“ืก.
06:13
And I want to say that the head of our AIDS effort,
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ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก ืฉืœื ื•,
06:16
and the person who also is primarily active in the wish I'll make tonight,
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ื•ื”ืื“ื ืฉื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
06:20
Ira Magaziner, is here with me and I want to thank him for everything he's done.
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ืื™ืจื” ืžื’ื–ื™ื ืจ, ื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ ืื™ืชื™, ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื”.
06:24
He's over there.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื
06:26
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
06:30
When I got out of office and was asked to work, first in the Caribbean,
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ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื›ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ืงืืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
06:36
to try to help deal with the AIDS crisis,
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก,
06:39
generic drugs were available for about 500 dollars a person a year.
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื’ื ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ 500 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืื“ื ืœืฉื ื”.
06:43
If you bought them in vast bulks,
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ืื ืงื ื™ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ื ืื•ืช,
06:45
you could get them at a little under 400 dollars.
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืž- 400 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
06:48
The first country we went to work in, the Bahamas,
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ืกืขื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ื”ืืžืก,
06:51
was paying 3,500 dollars for these drugs.
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ืฉื ืฉื™ืœืžื• 3500 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
06:53
The market was so terribly disorganized
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ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ
06:56
that they were buying this medicine through two agents
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ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื
07:00
who were gigging them sevenfold.
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ืฉืจื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ.
07:03
So the very first week we were working,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืฉื,
07:06
we got the price down to 500 dollars.
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœ500 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
07:08
And all of a sudden, they could save seven times as many lives
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ืคืชืื•ื, ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืคื™ 7 ื ืคืฉื•ืช
07:10
for the same amount of money.
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ.
07:12
Then we went to work with the manufacturers of AIDS medicines,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื™ื™ื“ืก,
07:15
one of whom was cited in the film,
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ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืกืจื˜,
07:17
and negotiated a whole different change in business strategy,
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ื•ื—ืชืžื ื• ืื™ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืขืกืงื™ืช.
07:22
because even at 500 dollars, these drugs
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ 500 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
07:25
were being sold on a high-margin, low-volume, uncertain-payment basis.
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ื”ื™ื• ื ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืชืš ืจื•ื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืจืืฉ.
07:30
So we worked on improving the productivity of the operations
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœ
07:34
and the supply chain, and went to a low-margin, high-volume,
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ื•ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื—ืชืš ืจื•ื•ื— ืงื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
07:38
absolutely certain-payment business.
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืฉืœื•ื.
07:40
I joked that the main contribution we made
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ืื ื™ ืฆื•ื—ืง ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
07:43
to the battle against AIDS was to get the manufacturers
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ืœืžืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื
07:44
to change from a jewelry store to a grocery store strategy.
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ืžืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ืช ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืœืช.
07:50
But the price went to 140 dollars from 500.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ืจื“ ืž 500 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœ 140.
07:54
And pretty soon, the average price was 192 dollars.
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ื•ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืขืžื“ ืขืœ 192 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
07:58
Now we can get it for about 100 dollars.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ 100 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
08:00
Children's medicine was 600 dollars,
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืœื• 600 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
08:02
because nobody could afford to buy any of it.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชืŸ.
08:04
We negotiated it down to 190.
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ืฉื™ื›ื ืขื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœ 190.
08:07
Then, the French imposed their brilliantly conceived airline tax
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืืช ืžืก ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™
08:11
to create a something called UNITAID,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฉื UNITAID,
08:13
got a bunch of other countries to help.
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ื’ื™ื™ืกื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœืขื–ืจื”.
08:15
That children's medicine is now 60 dollars a person a year.
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืขืช 60 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืื“ื ืœืฉื ื”.
08:18
The only thing that is keeping us from basically saving the lives
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืขื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื“ื ื• ืžืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
08:23
of everybody who needs the medicine to stay alive
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื–ืงื•ืง ืœืชืจื•ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
08:25
are the absence of systems necessary to diagnose, treat and care
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ, ืœื˜ืคืœ ื•ืœื“ืื•ื’
08:28
for people and deliver this medicine.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื”.
08:32
We started a childhood obesity initiative with the Heart Association in America.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
08:36
We tried to do the same thing by negotiating industry-right deals
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ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ืขืกืงืื•ืช
08:39
with the soft drink and the snack food industry to cut the caloric
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ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื”ืงืœื™ื ื•ื—ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฆืฅ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช
08:44
and other dangerous content of food going to our children in the schools.
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ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
08:48
We just reorganized the markets.
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืืจื’ื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื.
08:51
And it occurred to me that in this whole non-governmental world,
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ื•ืจ ืœื™ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืฉืœื˜ ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช,
08:56
somebody needs to be thinking about organizing public goods markets.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
09:01
And that is now what we're trying to do,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
09:03
and working with this large cities group to fight climate change,
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ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
09:06
to negotiate huge, big, volume deals that will enable cities
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืขื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืขืจื™ื
09:11
which generate 75 percent of the world's greenhouse gases,
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ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœ75% ืžืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืื“ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”
09:14
to drastically and quickly reduce greenhouse gas emissions
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ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ ื•ืžื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื”
09:17
in a way that is good economics.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
09:21
And this whole discussion as if it's some sort of economic burden,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืขืœ ืขื•ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
09:25
is a mystery to me.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™.
09:26
I think it's a bird's nest on the ground.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ื—ื›ืžื”.
09:28
When Al Gore won his well-deserved Oscar
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืœ ื’ื•ืจ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ืกื“ ื‘ืื•ืกืงืจ
09:32
for the "Inconvenient Truth" movie, I was thrilled,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืืžืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื”", ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™,
09:36
but I had urged him to make a second movie quickly.
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ืืš ื“ื—ืงืชื™ ื‘ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกืจื˜ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
09:40
For those of you who saw "An Inconvenient Truth,"
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ืœืืœื• ืžื›ื ืฉืจืื• ืืช ืืช "ืืžืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื”",
09:44
the most important slide in the Gore lecture is the last one,
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ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
09:49
which shows here's where greenhouse gases are going
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื“ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื” ื™ืชืคืฉื˜ื•
09:52
if we don't do anything, here's where they could go.
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ืื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœื•ื.
09:54
And then there are six different categories
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ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉืฉ ืงื˜ื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
09:56
of things we can do to change the trajectory.
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ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ.
09:58
We need a movie on those six categories.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืกืจื˜ ืขืœ ืฉืฉ ื”ืงื˜ื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
10:01
And all of you need to have it embedded in your brains
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘
10:04
and to organize yourselves around it.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื–ื”.
10:07
So we're trying to do that.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
10:09
So organizing these markets is one thing we try to do.
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ืื– ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
10:12
Now we have taken on a second thing, and this gets to my wish.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื ื• ืœืžืืžืฅ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื™.
10:16
It has been my experience in working in developing countries
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ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื™
10:21
that while the headlines may all be -- the pessimistic headlines may say,
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ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื -- ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื˜ืขื ื•,
10:25
well, we can't do this, that or the other thing because of corruption --
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช",
10:29
I think incapacity is a far bigger problem in poor countries than corruption,
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช,
10:35
and feeds corruption.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช.
10:39
We now have the money, given these low prices, to distribute
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง, ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ
10:42
AIDS drugs all over the world to people we cannot presently reach.
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืื™ื™ื“ืก ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ื.
10:49
Today these low prices are available in the 25 countries where we work,
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘25 ืืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
10:53
and in a total of 62 countries,
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ื•ื‘62 ืืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ.
10:55
and about 550,000 people are getting the benefits of them.
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ื•ื›550,000 ืื™ืฉ ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ.
10:59
But the money is there to reach others.
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ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
11:02
The systems are not there to reach the people.
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ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื.
11:05
So what we have been trying to do,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
11:13
working first in Rwanda and then in Malawi and other places --
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืœืื•ื•ื™ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื --
11:19
but I want to talk about Rwanda tonight --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื”ื™ื•ื --
11:21
is to develop a model for rural health care in a very poor area
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ื”ื•ื ืœืคืชื— ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืขื ื™ ืžืื•ื“
11:29
that can be used to deal with AIDS, TB, malaria, other infectious diseases,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืื™ื™ื“ืก, ืฉื—ืคืช, ืžืœืจื™ื” ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช,
11:33
maternal and child health, and a whole range of health issues
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ืจืคื•ืืช ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
11:36
poor people are grappling with in the developing world,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื™ืชื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
11:39
that can first be scaled for the whole nation of Rwanda,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืจื•ืื ื“ื”,
11:43
and then will be a model that could literally
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ื•ืื– ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ืืžื™ืชื™
11:45
be implemented in any other poor country in the world.
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ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื ื•ืกืคืช.
11:47
And the test is: one, will it do the job?
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ื•ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื•ื: ื, ืื ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“,
11:49
Will it provide high quality care?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ืชืคืชื— -- ื™ืกืคืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”?
11:52
And two, will it do it at a price
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ื•ื‘, ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ
11:54
that will enable the country to sustain a health care system
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ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
11:58
without foreign donors after five to 10 years?
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ืœืœื ืขื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ 5-0 ืฉื ื™ื?
12:02
Because the longer I deal with these problems,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ,
12:06
the more convinced I am that we have to --
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชื›ื ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช --
12:08
whether it's economics, health, education, whatever --
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ืื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื• ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืื—ืจ --
12:11
we have to build systems.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช.
12:13
And the absence of systems that function
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช
12:16
break the connection which got you all in this seat tonight.
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ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืืชื ืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘.
12:20
You think about whatever your life has been,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื›ื,
12:22
however many obstacles you have faced in your life,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืื™ืชื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ืชื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื›ื,
12:25
at critical junctures you always knew
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื“ืขืชื
12:28
there was a predictable connection between the effort you exerted
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉืจ ืฆืคื•ื™ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืืžืฅ ืฉื”ืฉืงืขืชื
12:32
and the result you achieved.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉื’ืชื.
12:34
In a world with no systems, with chaos,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืขื ื›ืื•ืก,
12:39
everything becomes a guerilla struggle,
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืื‘ืง ื’ืจื™ืœื”,
12:42
and this predictability is not there.
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ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื.
12:45
And it becomes almost impossible to save lives,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื,
12:48
educate kids, develop economies, whatever.
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ืœื—ื ืš ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืœืคืชื— ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
12:51
The person, in my view,
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ื”ืื“ื, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
12:54
who has done the best job of this in the health care area,
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ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
12:59
of building a system in a very poor area, is Dr. Paul Farmer,
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ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื ื™ ืžืื•ื“, ื”ื•ื ื“"ืจ ืคื•ืœ ืคืจืžืจ,
13:03
who, many of you know, has worked for now 20 years with his group,
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ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš 20 ืฉื ื” ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืชื•,
13:08
Partners in Health, primarily in Haiti where he started,
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"ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช", ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜.
13:12
but they've also worked in Russia, in Peru
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืคืจื•
13:14
and other places around the world.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
13:16
As poor as Haiti is, in the area where Farmer's clinic is active --
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืจืคืื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืžืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช --
13:21
and they serve a catchment area far greater
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ื•ื”ื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:23
than the medical professionals they have would indicate they could serve --
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ --
13:27
since 1988, they have not lost one person to tuberculosis, not one.
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ืžืื– 1988, ืœื ื ืคื˜ืจ ืื™ืฉ ืžืฉื—ืคืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืื“ื ืื—ื“.
13:34
And they've achieved a lot of other amazing health results.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
13:39
So when we decided to work in Rwanda
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื”
13:43
on trying to dramatically increase the income of the country and fight the AIDS problem,
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก,
13:48
we wanted to build a healthcare network,
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืจืฉืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
13:50
because it had been totally destroyed during the genocide in 1994,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื ื”ืจืกื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื ื‘1994,
13:54
and the per capita income was still under a dollar a day.
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ื•ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืื“ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื.
13:58
So I rang up, asked Paul Farmer if he would help.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฉืจืชื™ ืœืคื•ืœ ืคืจืžืจ ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
14:03
Because it seemed to me if we could prove there was a model in Haiti
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™ ืฉืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™
14:06
and a model in Rwanda that we could then take all over the country,
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ื•ืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
14:10
number one, it would be a wonderful thing for a country
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ื, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื”
14:12
that has suffered as much as any on Earth in the last 15 years,
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ืฉืกื‘ืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
14:16
and number two, we would have something that could then be adapted
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ื•ื‘, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข
14:20
to any other poor country anywhere in the world.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
14:24
And so we have set about doing that.
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
14:28
Now, we started working together 18 months ago.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืœืคื ื™ 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
14:32
And we're working in an area called Southern Kayonza,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื“ืจื•ื ืงื™ื•ื ื–ื”,
14:36
which is one of the poorest areas in Rwanda,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื”,
14:40
with a group that originally includes about 400,000 people.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื” ื›400,000 ืื ืฉื™ื.
14:46
We're essentially implementing what Paul Farmer did in Haiti:
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ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ืžื™ืขื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืคื•ืœ ืคืจืžืจ ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™,
14:51
he develops and trains paid community health workers
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคืชื— ื•ืžืืžืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื
14:56
who are able to identify health problems,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
15:00
ensure that people who have AIDS or TB are properly diagnosed
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ืžื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืก ืื• ืฉื—ืคืช ืžืื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™
15:04
and take their medicine regularly,
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ื•ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข,
15:06
who work on bringing about health education, clean water and sanitation,
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ืฉืžืฉืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื”,
15:13
providing nutritional supplements and moving people up the chain of health care
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ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืชื•ืกืคื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืคื ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื
15:18
if they have problems of the severity that require it.
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ืื ื”ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
15:22
The procedures that make this work have been perfected,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื•ื›ืœืœื•,
15:27
as I said, by Paul Farmer and his team
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ืข"ื™ ืคื•ืœ ืคืจืžืจ ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื•
15:30
in their work in rural Haiti over the last 20 years.
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ื“ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื‘20 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
15:33
Recently we did an evaluation of the first 18 months of our efforts in Rwanda.
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืœืžืืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘18 ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื”.
15:39
And the results were so good that the Rwandan government
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืจื•ืื ื“ื™ืช
15:44
has now agreed to adopt the model for the entire country,
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ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
15:47
and has strongly supported and put the full resources of the government behind it.
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ื•ืชืžื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื•ืกื™ืคืงื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืžืืžืฅ.
15:53
I'll tell you a little bit about our team because it's indicative of what we do.
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ืื ื™ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื ื•.
15:57
We have about 500 people around the world
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›500 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
16:00
working in our AIDS program, some of them for nothing --
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก ืฉืœื ื•, ื—ืœืงื ืœืœื ืชืžื•ืจื” --
16:04
just for transportation, room and board.
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ืจืง ื”ืกืขื•ืช, ืœื™ื ื” ื•ืงืฆื‘ืช ืžื—ื™ื”.
16:06
And then we have others working in these other related programs.
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
16:10
Our business plan in Rwanda
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื”
16:12
was put together under the leadership of Diana Noble,
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ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ืชื—ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืื ื” ื ื•ื‘ืœ,
16:15
who is an unusually gifted woman,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืืฉื” ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
16:18
but not unusual in the type of people who have been willing to do this kind of work.
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ืืš ืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”.
16:23
She was the youngest partner at Schroder Ventures in London in her 20s.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘Schroder Ventures ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœื”.
16:28
She was CEO of a successful e-venture --
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” --
16:30
she started and built Reed Elsevier Ventures --
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื•ื‘ื ืชื” ืืช Reed Elsevier Ventures --
16:34
and at 45 she decided she wanted to do something different with her life.
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ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 45 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
16:37
So she now works full-time on this for very little pay.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืจ ืคืขื•ื˜.
16:41
She and her team of former business people have created a business plan
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ื”ื™ื ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฆืจื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืกืงื™ืช
16:45
that will enable us to scale this health system up for the whole country.
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ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
16:49
And it would be worthy of the kind of private equity work
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงืจืŸ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช
16:54
she used to do when she was making a lot more money for it.
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ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืจื‘.
16:58
When we came to this rural area, 45 percent of the children under the age of five
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื›ืคืจื™ ื–ื”, ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื“ื™ืœืชื ืฉืœ 45 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ
17:03
had stunted growth due to malnutrition.
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ื ืขืฆืจ ืขืงื‘ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ื”.
17:08
23 percent of them died before they reached the age of five.
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23 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ.
17:16
Mortality at birth was over two-and-a-half percent.
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ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™.
17:19
Over 15 percent of the deaths among adults and children occurred
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž15 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื›ืœืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื
17:23
because of intestinal parasites and diarrhea from dirty water and inadequate sanitation --
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ื ื’ืจืžื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืงืœืงื•ืœื™ ืงื™ื‘ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื™ื ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืžืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืœืงื•ื™ื™ื”,
17:28
all entirely preventable and treatable.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขื” ื•ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
17:31
Over 13 percent of the deaths were from respiratory illnesses --
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž13 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื ื’ืจืžื• ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™ื•ืช --
17:35
again, all preventable and treatable.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขื” ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
17:38
And not a single soul in this area was being treated for AIDS or tuberculosis.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืœืื™ื™ื“ืก ืื• ืฉื—ืคืช.
17:44
Within the first 18 months, the following things happened:
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ืชื•ืš ื”18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืงืจื•:
17:48
we went from zero to about 2,000 people being treated for AIDS.
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื™ืคืก ืžืืคืก ืœื›2000.
17:52
That's 80 percent of the people who need treatment in this area.
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ืฉื–ื” 80 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”.
17:56
Listen to this: less than four-tenths of one percent of those being treated
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ืชืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœื–ื”: ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื• ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
18:01
stopped taking their medicine or otherwise defaulted on treatment.
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ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืชื ืื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
18:05
That's lower than the figure in the United States.
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ื–ื” ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ื– ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืฉื• ื–ื• ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
18:08
Less than three-tenths of one percent
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื–
18:10
had to transfer to the more expensive second-line drugs.
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ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืงื•-ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
18:15
400,000 pregnant women were brought into counseling
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400,000 ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ืขื•ืฅ
18:19
and will give birth for the first time within an organized healthcare system.
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ื•ื™ืœื“ื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจ.
18:24
That's about 43 percent of all the pregnancies.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 43 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืœื™ื“ื•ืช.
18:29
About 40 percent of all the people -- I said 400,000. I meant 40,000.
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ื›40 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื -- ืืžืจืชื™ 400,000. ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ 40,000.
18:33
About 40 percent of all the people who need TB treatment are now getting it --
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ื›40 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ืคืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• --
18:37
in just 18 months, up from zero when we started.
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ื‘18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืขืœื™ื” ืžืืคืก ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื•.
18:41
43 percent of the children in need of an infant feeding program
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43 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ืช
18:44
to prevent malnutrition and early death
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชืช ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ื
18:46
are now getting the food supplements they need to stay alive and to grow.
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืืช ืชื•ืกืคื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื•ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
18:49
We've started the first malaria treatment programs they've ever had there.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
18:53
Patients admitted to a hospital that was destroyed during the genocide
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ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจืก ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื
18:58
that we have renovated along with four other clinics,
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ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืžืจืคืื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
19:03
complete with solar power generators, good lab technology.
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ืžืื•ื‘ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื, ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™.
19:08
We now are treating 325 people a month,
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘325 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ,
19:13
despite the fact that almost 100 percent of the AIDS patients are now treated at home.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ 100 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
19:19
And the most important thing is
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื
19:22
because we've implemented Paul Farmer's model, using community health workers,
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ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื˜ืžืขื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœ ืคืจืžืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื”,
19:27
we estimate that this system could be put into place for all of Rwanda
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื•ืื ื“ื”
19:33
for between five and six percent of GDP,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ 5 ืœ6 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™,
19:37
and that the government could sustain that
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ื•ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื–ื”
19:41
without depending on foreign aid after five or six years.
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ืœืœื ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืžืฉ ืขื“ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
19:47
And for those of you who understand healthcare economics
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ื•ืœืืœื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื›ื ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
19:49
you know that all wealthy countries spend between nine and 11 percent of GDP
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉืขื” ืœืื—ื“ ืขืฉืจ ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™
19:54
on health care, except for the United States, we spend 16 --
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ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื 16 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื --
19:56
but that's a story for another day.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ.
19:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
20:01
We're now working with Partners in Health and the Ministry of Health in Rwanda
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื "ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช" ื•ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืื ื“ื™
20:06
and our Foundation folks to scale this system up.
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ื•ืขื ื”ืงืจืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
20:10
We're also beginning to do this in Malawi and Lesotho.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืœืื•ื•ื™ ื•ืœืกื•ื˜ื•.
20:16
And we have similar projects in Tanzania, Mozambique,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื”, ืžื•ื–ืžื‘ื™ืง,
20:20
Kenya and Ethiopia with other partners trying to achieve the same thing:
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ืงื ื™ื” ื•ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืขื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืฆืื”,
20:25
to save as many lives as quickly as we can,
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ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ,
20:27
but to do it in a systematic way that can be implemented nationwide
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืžื”
20:30
and then with a model that can be implemented in any country in the world.
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ื•ืขื ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
20:34
We need initial upfront investment to train doctors, nurses,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืžืŸ ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืื—ื™ื•ืช,
20:38
health administration and community health workers throughout the country,
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ืžื ื”ืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
20:41
to set up the information technology, the solar energy,
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ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช,
20:44
the water and sanitation, the transportation infrastructure.
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ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”, ื•ืืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”.
20:47
But over a five- to 10-year period,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืขื“ 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
20:50
we will take down the need for outside assistance
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืขื–ืจื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
20:52
and eventually it will be phased out.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ืžืจื™.
20:55
My wish is that TED assist us in our work and help us to build
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ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉ TED ื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
21:03
a high-quality rural health system in a poor country, Rwanda,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ืช ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื”, ืจื•ืื ื“ื”,
21:07
that can be a model for Africa,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”,
21:09
and indeed, for any poor country anywhere in the world.
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
21:14
My belief is that this will help us to build a more integrated world
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ืžืื•ื—ื“
21:20
with more partners and fewer terrorists,
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ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื,
21:23
with more productive citizens and fewer haters,
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ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ืื™ื,
21:26
a place we'd all want our kids and our grandchildren to grow up in.
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ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืจืฆื” ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ื ื• ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ื•.
21:32
It has been an honor for me, particularly, to work in Rwanda
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”
21:38
where we also have a major economic development project
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
21:41
in partnership with Sir Tom Hunter, the Scottish philanthropist,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžืจ ื˜ื•ื ื”ืื ื˜ืจ, ื”ื ื“ื‘ืŸ ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™,
21:46
where last year we, using the same thing with AIDS drugs,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื•, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืื™ื™ื“ืก,
21:49
cut the cost of fertilizer and the interest rates on microcredit loans by 30 percent
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ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘-30 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
21:55
and achieved three- to four-hundred percent increases
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ื•ื”ืฉื’ื ื• ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
21:59
in crop yields with the farmers.
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ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื.
22:01
These people have been through a lot and none of us, most of all me,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ
22:07
helped them when they were on the verge of destroying each other.
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ืœื ืขื–ืจ ืœื”ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ืกืฃ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
22:11
We're undoing that now, and they are so over it and so into their future.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื•ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื.
22:17
We're doing this in an environmentally responsible way.
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจืื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
22:21
I'm doing my best to convince them not to run the electric grid
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ืœื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ
22:25
to the 35 percent of the people that have no access,
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ืœ- 35 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื”,
22:28
but to do it with clean energy. To have responsible reforestation projects,
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ืืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื”, ืœื”ืงื™ื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
22:33
the Rwandans, interestingly enough, have been quite good, Mr. Wilson,
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ื”ืจื•ืื ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืžืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ
22:37
in preserving their topsoil.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœื”ื.
22:39
There's a couple of guys from southern farming families --
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช-
22:43
the first thing I did when I went out to this place
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”
22:45
was to get down on my hands and knees and dig in the dirt
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืจื“ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื•ื‘ืจื›ื™ื™ ื•ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืขืคืจ
22:47
and see what they'd done with it.
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืขื ื–ื”.
22:49
We have a chance here to prove that a country
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื”
22:53
that almost slaughtered itself out of existence
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ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื‘ื—ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื™ื•ื
22:59
can practice reconciliation, reorganize itself, focus on tomorrow
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืจื’ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”, ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื—ืจ
23:06
and provide comprehensive, quality health care with minimal outside help.
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ื•ืœืกืคืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžืœื ืขื ืขื–ืจื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช.
23:13
I am grateful for this prize, and I will use it to that end.
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ืื ื™ ืืกื™ืจ ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืก ื”ื–ื” ื•ืืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืจืื•ื™.
23:19
We could use some more help to do this,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ืข ื‘ืขื–ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
23:23
but think of what it would mean if we could have a world-class health system
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงืขืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
23:27
in Rwanda -- in a country with a less-than-one-dollar-a-day-per-capita income,
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ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื”- ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื ืœืื“ื,
23:32
one that could save hundreds of millions of lives
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
23:36
over the next decade if applied to every similarly situated country on Earth.
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืื ืชื•ืคื ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
23:43
It's worth a try and I believe it would succeed.
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฆืœื™ื—.
23:47
Thank you and God bless you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ื•ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืืชื›ื.
23:50
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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