Bill Clinton: TED Prize wish: Let's build a health care system in Rwanda
109,057 views ・ 2007-04-05
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譯者: Nedra Fu
審譯者: Zachary Lin Zhao
00:24
I thought in getting up to my TED wish
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當我預備這段「TED願望」演講時
00:30
I would try to begin by putting in
perspective what I try to do
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我想比較一下我想達到的成果
00:37
and how it fits with what they try to do.
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跟他們想達到的成果有多吻合
00:41
We live in a world that everyone knows is interdependent,
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大家都知道我們生存在一個互相依存的世界
00:46
but insufficient in three major ways.
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但這世界有三點不足之處
00:52
It is, first of all, profoundly unequal:
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第一:非常不平等
00:55
half the world's people still living on less than two dollars a day;
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地球上半數的人靠着少於兩美金一天活着
00:59
a billion people with no access to clean water;
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十億人没有日常清潔食水
01:01
two and a half billion no access to sanitation;
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二十五億人無法享用衛生設施
01:04
a billion going to bed hungry every night;
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十億人每晚空着肚子入睡
01:06
one in four deaths every year from AIDS, TB, malaria
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每四個人之中有一個會死於愛滋病, 肺結核, 瘧疾
01:11
and the variety of infections associated with dirty water --
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和其他由不潔食水引起的疾病
01:15
80 percent of them under five years of age.
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當中百分之八十是五歲以下的小孩。
01:18
Even in wealthy countries it is common now to see inequality growing.
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就算在富有國家,貧富懸殊的蔓延漸趨普遍
01:24
In the United States, since 2001 we've had five years of economic growth,
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在美國,自2001年以來我們經歷過五年的經濟增長
01:29
five years of productivity growth in the workplace,
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和五年的生產力增長
01:32
but median wages are stagnant and the percentage of working families
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但中位數工資停滯
01:36
dropping below the poverty line is up by four percent.
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在貧窮線以下的勞動家庭增加了百分之四
01:40
The percentage of working families without health care up by four percent.
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沒有醫療保障的勞動家庭增加了百分之四
01:44
So this interdependent world which has been pretty good to most of us --
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對大部分人來說,這個互相依存的世界對待大家不錯
01:48
which is why we're all here in Northern California doing what we do
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所以我們才有機會在北加州做我們的事
01:52
for a living, enjoying this evening -- is profoundly unequal.
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享受這個晚會 - 這是十分不平等的
01:57
It is also unstable.
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也是不穩定的
02:00
Unstable because of the threats of terror,
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不穩定是因為恐怖主義的威脅
02:04
weapons of mass destruction, the spread of global disease
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大規模殺傷性武器, 全球性疾病的擴散
02:07
and a sense that we are vulnerable to it in a way that we weren't not so many years ago.
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我們的脆弱感,比起數年前,明顯多了
02:14
And perhaps most important of all, it is unsustainable
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最重要的是,這些不穩定
02:18
because of climate change, resource depletion and species destruction.
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是由於氣候變化,資源消耗和物種滅絕。
02:26
When I think about the world I would like to leave to my daughter
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當想到我希望留給我女兒
02:30
and the grandchildren I hope to have,
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和孫兒的世界
02:32
it is a world that moves away from unequal, unstable, unsustainable
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那世界將會遠離不平等和不穩定
02:39
interdependence to integrated communities -- locally, nationally and globally --
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接近綜合,聯繫起來的社區 - 在地區,國家,以至全球
02:44
that share the characteristics of all successful communities:
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分享所有成功社區的特徵
02:47
a broadly shared, accessible set of opportunities,
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分享平等機會
02:53
a shared sense of responsibility for the success of the common enterprise
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分擔建立一個成功共同事業的責任
02:57
and a genuine sense of belonging.
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分享一分真摯的歸宿感
03:03
All easier said than done.
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談何容易
03:06
When the terrorist incidents occurred in the United Kingdom a couple of years ago,
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當數年前英國發生恐怖襲擊時
03:12
I think even though they didn't claim as many lives as we lost in the United States on 9/11,
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雖然死難者人數比美國的九一一恐怖襲擊少
03:17
I think the thing that troubled the British most
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但最令英國人不安的是
03:19
was that the perpetrators were not invaders, but homegrown citizens
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這些恐怖分子並不是外來的入侵者,而是在英國土生土長的公民
03:24
whose religious and political identities were more important to them
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對這些人來說,他們的政冶,宗教身份
03:29
than the people they grew up with, went to school with,
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比起一同長大,一同上學
03:32
worked with, shared weekends with, shared meals with.
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一同上班,一同過週末,一同吃飯的人更為重要
03:35
In other words, they thought their differences
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換句話說,他們覺得人與人之間的差別
03:38
were more important than their common humanity.
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比人間的共通點重要
03:42
It is the central psychological plague of humankind in the 21st century.
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這是二十一世紀人類最中心的「心理瘟疫」
03:49
Into this mix, people like us, who are not in public office,
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在這樣的環境下,像我們這些非公職人員
03:54
have more power to do good than at any time in history,
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有史無前例最強的力量去作出貢獻
03:59
because more than half the world's people
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因為半個世界的人
04:01
live under governments they voted in and can vote out.
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可以投票選出當權的政府,也可以投票趕他們下台
04:04
And even non-democratic governments are more sensitive to public opinion.
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就算是非民主國家也比以往對民意敏感
04:08
Because primarily of the power of the Internet,
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主要是因為互聯網的力量
04:13
people of modest means can band together and amass vast sums of money
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就算只有綿薄之力的人也可以組織起來,積聚金錢
04:19
that can change the world for some public good if they all agree.
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建立公共利益,改變世界 - 當大家都同意時
04:23
When the tsunami hit South Asia, the United States contributed 1.2 billion dollars.
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當南亞海嘯發生後,美國政府捐贈了12億美元
04:28
30 percent of our households gave.
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百分之三十的美國人民捐贈了
04:30
Half of them gave over the Internet.
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其中一半是通過互聯網捐贈
04:32
The median contribution was somewhere around 57 dollars.
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中位數捐贈金額大慨是$57美元
04:38
And thirdly, because of the rise of non-governmental organizations.
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第三點,由於非政府組織的上升
04:43
They, businesses, other citizens' groups, have enormous power
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它們跟一些商業機構和其他民間團體,擁有龐大力量
04:49
to affect the lives of our fellow human beings.
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可以影響我們的生活
04:54
When I became president in 1993,
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當我在1993年當上美國總統時
04:56
there were none of these organizations in Russia.
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在俄羅斯並無這類組織
04:58
There are now a couple of hundred thousand.
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現在的俄羅斯有數十萬個這類的組織
05:00
None in India. There are now at least a half a million active.
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在印度, 當時無這類組織。現在至少有五十萬活躍的非政府組織。
05:04
None in China. There are now 250,000 registered with the government,
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在中國, 從零增長至二十五萬個有向政府登記的組織
05:07
probably twice again that many who are not registered for political reasons.
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因為政冶原因而沒登記的可能有兩倍那麽多
05:13
When I organized my foundation, and I thought about the world as it is
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當我策劃我的基金會時,想起現今的世界
05:21
and the world that I hope to leave to the next generation,
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和我希望為下一代留下的世界
05:26
and I tried to be realistic about what I had cared about all my life
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我嘗試切實地想,我還可以為我有生以來熱心的事
05:33
that I could still have an impact on.
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作出甚麽影響呢?
05:35
I wanted to focus on activities
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我想著重於
05:38
that would help to alleviate poverty, fight disease, combat climate change,
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扶貧,打擊疾病,適應氣候變化
05:45
bridge the religious, racial and other divides that torment the world,
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修補正在折磨着我們世界的宗教和種族分歧
05:49
but to do it in a way that would either use
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我想可以利用
05:53
whatever particular skills we could put together in our group
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我們(基金會人員)的綜合技能
05:59
to change the way some public good function was performed
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去改變一些公益事業的運作
06:04
so that it would sweep across the world more.
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令它們可以遍布全球
06:07
You saw one reference to that in what we were able to do with AIDS drugs.
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你們看到之前提及到艾滋病藥物
06:13
And I want to say that the head of our AIDS effort,
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我們艾滋病工作的領袖
06:16
and the person who also is primarily active in the wish I'll make tonight,
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對我今晚這「願望」工作的主要人物
06:20
Ira Magaziner, is here with me and I want to thank him for everything he's done.
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Ira Magaziner - 今晚也在場。我想對他的所有貢獻道謝
06:24
He's over there.
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他在這裡
06:26
(Applause)
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[掌聲]
06:30
When I got out of office and was asked to work, first in the Caribbean,
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當我離任時,我被邀請到加勒比海
06:36
to try to help deal with the AIDS crisis,
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去應付當地的愛滋病危機
06:39
generic drugs were available for about 500 dollars a person a year.
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通用的藥物大慨需要每人一年五百元
06:43
If you bought them in vast bulks,
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如你買入大量的話
06:45
you could get them at a little under 400 dollars.
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四百元以下便可以買到一盒
06:48
The first country we went to work in, the Bahamas,
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在我們第一個目的地國家 - 巴哈馬
06:51
was paying 3,500 dollars for these drugs.
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這些藥物的售價是三千五百元
06:53
The market was so terribly disorganized
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那裡的市場十分混亂和無規則
06:56
that they were buying this medicine through two agents
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所以兩家商人
07:00
who were gigging them sevenfold.
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可以用七倍以上的價格操控着市場½
07:03
So the very first week we were working,
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在一個星期的時間內
07:06
we got the price down to 500 dollars.
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我們把那些藥物的價格降至五百元
07:08
And all of a sudden, they could save seven times as many lives
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忽然間,同一數目的金錢
07:10
for the same amount of money.
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可解救七倍以上的生命
07:12
Then we went to work with the manufacturers of AIDS medicines,
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之後,我們跟艾滋病藥物製造商合作
07:15
one of whom was cited in the film,
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影片中提及到其中一個製造商
07:17
and negotiated a whole different change in business strategy,
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談判了一套全新的商業策略
07:22
because even at 500 dollars, these drugs
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因為就算是五百元,這些藥物
07:25
were being sold on a high-margin, low-volume, uncertain-payment basis.
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的銷售模式是高利潤,低產量,和不明確的付款模式
07:30
So we worked on improving the productivity of the operations
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所以我們在改善生產力方面做工作
07:34
and the supply chain, and went to a low-margin, high-volume,
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供應鏈變為低利潤,高產量
07:38
absolutely certain-payment business.
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付款有保障的生意
07:40
I joked that the main contribution we made
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我開玩笑地說,我們對打擊愛滋病
07:43
to the battle against AIDS was to get the manufacturers
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主要的貢獻是令生產商
07:44
to change from a jewelry store to a grocery store strategy.
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改變它們的商業策略,由珠寶店變成雜貨店
07:50
But the price went to 140 dollars from 500.
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價格由五百元下降至一百四十元
07:54
And pretty soon, the average price was 192 dollars.
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很快地,平均價格為一百九十二元
07:58
Now we can get it for about 100 dollars.
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現在,一百元便可以買到那些藥物了
08:00
Children's medicine was 600 dollars,
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以往兒童藥物的售價是六百元
08:02
because nobody could afford to buy any of it.
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因為根本没人可以負擔得起
08:04
We negotiated it down to 190.
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我們議價至一百九十元
08:07
Then, the French imposed their brilliantly conceived airline tax
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然後,法國人高明地徵收航空公司稅
08:11
to create a something called UNITAID,
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去建立UNITAID
08:13
got a bunch of other countries to help.
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得到一些國家的支持
08:15
That children's medicine is now 60 dollars a person a year.
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兒童藥物的價格現在是每人六十元一年
08:18
The only thing that is keeping us from basically saving the lives
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唯一阻礙着我們拯救
08:23
of everybody who needs the medicine to stay alive
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所有依靠藥物生存的人
08:25
are the absence of systems necessary to diagnose, treat and care
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是没有所需的體制去診斷,醫治和照顧人們
08:28
for people and deliver this medicine.
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以及發放這些藥物
08:32
We started a childhood obesity initiative with the Heart Association in America.
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我們跟美國心臟協會開始了一系列關注兒童肥胖的活動
08:36
We tried to do the same thing by negotiating industry-right deals
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我們照樣嘗試跟業界談判交易
08:39
with the soft drink and the snack food industry to cut the caloric
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跟汽水和零食業界商議減少含高卡路里
08:44
and other dangerous content of food going to our children in the schools.
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和其他有害物質的食品進入兒童的學校
08:48
We just reorganized the markets.
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我們重組了市場
08:51
And it occurred to me that in this whole non-governmental world,
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我突然想到在這個非政府世界
08:56
somebody needs to be thinking about organizing public goods markets.
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我們需要一些人去整理公共物品市場
09:01
And that is now what we're trying to do,
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這是我們現在想做的事
09:03
and working with this large cities group to fight climate change,
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和跟這些大城市團體合作對抗氣候變化
09:06
to negotiate huge, big, volume deals that will enable cities
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談判這類大型交易可以令
09:11
which generate 75 percent of the world's greenhouse gases,
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排放全球百分之七十五溫室氣體的城市
09:14
to drastically and quickly reduce greenhouse gas emissions
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急劇和迅速地减少排放溫室氣體
09:17
in a way that is good economics.
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從經濟上明智的角度實行
09:21
And this whole discussion as if it's some sort of economic burden,
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當大家議論這課題時常把它當作經濟負擔
09:25
is a mystery to me.
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這令我感到迷惑
09:26
I think it's a bird's nest on the ground.
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我覺得對抗氣候變化會帶來垂手可得的益處
09:28
When Al Gore won his well-deserved Oscar
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當戈爾以電影《難以忽視的真相》
09:32
for the "Inconvenient Truth" movie, I was thrilled,
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獲得他應得的奥斯卡金像獎,我十分高興
09:36
but I had urged him to make a second movie quickly.
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我勸他盡快製作第二套電影
09:40
For those of you who saw "An Inconvenient Truth,"
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看過《難以忽視的真相》的人都知道
09:44
the most important slide in the Gore lecture is the last one,
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戈爾的講議之中最重要的一段是最後那一段
09:49
which shows here's where greenhouse gases are going
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顯示出溫室氣體的排放量是這麽多
09:52
if we don't do anything, here's where they could go.
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如我們甚麽都不做,排放量可能會是這麼多
09:54
And then there are six different categories
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然後有六個類別的事情
09:56
of things we can do to change the trajectory.
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我們的行動可以改變未來溫室氣體的排放量
09:58
We need a movie on those six categories.
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我們需要一套電影去講解這六個類別的事情
10:01
And all of you need to have it embedded in your brains
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而你們必需把它深印腦海
10:04
and to organize yourselves around it.
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使它啟發和整理你們的生活
10:07
So we're trying to do that.
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我們正在這方面工作
10:09
So organizing these markets is one thing we try to do.
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整理這些市場是我們工作的其中一項
10:12
Now we have taken on a second thing, and this gets to my wish.
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現時我們展開了第二項工作,進入了「我的願望」這題目
10:16
It has been my experience in working in developing countries
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從我在發展中國家的工作經驗來說
10:21
that while the headlines may all be -- the pessimistic headlines may say,
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悲觀的新聞頭條可能會說
10:25
well, we can't do this, that or the other thing because of corruption --
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由於貪污腐敗這也不行,那也不行
10:29
I think incapacity is a far bigger problem in poor countries than corruption,
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我覺得在貧窮國家之中,比起貪污腐敗,無能是更嚴重的問題
10:35
and feeds corruption.
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它能孕育腐敗
10:39
We now have the money, given these low prices, to distribute
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因為價格下降,我們現在有足夠支金去發放
10:42
AIDS drugs all over the world to people we cannot presently reach.
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艾滋病藥物給全球有需要的人,包括我們暫時未能延伸到的地方
10:49
Today these low prices are available in the 25 countries where we work,
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至今,在我們工作的六十二國家當中,二十五個國家
10:53
and in a total of 62 countries,
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的藥物價格成功地被减低
10:55
and about 550,000 people are getting the benefits of them.
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大慨五十五萬人受惠
10:59
But the money is there to reach others.
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但這基金的目的是延伸力量去幫助未能受惠的人
11:02
The systems are not there to reach the people.
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現有的體制未能有效地接觸到所有有需要的人
11:05
So what we have been trying to do,
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所以我們至今想做的是
11:13
working first in Rwanda and then in Malawi and other places --
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首先在盧旺達工作,然後到馬拉維和其他地方
11:19
but I want to talk about Rwanda tonight --
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今晚我想講在盧旺達的工作
11:21
is to develop a model for rural health care in a very poor area
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我們正在發展一個貧窮農村地區衛生保健模式
11:29
that can be used to deal with AIDS, TB, malaria, other infectious diseases,
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去對抗艾滋病,結核病,瘧疾和其他傳染病
11:33
maternal and child health, and a whole range of health issues
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照顧孕婦和兒童保健,以及解決面對着發展中國家
11:36
poor people are grappling with in the developing world,
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貧窮人口的一系列的健康問題
11:39
that can first be scaled for the whole nation of Rwanda,
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這個衛生保健模式首先是以盧旺達這國家作為規模
11:43
and then will be a model that could literally
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之後我們可以貫徹這個模式
11:45
be implemented in any other poor country in the world.
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於其他貧窮的國家
11:47
And the test is: one, will it do the job?
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我們面臨的考驗是,第一: 這能解決問題嗎?
11:49
Will it provide high quality care?
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這衛生保健模式能提供高質量的保健服務嗎?
11:52
And two, will it do it at a price
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第二:衛生保健服務的價格
11:54
that will enable the country to sustain a health care system
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該國是否能夠負擔和維持得到的
11:58
without foreign donors after five to 10 years?
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五年至十年後仍不需依靠外國捐助者?
12:02
Because the longer I deal with these problems,
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我在這問題上的工作時間越長
12:06
the more convinced I am that we have to --
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我越堅信我們必需構建系統
12:08
whether it's economics, health, education, whatever --
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無論是經濟,衛生,教育
12:11
we have to build systems.
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或其他方面
12:13
And the absence of systems that function
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如沒有這些有效地運作的系統
12:16
break the connection which got you all in this seat tonight.
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恐怕你們今晚便不能來臨這晚會
12:20
You think about whatever your life has been,
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當你反思你的人生至今
12:22
however many obstacles you have faced in your life,
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無論你面對過多少挫折
12:25
at critical junctures you always knew
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在緊要關頭時,你知道
12:28
there was a predictable connection between the effort you exerted
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你可根據你付出的努力
12:32
and the result you achieved.
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去預計可達到的結果
12:34
In a world with no systems, with chaos,
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但在一個沒有系統的混亂世界
12:39
everything becomes a guerilla struggle,
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所有事情都像打游擊戰
12:42
and this predictability is not there.
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無法預見將來
12:45
And it becomes almost impossible to save lives,
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拯救生命,教育孩子
12:48
educate kids, develop economies, whatever.
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發展經濟等等事情,變得幾乎是不可能的
12:51
The person, in my view,
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以我之見
12:54
who has done the best job of this in the health care area,
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有一個人在醫療保健方面作出了最大貢獻
12:59
of building a system in a very poor area, is Dr. Paul Farmer,
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在貧窮地區建立了醫療保健系統。這人是法默醫師
13:03
who, many of you know, has worked for now 20 years with his group,
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很多人都知道,他己經在他的組織「健康伙伴」工作了二十年
13:08
Partners in Health, primarily in Haiti where he started,
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他主要在海地開始
13:12
but they've also worked in Russia, in Peru
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但他們也在俄羅斯,秘魯
13:14
and other places around the world.
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和世界上其他國家工作過
13:16
As poor as Haiti is, in the area where Farmer's clinic is active --
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就算如海地般貧窮,在有法默醫師的診所的地方
13:21
and they serve a catchment area far greater
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他們的服務的範圍
13:23
than the medical professionals they have would indicate they could serve --
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遠遠大於他們的醫療專業人士的預想
13:27
since 1988, they have not lost one person to tuberculosis, not one.
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從1988年起,他們没有一個病人死於肺結核
13:34
And they've achieved a lot of other amazing health results.
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除此以外,他們其他的醫療成果也十分驚人
13:39
So when we decided to work in Rwanda
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當我們決定了在盧旺達工作時
13:43
on trying to dramatically increase the income of the country and fight the AIDS problem,
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我們想幫助這國家增加收入和打擎艾滋病問題
13:48
we wanted to build a healthcare network,
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我們想造一個醫療保健網絡
13:50
because it had been totally destroyed during the genocide in 1994,
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因為當地的醫療保健網絡在1994年的種族滅絕中被徹底摧毀
13:54
and the per capita income was still under a dollar a day.
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而人均收入仍是低至每天1美元
13:58
So I rang up, asked Paul Farmer if he would help.
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所以我打電話給法默醫師,問他可否幫助我們
14:03
Because it seemed to me if we could prove there was a model in Haiti
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我覺得如果我們可以證明在海地
14:06
and a model in Rwanda that we could then take all over the country,
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和在盧旺達的模式是可行以在全國實行的
14:10
number one, it would be a wonderful thing for a country
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第一:對盧旺達來說是一件好事
14:12
that has suffered as much as any on Earth in the last 15 years,
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因為這國家這15年來遭受過的極大浩劫
14:16
and number two, we would have something that could then be adapted
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第二:如這醫療保健模式是有效的,我們便可把它
14:20
to any other poor country anywhere in the world.
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帶到其他貧窮國家
14:24
And so we have set about doing that.
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這是我們的目標
14:28
Now, we started working together 18 months ago.
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至今,我們一起工作了18個月
14:32
And we're working in an area called Southern Kayonza,
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我們在一個叫南卡永扎的地方工作
14:36
which is one of the poorest areas in Rwanda,
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這是盧旺達最貧困的地區之一
14:40
with a group that originally includes about 400,000 people.
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我們由一個包括大約40萬人的組織開始
14:46
We're essentially implementing what Paul Farmer did in Haiti:
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基本上實現法默醫師在海地的工作
14:51
he develops and trains paid community health workers
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培訓有償的社區衛生工作者
14:56
who are able to identify health problems,
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這些社區衛生工作者能夠識別健康問題
15:00
ensure that people who have AIDS or TB are properly diagnosed
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確保患有艾滋病或肺結核的人得到正確的診斷
15:04
and take their medicine regularly,
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並定期吃藥
15:06
who work on bringing about health education, clean water and sanitation,
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他們其它的工作包括健康教育,引進清潔食水和衛生設施
15:13
providing nutritional supplements and moving people up the chain of health care
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提供營養補充品和讓有更嚴重的健康問題的人
15:18
if they have problems of the severity that require it.
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得到有需要的醫療保健
15:22
The procedures that make this work have been perfected,
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這項工作的程序
15:27
as I said, by Paul Farmer and his team
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經法默醫師和他的隊員
15:30
in their work in rural Haiti over the last 20 years.
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在海地鄉村二十年的經驗之中發展得完善
15:33
Recently we did an evaluation of the first 18 months of our efforts in Rwanda.
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最近我們對在盧旺達首18個月的工作出評價
15:39
And the results were so good that the Rwandan government
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結果和評價十分好,所以盧旺達政府
15:44
has now agreed to adopt the model for the entire country,
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已同意全國性地採用這模型
15:47
and has strongly supported and put the full resources of the government behind it.
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政府大力支持,包括用上政府資源作後循
15:53
I'll tell you a little bit about our team because it's indicative of what we do.
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讓我跟你介紹我們一些隊員吧,因為這可以闡明我們的工作
15:57
We have about 500 people around the world
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我們全球有大慨五百人
16:00
working in our AIDS program, some of them for nothing --
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在打擎艾滋病方面工作,有些是義工
16:04
just for transportation, room and board.
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我們組織可提供的只是交通和食宿
16:06
And then we have others working in these other related programs.
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然後我們有其他員在其他有關方面工作
16:10
Our business plan in Rwanda
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我們在盧旺達的業務計劃
16:12
was put together under the leadership of Diana Noble,
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是由戴安娜諾布爾的領導下構成的
16:15
who is an unusually gifted woman,
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她是一個非比尋常的天才女子
16:18
but not unusual in the type of people who have been willing to do this kind of work.
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但在願意做這種工作的人之中,她並不是另類
16:23
She was the youngest partner at Schroder Ventures in London in her 20s.
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她在二十多歲時成為施羅德投資公司在倫敦最年輕的合夥人
16:28
She was CEO of a successful e-venture --
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她是一所成功電子企業的總裁
16:30
she started and built Reed Elsevier Ventures --
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她成立並發展了風險投資公司 - Reed Elsevier
16:34
and at 45 she decided she wanted to do something different with her life.
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在45歲時,她決定了做一些不同的事,過不同的生活
16:37
So she now works full-time on this for very little pay.
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因此,她現在正投身全職做這低薪的工作
16:41
She and her team of former business people have created a business plan
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她和她的前商界同僚為我們設計了一個業務計劃
16:45
that will enable us to scale this health system up for the whole country.
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可讓我們能夠把這衛生系統規模擴至全國
16:49
And it would be worthy of the kind of private equity work
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而這計劃的成本可比起她以往私人股本的工作
16:54
she used to do when she was making a lot more money for it.
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但她以往可從中賺到很多錢
16:58
When we came to this rural area, 45 percent of the children under the age of five
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當我們來到這個農村地區時,5歲以下的兒童之中,百分之四十五
17:03
had stunted growth due to malnutrition.
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由於營養不良而發育不良
17:08
23 percent of them died before they reached the age of five.
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百分之二十三會在五歲之前死去
17:16
Mortality at birth was over two-and-a-half percent.
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出產死亡率高至百分之二點五
17:19
Over 15 percent of the deaths among adults and children occurred
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百分之十五的成人和小孩死於
17:23
because of intestinal parasites and diarrhea from dirty water and inadequate sanitation --
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由不潔食水和不足的衛生設施所引起的腸道寄生蟲病和腹瀉
17:28
all entirely preventable and treatable.
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這些完全是可以預防和治療的
17:31
Over 13 percent of the deaths were from respiratory illnesses --
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高於百分之十三的人死於呼吸系統疾病
17:35
again, all preventable and treatable.
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這些一也是完全是可以預防和治療的
17:38
And not a single soul in this area was being treated for AIDS or tuberculosis.
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而在這地區內沒有一個人可接受艾滋病或肺結核的治療
17:44
Within the first 18 months, the following things happened:
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在我們到臨的首18個月內,下列的事情發生了
17:48
we went from zero to about 2,000 people being treated for AIDS.
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有機會接受艾滋病治療的人數從零發展到約二千人
17:52
That's 80 percent of the people who need treatment in this area.
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這代表那地區內百分之八十需要治療的人
17:56
Listen to this: less than four-tenths of one percent of those being treated
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請聽清楚:少於0.4%(千分之四)正在接受治療的人
18:01
stopped taking their medicine or otherwise defaulted on treatment.
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停止服用他們的藥物或停止治療
18:05
That's lower than the figure in the United States.
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這數字比起美國的還要低
18:08
Less than three-tenths of one percent
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少於0.3%(千分之三)的人
18:10
had to transfer to the more expensive second-line drugs.
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需要轉用更昂貴的藥物
18:15
400,000 pregnant women were brought into counseling
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四十萬孕婦在產前接受輔導服務
18:19
and will give birth for the first time within an organized healthcare system.
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並首次在一個有組織的醫療保健制度下生孩子
18:24
That's about 43 percent of all the pregnancies.
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這等於百分之四十三的產婦受惠
18:29
About 40 percent of all the people -- I said 400,000. I meant 40,000.
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大慨百分之四十的人 - 我之前說四十萬人,其實是四萬人
18:33
About 40 percent of all the people who need TB treatment are now getting it --
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大慨百分之四十需要結核病治療的人現今得到診治
18:37
in just 18 months, up from zero when we started.
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在短短十八個月時間內,我們從零開始
18:41
43 percent of the children in need of an infant feeding program
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百分之四十三需要嬰兒餵養計劃的兒童
18:44
to prevent malnutrition and early death
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為了防止營養不良和過早死亡
18:46
are now getting the food supplements they need to stay alive and to grow.
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現在得到所需的食物補充劑去維持生命和成長
18:49
We've started the first malaria treatment programs they've ever had there.
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我們已經開始了第一個治療瘧疾的計劃 - 這是當地從所未有的
18:53
Patients admitted to a hospital that was destroyed during the genocide
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在種族滅絕期間被毀的一間醫院,現在再次接受病人
18:58
that we have renovated along with four other clinics,
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此外我們更重新裝修了四間診所
19:03
complete with solar power generators, good lab technology.
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有完善的太陽能發電機和良好的實驗室技術
19:08
We now are treating 325 people a month,
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我們現今在一個月中可治療325人
19:13
despite the fact that almost 100 percent of the AIDS patients are now treated at home.
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儘管幾乎百分之百的艾滋病患者,現在普及在家治療
19:19
And the most important thing is
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而最重要的是
19:22
because we've implemented Paul Farmer's model, using community health workers,
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因為我們實施了法默醫師的模式,利用社區衛生工作者,
19:27
we estimate that this system could be put into place for all of Rwanda
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我們估計,該系統在盧旺達全國實行的費用
19:33
for between five and six percent of GDP,
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只需大慨國內生產總值的百分之五至六
19:37
and that the government could sustain that
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而政府可以維持這支出
19:41
without depending on foreign aid after five or six years.
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在五,六年後仍無需依賴外援
19:47
And for those of you who understand healthcare economics
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你們當中了解醫療經濟學的人都知道
19:49
you know that all wealthy countries spend between nine and 11 percent of GDP
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所有富裕國家在醫療保健上花費是國內生產總值的百分之九至十一
19:54
on health care, except for the United States, we spend 16 --
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除了在美國,我們花費百分之十六
19:56
but that's a story for another day.
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但這是故事要留給另一天再談
19:59
(Laughter)
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[笑聲]
20:01
We're now working with Partners in Health and the Ministry of Health in Rwanda
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我們目前正在與「健康夥伴」和盧旺達的衛生部合作
20:06
and our Foundation folks to scale this system up.
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加上基金會朋友們的支持,我們會把這模式擴大
20:10
We're also beginning to do this in Malawi and Lesotho.
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我們在馬拉維和萊索托也開始這樣做
20:16
And we have similar projects in Tanzania, Mozambique,
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我們在坦桑尼亞,莫桑比克也有類似的項目
20:20
Kenya and Ethiopia with other partners trying to achieve the same thing:
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肯尼亞和埃塞俄比亞與其他合作夥伴正在努力實現同樣的成果
20:25
to save as many lives as quickly as we can,
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希望可以盡快地拯救盡多人的生命
20:27
but to do it in a systematic way that can be implemented nationwide
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但如我們要有系統地實行這樣的方式,令它可以在全國實行
20:30
and then with a model that can be implemented in any country in the world.
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我們必需一個可在任何國家實行的模式
20:34
We need initial upfront investment to train doctors, nurses,
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我們需要前期投資在全國培訓醫生,護士,
20:38
health administration and community health workers throughout the country,
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衛生行政和社區衛生工作者
20:41
to set up the information technology, the solar energy,
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去建立信息技術,太陽能
20:44
the water and sanitation, the transportation infrastructure.
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食水和衛生設施,交通基礎設施
20:47
But over a five- to 10-year period,
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在五至十年的時間內
20:50
we will take down the need for outside assistance
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我們將會逐漸减低外國援助
20:52
and eventually it will be phased out.
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最終把它淘汰
20:55
My wish is that TED assist us in our work and help us to build
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我的願望是,TED能幫助我們的工作
21:03
a high-quality rural health system in a poor country, Rwanda,
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去在一個貧窮的國家- 盧旺達- 建立一個高素質的鄉村衛生系統
21:07
that can be a model for Africa,
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這可成為非州的一個模式
21:09
and indeed, for any poor country anywhere in the world.
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而事實上,可在世界上任何一個貧窮的國家內實行
21:14
My belief is that this will help us to build a more integrated world
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我的信念是,這將會幫助我們建立一個更加一體化的世界
21:20
with more partners and fewer terrorists,
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增加夥伴,减少恐怖分子
21:23
with more productive citizens and fewer haters,
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更多高生產力的公民和减少仇恨者
21:26
a place we'd all want our kids and our grandchildren to grow up in.
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一個我們都希望我們看見子孫長大地方
21:32
It has been an honor for me, particularly, to work in Rwanda
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這一直是我的榮幸,尤其是在盧旺達工作
21:38
where we also have a major economic development project
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在那兒我們也有一項大型的經濟發展項目
21:41
in partnership with Sir Tom Hunter, the Scottish philanthropist,
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與蘇格蘭慈善家 -亨特湯姆爵士 - 合作
21:46
where last year we, using the same thing with AIDS drugs,
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去年,我們在使用對艾滋病藥物的同樣手段
21:49
cut the cost of fertilizer and the interest rates on microcredit loans by 30 percent
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把化肥料的費用和小額信貸的利率減低了百分之三十
21:55
and achieved three- to four-hundred percent increases
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農民的作物產量
21:59
in crop yields with the farmers.
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增長了三,四倍
22:01
These people have been through a lot and none of us, most of all me,
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這些人經歷過很多災煱,而沒有人,特別是我,
22:07
helped them when they were on the verge of destroying each other.
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在他們瀕臨互相殘殺的時候,伸出援手
22:11
We're undoing that now, and they are so over it and so into their future.
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我們現在修正以往的錯誤,而他們也面向將來
22:17
We're doing this in an environmentally responsible way.
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我們的工作采取對環境負責任的方式。
22:21
I'm doing my best to convince them not to run the electric grid
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我正盡我所能去說服他們不要為
22:25
to the 35 percent of the people that have no access,
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百分之三十五沒有電力的人連接上電網
22:28
but to do it with clean energy. To have responsible reforestation projects,
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而選用可再生能源,及有責任地參與造林計劃
22:33
the Rwandans, interestingly enough, have been quite good, Mr. Wilson,
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有趣的是,盧旺達其實做得相當不錯。威爾遜先生
22:37
in preserving their topsoil.
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在保護他們的表層土方面工作
22:39
There's a couple of guys from southern farming families --
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有幾個伙子是從南部農民家庭來的
22:43
the first thing I did when I went out to this place
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我去到這地方後,我做的第一件事
22:45
was to get down on my hands and knees and dig in the dirt
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就是「落手落腳」挖掘泥土
22:47
and see what they'd done with it.
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看看他們對它怎樣了
22:49
We have a chance here to prove that a country
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我們在此有機會證明
22:53
that almost slaughtered itself out of existence
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一個幾乎全完自毀的國家
22:59
can practice reconciliation, reorganize itself, focus on tomorrow
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可以達到調和,重組自身,著眼於明天
23:06
and provide comprehensive, quality health care with minimal outside help.
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並以極少量外界交援,可提供全面,優質的醫療保健服務
23:13
I am grateful for this prize, and I will use it to that end.
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我感謝這個獎,我會用它來實現這目標。
23:19
We could use some more help to do this,
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我們希望可以得到更多幫助
23:23
but think of what it would mean if we could have a world-class health system
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試想一下如果我們能夠把一個世界級的衛生系統
23:27
in Rwanda -- in a country with a less-than-one-dollar-a-day-per-capita income,
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帶到盧旺達 - 一個人均收入不到一美元的國家
23:32
one that could save hundreds of millions of lives
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在未來數十年內,我們如能把這模式應用於其他相似的國家上
23:36
over the next decade if applied to every similarly situated country on Earth.
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我們便可以挽救上千,百萬人的生命
23:43
It's worth a try and I believe it would succeed.
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這是值得一試的而我相信它會成功
23:47
Thank you and God bless you.
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謝謝你,上帝保佑你
23:50
(Applause)
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[鼓掌]
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