Romina Libster: The power of herd immunity (with English subtitles) | TED

56,942 views ใƒป 2015-02-25

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Gisela Giardino Reviewer: Romina Pol
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
One of the first patients I had to see as a pediatrician was Sol,
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ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื›ืจื•ืคืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื•ืœ,
00:17
a beautiful month-old baby
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ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื” ื‘ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ
00:20
who was admitted with signs of a severe respiratory infection.
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ืื•ืฉืคื–ื” ืขื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื“ืœืงืช ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
00:23
Until then, I had never seen a patient worsen so fast.
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ืขื“ ืื–, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ.
00:28
In just two days she was connected to a respirator
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ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื ืฉืžื”
00:31
and on the third day she died.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืชื”.
00:34
Sol had whooping cough.
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ืœืกื•ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืขืœืช.
00:37
After discussing the case in the room and after a quite distressing catharsis,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื“ื ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืงื˜ืจื–ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ื™ืฅ,
00:42
I remember my chief resident said to me,
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืืžืจ,
00:44
"Okay, take a deep breath. Wash your face.
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"ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืงื—ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืขืžื•ืงื”, ืจื—ืฆื™ ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื.
00:48
And now comes the hardest part:
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื”:
00:51
We have to go talk to her parents."
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”."
00:54
At that time, a thousand questions came to mind,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืืœืคื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ,
00:58
from, "How could a one-month-old baby be so unfortunate?"
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ืž"ืื™ืš ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ื‘ืช ืฉื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืกืจืช ืžื–ืœ?"
01:03
to, "Could we have done something about it?"
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ืœ"ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”?"
01:07
Before vaccines existed,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื,
01:09
many infectious diseases killed millions of people per year.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื• ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
01:15
During the 1918 flu pandemic
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืฉืœ 1918
01:18
50 million people died.
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50 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•.
01:21
That's greater than Argentina's current population.
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ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”.
01:25
Perhaps, the older ones among you remember the polio epidemic
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ืื•ืœื™, ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•
01:29
that occurred in Argentina in 1956.
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ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ื‘ 1956.
01:32
At that time, there was no vaccine available against polio.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื•.
01:35
People didn't know what to do. They were going crazy.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ื”ื ื”ืฉืชื’ืขื•.
01:38
They would go painting trees with caustic lime.
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ื”ื ืฆื‘ืขื• ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ื” ืงืื•ืกื˜ื™ืช.
01:40
They'd put little bags of camphor
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ื”ื ืฉืžื• ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืžืคื•ืจ
01:41
in their children's underwear, as if that could do something.
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ื‘ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•.
01:46
During the polio epidemic, thousands of people died.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•, ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•.
01:50
And thousands of people were left with very significant neurological damage.
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ื•ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืฉืืจื• ืขื ื ื–ืง ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืžื•ืจ.
01:56
I know this because I read about it,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ืขืœ ื–ื”,
01:59
because thanks to vaccines, my generation was lucky
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืžื–ืœ
02:03
to not live through an epidemic as terrible as this.
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ืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื’ืคื” ื ื•ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื•.
02:05
Vaccines are one of the great successes of the 20th century's public health.
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ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20 ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
02:11
After potable water,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื,
02:13
they are the interventions that have most reduced mortality,
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉื”ืคื—ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช,
02:16
even more than antibiotics.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
02:19
Vaccines eradicated terrible diseases such as smallpox from the planet
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ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ืกืœื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”
02:24
and succeeded in significantly reducing mortality
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืชืžื•ืชื”
02:28
due to other diseases such as measles,
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ืฆื‘ืช,
02:30
whooping cough, polio and many more.
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ืฉืขืœืช, ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
02:34
All these diseases are considered vaccine-preventable diseases.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขื” ืขืœื™ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
02:41
What does this mean?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
02:43
That they are potentially preventable,
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช,
02:46
but in order to be so, something must be done.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช.
02:49
You need to get vaccinated.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืกืŸ.
02:52
I imagine that most, if not all of us here today,
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื•, ืื ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืคื” ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:55
received a vaccine at some point in our life.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:00
Now, I'm not so sure that many of us know
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
03:04
which vaccines or boosters we should receive after adolescence.
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ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืื• ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
03:10
Have you ever wondered who we are protecting
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ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืชื”ื™ืชื ืขืœ ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื
03:14
when we vaccinate?
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ืกื ื™ื?
03:17
What do I mean by that?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ื–ื”?
03:18
Is there any other effect beyond protecting ourselves?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•?
03:25
Let me show you something.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื•.
03:27
Imagine for a moment
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืจื’ืข
03:30
that we are in a city
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ
03:32
that has never had a case of a particular disease,
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ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
03:35
such as the measles.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืฆื‘ืช.
03:37
This would mean that no one in the city has ever had contact with the disease.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
03:42
No one has natural defenses against, nor been vaccinated against measles.
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ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื ื’ื“ื”, ืœื ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื ื ื’ื“ ื—ืฆื‘ืช.
03:47
If one day, a person sick with the measles appears in this city
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ืื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ืฆื‘ืช ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืขื™ืจ
03:53
the disease won't find much resistance
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ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืœื ืชืžืฆื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช
03:56
and will begin spreading from person to person,
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ื•ืชืชื—ื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื,
03:59
and in no time it will disseminate throughout the community.
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ื•ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืชืชืคืฉื˜ ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
04:03
After a certain time
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ืื—ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
04:05
a big part of the population will be ill.
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ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœื”.
04:09
This happened when there were no vaccines.
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ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
04:14
Now, imagine the complete opposite case.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื’ืžืจื™.
04:19
We are in a city
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ
04:21
where more than 90 percent of the population
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ื‘ื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
04:24
has defenses against the measles, which means
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื ื” ื ื’ื“ ื—ืฆื‘ืช, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ
04:27
that they either had the disease, survived, and developed natural defenses;
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ืฉืื• ืฉื”ื ื—ืœื• ื‘ื—ืฆื‘ืช, ืฉืจื“ื•, ื•ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื”ื’ื ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช;
04:30
or that they had been immunized against measles.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืกื ื• ื ื’ื“ ื—ืฆื‘ืช.
04:35
If one day,
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ืื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“,
04:36
a person sick with the measles appears in this city,
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ืื“ื ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ืฆื‘ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืขื™ืจ,
04:41
the disease will find much more resistance
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ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืชืžืฆื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช
04:44
and won't be transmitted that much from person to person.
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ื•ืœื ืชื•ืขื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืื“ื.
04:48
The spread will probably remain contained
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ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื›ื ืจืื” ืชืฉืืจ ืžื•ื›ืœืช
04:52
and a measles outbreak won't happen.
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ื•ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื—ืฆื‘ืช ืœื ืชืชืจื—ืฉ.
04:57
I would like you to pay attention to something.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืžืฉื”ื•.
05:00
People who are vaccinated
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื
05:03
are not only protecting themselves,
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ืœื ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื,
05:06
but by blocking the dissemination of the disease
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ืืœื ื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”
05:09
within the community,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”,
05:11
they are indirectly protecting the people in this community
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ื”ื ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืงื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื”
05:16
who are not vaccinated.
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ืฉืœื ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื.
05:18
They create a kind of protective shield
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื’ืŸ
05:21
which prevents them from coming in contact with the disease,
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ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืžื—ืœื”,
05:24
so that these people are protected.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื.
05:28
This indirect protection
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ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•
05:31
that the unvaccinated people within a community receive
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ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื
05:35
simply by being surrounded by vaccinated people,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ื•ืชื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื,
05:39
is called herd immunity.
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ื ืงืจืืช ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืขื“ืจ.
05:45
Many people in the community
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื”
05:47
depend almost exclusively on this herd immunity
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ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ื–ื•
05:51
to be protected against disease.
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ืฉืชื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
05:54
The unvaccinated people you see in infographics are not just hypothetical.
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™ื.
05:59
Those people are our nieces and nephews, our children,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ืื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
06:02
who may be too young to receive their first shots.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
06:07
They are our parents, our siblings,
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ื”ื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
06:09
our acquaintances,
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ื”ืžื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
06:10
who may have a disease,
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
06:12
or take medication that lowers their defenses.
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ืื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
06:18
There are also people who are allergic to a particular vaccine.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืœืจื’ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
06:23
They could even be among us,
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•,
06:25
any of us who got vaccinated,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉื”ืชื—ืกืŸ,
06:27
but the vaccine didn't produce the expected effect,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื”,
06:31
because not all vaccines are always 100 percent effective.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ 100 ืื—ื•ื–.
06:35
All these people depend almost exclusively on herd immunity
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขื“ืจ
06:40
to be protected against diseases.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
06:44
To achieve this effect of herd immunity,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขื“ืจ,
06:49
it is necessary that a large percentage of the population be vaccinated.
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืฉืื—ื•ื– ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืกืŸ.
06:54
This percentage is called the threshold.
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ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงืจื ื”ืกืฃ.
06:57
The threshold depends on many variables:
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ื”ืกืฃ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื:
07:01
It depends on the germ's characteristics,
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ื”ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง,
07:03
and those of the immune response that the vaccine generates.
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ื•ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจ.
07:08
But they all have something in common.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
07:10
If the percentage of the population in a vaccinated community
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ืื ื”ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžื—ื•ืกื ืช
07:15
is below this threshold number,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกืฃ,
07:19
the disease will begin to spread more freely
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ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช
07:23
and may generate an outbreak of this disease within the community.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
07:27
Even diseases which were at some point controlled may reappear.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
07:36
This is not just a theory.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืชืื•ืจื™ื”.
07:38
This has happened, and is still happening.
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจื”.
07:43
In 1998, a British researcher published an article
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ื‘ 1998, ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจ
07:47
in one of the most important medical journals,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:50
saying that the MMR vaccine,
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ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื” MMR,
07:53
which is given for measles, mumps and rubella,
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฆื‘ืช ืื“ืžืช ื•ื—ื–ืจืช,
07:55
was associated with autism.
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ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืื•ื˜ื™ื–ื.
07:57
This generated an immediate impact.
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ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช.
08:01
People began to stop getting vaccinated, and stopped vaccinating their children.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืชื—ืกืŸ, ื•ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื—ืกืŸ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื.
08:05
And what happened?
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ื•ืžื” ืงืจื”?
08:07
The number of people vaccinated,
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื,
08:09
in many communities around the world, fell below this threshold.
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื, ื ืคืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกืฃ.
08:13
And there were outbreaks of measles in many cities in the world --
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื‘ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื --
08:17
in the U.S., in Europe.
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
08:19
Many people got sick.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืœื•.
08:22
People died of measles.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื• ืžืฆื‘ืช.
08:25
What happened?
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ืžื” ืงืจื”?
08:27
This article also generated a huge stir within the medical community.
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ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจ ื’ื ืกืขืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช.
08:32
Dozens of researchers began to assess if this was actually true.
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
08:37
Not only could no one find
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื
08:40
a causal association between MMR and autism at the population level,
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ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ MMR ื•ืื•ื˜ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”,
08:45
but it was also found that this article had incorrect claims.
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ืืœื ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืฉืœืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช.
08:50
Even more, it was fraudulent.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืงืจื™.
08:54
It was fraudulent.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืงืจื™.
08:57
In fact, the journal publicly retracted the article in 2010.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ื‘ 2010.
09:04
One of the main concerns and excuses for not getting vaccinated
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ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืœื”ืชื—ืกืŸ
09:08
are the adverse effects.
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ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช.
09:11
Vaccines, like other drugs, can have potential adverse effects.
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ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
09:17
Most are mild and temporary.
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ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืงืœื•ืช ื•ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช.
09:20
But the benefits are always greater than possible complications.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื.
09:27
When we are ill, we want to heal fast.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืจ.
09:32
Many of us who are here
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืคื”
09:34
take antibiotics when we have an infection,
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
09:38
we take anti-hypertensives when we have high blood pressure,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
09:41
we take cardiac medications.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืœื‘.
09:43
Why? Because we are sick and we want to heal fast.
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ืœืžื”? ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืจ.
09:46
And we don't question it much.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
09:48
Why is it so difficult to think of preventing diseases,
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
09:53
by taking care of ourselves when we are healthy?
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื?
09:57
We take care of ourselves a lot when affected by an illness,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
10:00
or in situations of imminent danger.
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ืื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื›ื ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช.
10:04
I imagine most of us here,
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืคื”,
10:06
remember the influenza-A pandemic
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช A
10:10
which broke out in 2009 in Argentina and worldwide.
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ืฉืคืจืฆื” ื‘ 2009 ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
10:14
When the first cases began to come to light,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข,
10:17
we, here in Argentina, were entering the winter season.
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ืื ื—ื ื•, ืคื” ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœืขื•ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
10:21
We knew absolutely nothing.
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ื›ืœื•ื.
10:24
Everything was a mess.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื’ืŸ.
10:25
People wore masks on the street, ran into pharmacies to buy alcohol gel.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืฉื• ืžืกื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืจืฆื• ืœื‘ืชื™ ืžืจืงื—ืช ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื’'ืœ.
10:30
People would line up in pharmacies to get a vaccine,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืžืจืงื—ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
10:34
without even knowing if it was the right vaccine
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
10:36
that would protect them against this new virus.
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ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
10:39
We knew absolutely nothing.
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ื›ืœื•ื.
10:41
At that time, in addition to doing my fellowship at the Infant Foundation,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืงืจืŸ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช,
10:46
I worked as a home pediatrician for a prepaid medicine company.
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ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื›ืจื•ืคืืช ื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืจืคื•ืื” ืžืฉื•ืœืžืช ืžืจืืฉ.
10:51
I remember that I started my shift at 8 a.m.,
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืจืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ 8 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
10:54
and by 8, I already had a list of 50 scheduled visits.
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ื•ืขื“ 8, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ 50 ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื.
10:59
It was chaos; people didn't know what to do.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืื•ืก; ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
11:02
I remember the types of patients that I was examining.
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื ืชื™.
11:07
The patients were a little older than what we were used to seeing in winter,
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ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ,
11:12
with longer fevers.
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ืขื ื—ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:14
And I mentioned that to my fellowship mentor,
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœื™,
11:18
and he, for his part, had heard the same from a colleague,
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ื•ื”ื•ื, ืžืฆื“ื•, ืฉืžืข ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ื•,
11:21
about the large number of pregnant women
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ืขืœ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ
11:24
and young adults
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ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
11:26
being hospitalized in intensive care,
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ืฉืžืื•ืฉืคื–ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืžืจืฅ,
11:28
with hard-to-manage clinical profiles.
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ืขื ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื.
11:32
At that time, we set out to understand what was happening.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงืจื”
11:39
First thing Monday morning, we took the car
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช
11:42
and went to a hospital in Buenos Aires Province,
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ื•ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก,
11:45
that served as a referral hospital for cases of the new influenza virus.
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ืฉืฉื™ืจืช ื›ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืคื ื” ืœืžืงืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืฉืคืขืช.
11:51
We arrived at the hospital; it was crowded.
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ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื; ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืžื•ืก.
11:53
All health staff were dressed in NASA-like bio-safety suits.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ื ืืกื
11:57
We all had face masks in our pockets.
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื›ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืกื™ื.
11:59
I, being a hypochondriac, didn't breathe for two hours.
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ืื ื™, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื ื“ืจื™ืช, ืœื ื ืฉืžืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื.
12:02
But we could see what was happening.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
12:05
Immediately, we started reaching out to pediatricians
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ืžื™ื™ื“, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืจื•ืคืื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
12:09
from six hospitals in the city and in Buenos Aires Province.
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ืžืฉื™ืฉื” ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก.
12:13
Our main goal was to find out
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช
12:16
how this new virus behaved in contact with our children,
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ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
12:20
in the shortest time possible.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฆืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ.
12:23
A marathon work.
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืจืชื•ื ื™ืช.
12:26
In less than three months,
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ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
12:29
we could see what effect this new H1N1 virus had
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ื–ื” ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก N1H1 ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
12:35
on the 251 children hospitalized by this virus.
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ืขืœ 251 ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืื•ืฉืคื–ื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
12:41
We could see which children got more seriously ill:
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ื–ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื:
12:45
children under four, especially those less than one year old;
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืข, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืœื” ื‘ื ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื”;
12:49
patients with neurological diseases;
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ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช;
12:51
and young children with chronic pulmonary diseases.
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ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืขื ืžื—ืœืช ืจื™ืื” ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
12:55
Identifying these at-risk groups was important
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ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘
13:00
to include them as priority groups
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช
13:02
in the recommendations for getting the influenza vaccine,
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ืœื”ืžืœืฆื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขืช,
13:05
not only here in Argentina,
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ืœื ืจืง ืคื” ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”,
13:07
but also in other countries which the pandemic not yet reached.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื’ืคื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื”.
13:12
A year later,
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ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:14
when a vaccine against the pandemic H1N1 virus became available,
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื” N1H1 ื”ืคืš ืœื–ืžื™ืŸ,
13:19
we wanted to see what happened.
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงืจื”.
13:22
After a huge vaccination campaign
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ืื—ืจื™ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขื ืง
13:25
aimed at protecting at-risk groups,
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
13:30
these hospitals, with 93 percent of the at-risk groups vaccinated,
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ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื 93 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืกื ื•ืช,
13:37
had not hospitalized a single patient
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ืœื ืื™ืฉืคื–ื• ืืฃ ื—ื•ืœื”
13:40
for the pandemic H1N1 virus.
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ืœื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืคื ื“ืžื™ N1H1.
13:43
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:47
In 2009: 251.
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ื‘ 2009: 251.
13:53
In 2010: zero.
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ื‘ 2010: ืืคืก.
13:56
Vaccination is an act of individual responsibility,
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ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
14:01
but it has a huge collective impact.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
14:06
If I get vaccinated, not only am I protecting myself,
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ืื ื”ืชื—ืกื ืชื™, ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™,
14:11
but I am also protecting others.
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ืืœื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ื ื” ื’ื ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
14:15
Sol had whooping cough.
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ืœืกื•ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืขืœืช.
14:19
Sol was very young,
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ืกื•ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฆืขื™ืจื”.
14:21
and she hadn't yet received her first vaccine against whooping cough.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื ื’ื“ ืฉืขืœืช.
14:27
I still wonder what would have happened
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ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื”ื” ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื”
14:30
if everyone around Sol had been vaccinated.
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ืื ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื•ืœ.
14:37
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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