Robert Full: Learning from the gecko's tail

50,262 views ใƒป 2009-06-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yifat Adler ืžื‘ืงืจ: Avihu Turzion
00:18
Let me share with you today an original discovery.
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช.
00:23
But I want to tell it to you the way it really happened --
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ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”,
00:26
not the way I present it in a scientific meeting,
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืžื“ืขื™,
00:28
or the way you'd read it in a scientific paper.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืชืงืจืื• ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืžื“ืขื™.
00:31
It's a story about beyond biomimetics,
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ืžื˜ื™ืงื”
00:34
to something I'm calling biomutualism.
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ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•-ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.
00:37
I define that as an association between biology and another discipline,
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ืื ื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื›ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืชื—ื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ,
00:40
where each discipline reciprocally advances the other,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืžืงื“ื ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ื“ื™,
00:44
but where the collective discoveries that emerge are beyond any single field.
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ื•ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื ืคืจื“.
00:48
Now, in terms of biomimetics,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
00:50
as human technologies take on more of the characteristics of nature,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื›ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
00:53
nature becomes a much more useful teacher.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื ืขืฉื” ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™.
00:56
Engineering can be inspired by biology
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ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
00:58
by using its principles and analogies when they're advantageous,
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื”ืŸ ืชื•ืขืœืช.
01:01
but then integrating that with the best human engineering,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืื•ืชื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉ,
01:04
ultimately to make something actually better than nature.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
01:09
Now, being a biologist, I was very curious about this.
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’, ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ื‘ื™ ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”.
01:12
These are gecko toes.
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืžื™ื•ืช.
01:14
And we wondered how they use these bizarre toes
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ืชื”ื™ื ื• ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:16
to climb up a wall so quickly.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื”.
01:18
We discovered it. And what we found was
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื–ืืช. ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ
01:21
that they have leaf-like structures on their toes,
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ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
01:23
with millions of tiny hairs that look like a rug,
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ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื˜ื™ื—.
01:26
and each of those hairs has the worst case of split-ends possible:
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืžืงืจื” ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืฆืœื™ื -
01:29
about 100 to 1000 split ends that are nano-size.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 100 ืœ-1000 ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืฆืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื ืื ื•.
01:33
And the individual has 2 billion of these nano-size split ends.
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ืœื›ืœ ืฉืžืžื™ืช ื™ืฉ 2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืฆืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื ืื ื•.
01:37
They don't stick by Velcro or suction or glue.
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื ืฆืžื“ื•ืช ืขื ืกืงื•ื˜ืฉ ืื• ื™ื ื™ืงื” ืื• ื“ื‘ืง.
01:39
They actually stick by intermolecular forces alone,
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ื”ืŸ ื ืฆืžื“ื•ืช ืืš ื•ืจืง ืข"ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื,
01:42
van der Waals forces.
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ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืŸ ื“ืจ ื•ืืœืก.
01:44
And I'm really pleased to report to you today
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืžืื•ื“ ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื
01:46
that the first synthetic self-cleaning, dry adhesive has been made.
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ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืง ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชื ืงื” ืžืขืฆืžื•.
01:51
From the simplest version in nature, one branch,
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ืžื”ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข - ืขื ืฃ ืื—ื“,
01:54
my engineering collaborator, Ron Fearing, at Berkeley,
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ืฉื•ืชืคื™ ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก, ืจื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื™ื ื’, ืžื‘ืจืงืœื™,
01:57
had made the first synthetic version.
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ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
02:00
And so has my other incredible collaborator,
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ ื”ื ืคืœื
02:02
Mark Cutkosky, at Stanford --
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ืžืืจืง ืงื˜ืงื•ืกืงื™ ืžืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“.
02:04
he made much larger hairs than the gecko,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืžื™ืช,
02:06
but used the same general principles.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื.
02:09
And here is its first test.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
02:11
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
02:12
That's Kellar Autumn, my former Ph.D. student,
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ื–ื”ื• ืงืœืืจ ืื•ื˜ื•ื, ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ,
02:14
professor now at Lewis and Clark,
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืœื•ืื™ืก ื•ืงืœืืจืง ื›ื™ื•ื,
02:16
literally giving his first-born child up for this test.
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ืฉื ื™ื“ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
02:20
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
02:21
More recently, this happened.
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ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ, ืืจื•ืข ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
02:23
Man: This the first time someone has actually climbed with it.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจ: ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื˜ื™ืคืก ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื–ื”.
02:26
Narrator: Lynn Verinsky, a professional climber,
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื ืกืงื™, ืžื˜ืคืกืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช,
02:28
who appeared to be brimming with confidence.
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ื ืจืื™ืช ืžืœืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
02:30
Lynn Verinsky: Honestly, it's going to be perfectly safe. It will be perfectly safe.
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ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื ืกืงื™: ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—. ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
02:33
Man: How do you know?
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจ: ืื™ืš ืืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช?
02:35
Lynn Verinsky: Because of liability insurance. (Laughter)
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ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื ืกืงื™: ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื‘ื•ืช.
02:37
Narrator: With a mattress below and attached to a safety rope,
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ืขื ืžื–ืจื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ืชื™ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ,
02:39
Lynn began her 60-foot ascent.
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ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ 20 ืžื˜ืจ.
02:42
Lynn made it to the top in a perfect pairing
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ืœื™ืŸ ืขืœืชื” ืขื“ ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื•ืฉืœื
02:45
of Hollywood and science.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ื•ืžื“ืข.
02:48
Man: So you're the first human being to officially emulate a gecko.
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ืื™ืฉ: ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืฉืžืžื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™.
02:51
Lynn Verinsky: Ha! Wow. And what a privilege that has been.
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ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื ืกืงื™: ื”ื! ื•ื•ืื•. ืื™ื–ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื”.
02:57
Robert Full: That's what she did on rough surfaces.
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ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืคื•ืœ: ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืกืคืกื™ื.
02:59
But she actually used these on smooth surfaces --
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ืืœื”,
03:01
two of them -- to climb up, and pull herself up.
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืก ื•ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœืžืขืœื”.
03:03
And you can try this in the lobby,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืœื•ื‘ื™,
03:05
and look at the gecko-inspired material.
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ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฉืžืžื™ืช.
03:09
Now the problem with the robots doing this
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื
03:11
is that they can't get unstuck,
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื
03:13
with the material.
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ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”.
03:15
This is the gecko's solution. They actually peel their toes away
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ืŸ ืžืงืœืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
03:18
from the surface, at high rates,
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ืžื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืงืฆื‘ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื,
03:20
as they run up the wall.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืงื™ืจ.
03:22
Well I'm really excited today to show you
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ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื ืจื’ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื
03:25
the newest version of a robot, Stickybot,
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ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜, ืกื˜ื™ืงื™ื‘ื•ื˜,
03:28
using a new hierarchical dry adhesive.
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืง ื™ื‘ืฉ ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ.
03:31
Here is the actual robot.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜.
03:37
And here is what it does.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”.
03:45
And if you look,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช
03:47
you can see that it uses
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ
03:50
the toe peeling,
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ื‘ืงื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช
03:52
just like the gecko does.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืžืžื™ืช.
03:56
If we can show some of the video, you can see it climbing up the wall.
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ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืžื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ.
03:59
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
04:01
There it is.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื.
04:03
And now it can go on other surfaces because of the new adhesive
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืง ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
04:06
that the Stanford group was able to do
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ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืกื˜ืื ืคื•ืจื“ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ,
04:09
in designing this incredible robot.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ื ืคืœื ื”ื–ื”.
04:12
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
04:15
Oh. One thing I want to point out is, look at Stickybot.
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืกื˜ื™ืงื™ื‘ื•ื˜.
04:18
You see something on it. It's not just to look like a gecko.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืžื™ืช.
04:22
It has a tail. And just when you think you've figured out nature,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื–ื ื‘. ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืขื ื—ืชื ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
04:25
this kind of thing happens.
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ืงื•ืจื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”.
04:27
The engineers told us, for the climbing robots,
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ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืืžืจื• ืœื ื•, ืฉื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื -
04:29
that, if they don't have a tail,
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ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื–ื ื‘,
04:31
they fall off the wall.
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ื”ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžื”ืงื™ืจ.
04:33
So what they did was they asked us
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ืื– ื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื ื•
04:35
an important question.
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ืฉืืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
04:37
They said, "Well, it kind of looks like a tail."
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื ื‘,
04:41
Even though we put a passive bar there.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืฉืžื ื• ืฉื ืžื•ื˜ ืคืืกื™ื‘ื™.
04:43
"Do animals use their tails when they climb up walls?"
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ื”ืื ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ื ื‘ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื˜ืคืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช?"
04:46
What they were doing was returning the favor,
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ื”ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืœื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
04:48
by giving us a hypothesis to test,
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ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื”
04:51
in biology, that we wouldn't have thought of.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”.
04:54
So of course, in reality, we were then panicked,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืคืื ื™ืงื”.
04:57
being the biologists, and we should know this already.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
04:59
We said, "Well, what do tails do?"
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ืฉืืœื ื•, "ืžื” ื–ื ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื™ื?"
05:01
Well we know that tails store fat, for example.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื—ืกื ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืŸ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื.
05:04
We know that you can grab onto things with them.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื.
05:07
And perhaps it is most well known
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื”
05:09
that they provide static balance.
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ืฉื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ืกื˜ืื˜ื™.
05:12
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
05:13
It can also act as a counterbalance.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืฉืงืœ ื ื’ื“ื™.
05:16
So watch this kangaroo.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืงื ื’ืจื•.
05:19
See that tail? That's incredible!
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื ื‘ ื”ื–ื”? ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืื•ืžืŸ!
05:21
Marc Raibert built a Uniroo hopping robot.
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ืžืืจืง ืจื™ื™ื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ื ื” ืื•ื ื™ืจื• - ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืžืงืคืฅ.
05:25
And it was unstable without its tail.
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื–ื ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘.
05:31
Now mostly tails limit maneuverability,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื–ื ื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืชืžืจื•ืŸ.
05:33
like this human inside this dinosaur suit.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ืœื™ืคืช ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ.
05:37
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
05:38
My colleagues actually went on to test this limitation,
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช,
05:42
by increasing the moment of inertia of a student, so they had a tail,
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ื”ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ืฉืžื• ืœื”ื ื–ื ื‘,
05:46
and running them through and obstacle course,
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ื”ืจื™ืฆื• ืื•ืชื ื“ืจืš ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื,
05:48
and found a decrement in performance,
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืคื—ืชื™ื,
05:50
like you'd predict.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ.
05:53
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
05:54
But of course, this is a passive tail.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ื–ื ื‘ ืคืืกื™ื‘ื™.
05:57
And you can also have active tails.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื–ื ื‘ื•ืช ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
05:59
And when I went back to research this, I realized
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ื•ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื, ื”ื‘ื ืชื™
06:01
that one of the great TED moments in the past,
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ืฉื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ TED ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
06:03
from Nathan,
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ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ืข"ื™ ื ืชืŸ,
06:05
we've talked about an active tail.
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื–ื ื‘ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
06:07
Video: Myhrvold thinks tail-cracking dinosaurs
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ื•ื™ื“ื™ืื•: ืžื™ืจื•ื•ืœื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ืคื• ื‘ื–ื ื‘ื
06:09
were interested in love, not war.
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ืžืชื•ืš ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืžืœื—ืžื”.
06:14
Robert Full: He talked about the tail being a whip for communication.
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ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืคื•ืœ: ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื ื‘ ื›ืขืœ ืฉื•ื˜ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
06:17
It can also be used in defense.
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ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื”.
06:21
Pretty powerful.
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ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:23
So we then went back and looked at the animal.
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ืื– ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืื—ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื”.
06:25
And we ran it up a surface.
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ื•ื”ืจืฆื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืžืฉื˜ื—.
06:27
But this time what we did is we put a slippery patch
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื ืฉืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื™ืง
06:29
that you see in yellow there.
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ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืฆื”ื•ื‘.
06:31
And watch on the right what the animal is doing with its tail
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ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื—ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื ื”ื–ื ื‘ ืฉืœื”
06:35
when it slips. This is slowed down 10 times.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืงื”. ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื™ 10.
06:37
So here is normal speed.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”.
06:39
And watch it now slip,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืงื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
06:41
and see what it does with its tail.
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ืชืจืื• ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื ื”ื–ื ื‘.
06:46
It has an active tail that functions as a fifth leg,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื–ื ื‘ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจื’ืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช,
06:48
and it contributes to stability.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘.
06:50
If you make it slip a huge amount, this is what we discovered.
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ื•ืื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืง ืžืจื—ืง ืจื‘, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•.
06:57
This is incredible.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืื•ืžืŸ.
06:59
The engineers had a really good idea.
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ืœืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ืคืœื.
07:02
And then of course we wondered,
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ื•ืื– ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื ื•,
07:04
okay, they have an active tail, but let's picture them.
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ืื•ืงื™, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื–ื ื‘ ืคืขื™ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ.
07:06
They're climbing up a wall, or a tree.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื˜ืคืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื™ืจ, ืื• ืขืœ ืขืฅ.
07:09
And they get to the top and let's say there's some leaves there.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืฆืžืจืช, ื•ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื›ืžื” ืขืœื™ื.
07:12
And what would happen if they climbed on the underside of that leaf,
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื”ืŸ ืžื˜ืคืกื•ืช ืืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืœื” ื”ื–ื”,
07:15
and there was some wind, or we shook it?
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืจื•ื—, ืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืขื ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื•?
07:18
And we did that experiment, that you see here.
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ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
07:21
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
07:22
And this is what we discovered.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•.
07:24
Now that's real time. You can't see anything.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
07:26
But there it is slowed down.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืื™ื˜ื™.
07:30
What we discovered was the world's fastest air-righting response.
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉืจื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช.
07:33
For those of you who remember your physics, that's a zero-angular-momentum
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ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” - ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ
07:35
righting response. But it's like a cat.
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ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืชื ืข-ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™-ืืคืก. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืชื•ืœ.
07:37
You know, cats falling. Cats do this. They twist their bodies.
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ื›ืฉื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื - ื”ื ืžืคืชืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื.
07:40
But geckos do it better.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืžืžื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:42
And they do it with their tail.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื–ื ื‘.
07:45
So they do it with this active tail as they swing around.
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ื”ืŸ ื ืขื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ื ื‘ ื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื”ืคืš.
07:48
And then they always land in the sort of superman skydiving posture.
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ื”ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื•ื—ืชื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจืžืŸ ื‘ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช.
07:54
Okay, now we wondered, if we were right,
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ืื•ืงื™. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื”ื™ื ื•, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื,
07:56
we should be able to test this in a physical model, in a robot.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ - ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜.
07:59
So for TED we actually built a robot,
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ืื– ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืขื‘ื•ืจ TED,
08:01
over there, a prototype, with the tail.
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ืื‘-ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื ืžืฆื ืฉื, ืขื ื”ื–ื ื‘.
08:04
And we're going to attempt the first air-righting response
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช
08:06
in a tail, with a robot.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื ื‘, ืขื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜.
08:08
If we could have the lights on it.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”.
08:10
Okay, there it goes.
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ืื•ืงื™. ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื—ืช.
08:15
And show the video.
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ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜.
08:20
There it is.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื.
08:22
And it works just like it does in the animal.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื”ื—ื™ื”.
08:25
So all you need is a swing of the tail to right yourself.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืœื”ื ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื–ื ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉืจ.
08:29
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
08:31
Now, of course, we were normally frightened
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื—ืฉืฉื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
08:33
because the animal has no gliding adaptations,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื—ื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœื“ืื™ื”.
08:35
so we thought, "Oh that's okay. We'll put it in a vertical wind tunnel.
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•, "ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื ื”ืจืช ืจื•ื— ืื ื›ื™ืช.
08:39
We'll blow the air up, we'll give it a landing target, a tree trunk,
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ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื” ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื ื—ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”, ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœ ืขืฅ,
08:42
just outside the plexi-glass enclosure, and see what it does.
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ืคืกืช ื”ืคืœืงืกื™ื’ืœืืก, ื•ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืชืขืฉื”."
08:46
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
08:47
So we did. And here is what it does.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช. ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื”.
08:50
So the wind is coming from the bottom. This is slowed down 10 times.
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ื”ืจื•ื— ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืžืœืžื˜ื”. ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื™ 10.
08:55
It does an equilibrium glide. Highly controlled.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ื“ืื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ. ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
08:59
This is sort of incredible. But actually it's quite beautiful,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืืžืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืคื”,
09:02
when you take a picture of it.
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ื›ืฉืžืฆืœืžื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
09:05
And it's better than that, it -- just in the slide -- maneuvers in mid-air.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชืžืจื ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
09:10
And the way it does it, is it takes its tail
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื–ื ื‘.
09:12
and it swings it one way to yaw left, and it swings its other way to yaw right.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืืœื” ื•ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื˜ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื”.
09:16
So we can maneuver this way.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืžืจืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ืืช.
09:18
And then -- we had to film this several times to believe this --
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ื•ืื– - ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืœื ื–ืืช ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ -
09:21
it also does this. Watch this.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื’ื ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•.
09:24
It oscillates its tail up and down like a dolphin.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ื–ื ื‘ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ.
09:26
It can actually swim through the air.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
09:29
But watch its front legs. Can you see what they are doing?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”. ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช?
09:34
What does that mean for the origin of flapping flight?
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ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืชื•ืš ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื?
09:37
Maybe it's evolved from coming down from trees,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžื”ืขืฆื™ื,
09:40
and trying to control a glide.
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ื•ืžื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื“ืื™ื™ื”.
09:42
Stay tuned for that.
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ื”ืฉืืจื• ืขื™ืžื ื•.
09:44
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
09:46
So then we wondered, "Can they actually maneuver with this?"
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ื•ืื– ืชื”ื™ื ื•, "ื”ืื ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืชืžืจืŸ ืขื ื–ื”?"
09:49
So there is the landing target. Could they steer towards it
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื”. ื”ืื ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ืœืฉื
09:52
with these capabilities? Here it is in the wind tunnel.
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ืขื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”? ื”ื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ืจื•ื—.
09:54
And it certainly looks like it.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื”.
09:56
You can see it even better from down on top.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืœืžื˜ื”.
09:59
Watch the animal.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื”.
10:02
Definitely moving towards the landing target.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื”.
10:04
Watch the whip of its tail as it does it. Look at that.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื”ืฆืœืคื•ืช ื”ื–ื ื‘ ืฉืœื”.
10:08
It's unbelievable.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืื•ืžืŸ.
10:10
So now we were really confused,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื.
10:12
because there are no reports of it gliding.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืื™ื™ืช ืฉืžืžื™ื•ืช.
10:14
So we went, "Oh my god, we have to go to the field,
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ืื– ืืžืจื ื• "ืื•ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฆืืช ืœืฉื˜ื—
10:16
and see if it actually does this."
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ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”."
10:18
Completely opposite of the way you'd see it on a nature film, of course.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื”ืคืš ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข.
10:21
We wondered, "Do they actually glide in nature?"
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ืชื”ื™ื ื•, "ื”ืื ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข?"
10:24
Well we went to the forests of Singapore and Southeast Asia.
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ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”.
10:26
And the next video you see is the first time we've showed this.
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ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ื‘ื ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ืจืื™ื ื• ื–ืืช.
10:28
This is the actual video -- not staged, a real research video --
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื™ื™ื. ื–ื”ื• ืกืจื˜ ืžื—ืงืจ ืืžื™ืชื™
10:31
of animal gliding down. There is a red trajectory line.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื” ื”ื“ื•ืื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื” - ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืงื• ืื“ื•ื.
10:34
Look at the end to see the animal.
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ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืงืฆื”ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื”.
10:36
But then as it gets closer to the tree,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืืœ ื”ืขืฅ,
10:38
look at the close-up. And see if you can see it land.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ืชืงืจื™ื‘ ื•ื ืกื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื ื•ื—ืชืช.
10:42
So there it comes down. There is a gecko at the end of that trajectory line.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ืช. ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืฉืžืžื™ืช ื‘ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ืงื• ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ.
10:45
You see it there? There? Watch it come down.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื”? ืฉื? ืชืจืื• ืื•ืชื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช.
10:47
Now watch up there and you can see the landing. Did you see it hit?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื”. ืจืื™ืชื ืื•ืชื” ืžื’ื™ืขื”?
10:50
It actually uses its tail too,
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ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื–ื ื‘.
10:52
just like we saw in the lab.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
10:55
So now we can continue this mutualism
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช
10:59
by suggesting that they can make an active tail.
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ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื–ื ื‘ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
11:02
And here is the first active tail, in the robot,
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื–ื ื‘ ื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜
11:07
made by Boston Dynamics.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืข"ื™ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืงืก.
11:10
So to conclude, I think we need to build biomutualisms, like I showed,
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ื•ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•-ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™,
11:14
that will increase the pace of basic discovery in their application.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช.
11:17
To do this though, we need to redesign education in a major way,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
11:20
to balance depth with interdisciplinary communication,
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ืœืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืžืง ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช.
11:23
and explicitly train people how to contribute to, and benefit from other disciplines.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืืžืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืชื•ืขืœืช.
11:28
And of course you need the organisms and the environment to do it.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
11:32
That is, whether you care about security, search and rescue or health,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื•ื”ืฆืœื”, ืื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
11:35
we must preserve nature's designs,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
11:37
otherwise these secrets will be lost forever.
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ืื—ืจืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ืขืœืžื• ืœืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื.
11:40
And from what I heard from our new president,
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ื•ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
11:44
I'm very optimistic. Thank you.
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ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™. ืชื•ื“ื”.
11:46
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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