Robert Full: Learning from the gecko's tail

50,199 views ・ 2009-06-12

TED


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譯者: Marie Wu 審譯者: Terry Lin
00:18
Let me share with you today an original discovery.
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我今天要告訴各位一項新的發現,
00:23
But I want to tell it to you the way it really happened --
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我要以事件發生的原貌呈現給各位,
00:26
not the way I present it in a scientific meeting,
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我不想讓你們有參與科學會議報告、
00:28
or the way you'd read it in a scientific paper.
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或是閱讀科學期刊的感覺。
00:31
It's a story about beyond biomimetics,
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這件事超越了生物模仿學,
00:34
to something I'm calling biomutualism.
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我把它叫做「互惠生物學」。
00:37
I define that as an association between biology and another discipline,
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我把這個學科定義為生物學與其他學科間的互動,
00:40
where each discipline reciprocally advances the other,
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每一個學科都會互相受惠於其他學科,
00:44
but where the collective discoveries that emerge are beyond any single field.
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但是集眾學科之力,其成果將超越單一學科領域。
00:48
Now, in terms of biomimetics,
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以生物模仿學來說,
00:50
as human technologies take on more of the characteristics of nature,
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由於人類科技從自然界學習到許多東西,
00:53
nature becomes a much more useful teacher.
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大自然就成了一個全能的老師。
00:56
Engineering can be inspired by biology
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工程學則受生物學之啟發,
00:58
by using its principles and analogies when they're advantageous,
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在運用生物學的原理和功能後獲益良多。
01:01
but then integrating that with the best human engineering,
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將二者相結合之後,
01:04
ultimately to make something actually better than nature.
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最終我們將能發展出超越大自然的科技。
01:09
Now, being a biologist, I was very curious about this.
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身為一個生物學家,我對這個很好奇,
01:12
These are gecko toes.
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這些是壁虎的腳趾,
01:14
And we wondered how they use these bizarre toes
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我們很好奇為什麼他們能用這麼神奇的腳趾
01:16
to climb up a wall so quickly.
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在牆上迅速地爬行。
01:18
We discovered it. And what we found was
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我們發現,
01:21
that they have leaf-like structures on their toes,
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他們的腳趾有像樹葉一樣的結構,
01:23
with millions of tiny hairs that look like a rug,
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上面長滿了數以百萬計的細微毛髮,就像毛毯一樣。
01:26
and each of those hairs has the worst case of split-ends possible:
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這些細微的毛髮末端嚴重地分叉,
01:29
about 100 to 1000 split ends that are nano-size.
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每一個末端都有一百到一千個奈米級的分叉。
01:33
And the individual has 2 billion of these nano-size split ends.
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一隻壁虎身上大約有二億個這種奈米級的分叉。
01:37
They don't stick by Velcro or suction or glue.
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他們不是靠魔鬼氈、吸力或是黏膠去吸附在牆上,
01:39
They actually stick by intermolecular forces alone,
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而是利用分子間的作用力來吸附,
01:42
van der Waals forces.
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又稱范氏引力。
01:44
And I'm really pleased to report to you today
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我很高興告訴各位,
01:46
that the first synthetic self-cleaning, dry adhesive has been made.
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世界上第一個人工合成、完全不沾黏的乾性黏著劑已經誕生了。
01:51
From the simplest version in nature, one branch,
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從自然界的壁虎身上,
01:54
my engineering collaborator, Ron Fearing, at Berkeley,
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和我一起共同研究的工程學家Ron Fearing,
01:57
had made the first synthetic version.
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在柏克萊製作了第一個人工合成的仿壁虎黏著劑。
02:00
And so has my other incredible collaborator,
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還有另一個與我一起研究的科學家
02:02
Mark Cutkosky, at Stanford --
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Mark Cutkosky,
02:04
he made much larger hairs than the gecko,
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在史丹福製作了比壁虎大上許多的毛髮,
02:06
but used the same general principles.
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但也運用相同的原理。
02:09
And here is its first test.
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這是他們的第一次測試。
02:11
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:12
That's Kellar Autumn, my former Ph.D. student,
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那是Kellar Autumn,之前是我的博士班學生,
02:14
professor now at Lewis and Clark,
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目前在路易斯暨克拉克大學擔任教授,
02:16
literally giving his first-born child up for this test.
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他把他的老大拿來測試。
02:20
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:21
More recently, this happened.
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最近,還有這件事。
02:23
Man: This the first time someone has actually climbed with it.
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男人:這是第一次有人用這種東西進行攀爬。
02:26
Narrator: Lynn Verinsky, a professional climber,
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旁白:Lynn Verinsky是個職業攀爬者,
02:28
who appeared to be brimming with confidence.
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看起來充滿自信。
02:30
Lynn Verinsky: Honestly, it's going to be perfectly safe. It will be perfectly safe.
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Lynn Verinsky: 老實說,這很安全,絕對沒問題。
02:33
Man: How do you know?
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男人:你怎麼知道?
02:35
Lynn Verinsky: Because of liability insurance. (Laughter)
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Lynn Verinsky: 因為我有買保險。
02:37
Narrator: With a mattress below and attached to a safety rope,
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旁白:下面有安全墊,再綁上安全索,
02:39
Lynn began her 60-foot ascent.
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Lynn開始往上爬,她要爬60呎。
02:42
Lynn made it to the top in a perfect pairing
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Lynn爬上終點,
02:45
of Hollywood and science.
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就像好萊塢與科學的完美結合。
02:48
Man: So you're the first human being to officially emulate a gecko.
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男人:你是第一個真正模仿壁虎的人。
02:51
Lynn Verinsky: Ha! Wow. And what a privilege that has been.
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Lynn Verinsky: 哈!哇!那真是榮幸!
02:57
Robert Full: That's what she did on rough surfaces.
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Robert Full: 她爬的是粗糙的表面,
02:59
But she actually used these on smooth surfaces --
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但是她也曾利用這個爬上平滑的表面,
03:01
two of them -- to climb up, and pull herself up.
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分成二個動作,先吸附住,再把自己拉上去。
03:03
And you can try this in the lobby,
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你們可以在外面的大廳試試這個東西,
03:05
and look at the gecko-inspired material.
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看看壁虎啟發我們做出了什麼東西。
03:09
Now the problem with the robots doing this
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現在的問題是,我們在機器人身上裝設了這種材料,
03:11
is that they can't get unstuck,
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但機器人的手一旦吸附住表面,
03:13
with the material.
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就拿不下來了。
03:15
This is the gecko's solution. They actually peel their toes away
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這是壁虎的作法,他們會把自己的腳趾從表面上「剝」下來,
03:18
from the surface, at high rates,
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用很快的速度,
03:20
as they run up the wall.
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好讓他們爬上牆壁。
03:22
Well I'm really excited today to show you
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我很高興可以向你們展示
03:25
the newest version of a robot, Stickybot,
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最新版本的機器人,
03:28
using a new hierarchical dry adhesive.
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我們將新開發出來的乾式黏著劑運用在這上面。
03:31
Here is the actual robot.
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這就是機器人,
03:37
And here is what it does.
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它可以做到這樣,
03:45
And if you look,
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如果你仔細看,
03:47
you can see that it uses
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你會發現
03:50
the toe peeling,
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它也把腳趾從表面上「剝」下來,
03:52
just like the gecko does.
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就像壁虎一樣。
03:56
If we can show some of the video, you can see it climbing up the wall.
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如果我們可以把影片再放長一點,你就會看到它爬到牆壁上了。
03:59
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
04:01
There it is.
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你看,
04:03
And now it can go on other surfaces because of the new adhesive
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因為有這種新的黏著劑,所以它可以爬上其他表面,
04:06
that the Stanford group was able to do
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這是史丹福團隊設計的
04:09
in designing this incredible robot.
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了不起的機器人。
04:12
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
04:15
Oh. One thing I want to point out is, look at Stickybot.
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噢,我想要講一件事,看看那個機器人,
04:18
You see something on it. It's not just to look like a gecko.
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你會看到有一個東西在上面,它不只是看起來像一隻壁虎而已,
04:22
It has a tail. And just when you think you've figured out nature,
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它還有尾巴。你以為你夠瞭解大自然了,
04:25
this kind of thing happens.
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但其實不是。
04:27
The engineers told us, for the climbing robots,
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工程師告訴我們,
04:29
that, if they don't have a tail,
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如果不幫這隻會爬的機器人裝上尾巴,
04:31
they fall off the wall.
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它就會從牆上掉下來。
04:33
So what they did was they asked us
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所以他們提出了一個
04:35
an important question.
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重要的問題,
04:37
They said, "Well, it kind of looks like a tail."
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他們說:「嗯,這看起來像條尾巴。」
04:41
Even though we put a passive bar there.
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即使我們只是裝飾性地裝了一條沒有作用的尾巴在那裡。
04:43
"Do animals use their tails when they climb up walls?"
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「動物在爬牆的時候會用到尾巴嗎?」
04:46
What they were doing was returning the favor,
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他們這麼做反而是幫了我們一個忙,
04:48
by giving us a hypothesis to test,
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讓我們就這個假設進行測試,
04:51
in biology, that we wouldn't have thought of.
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因為我們這些生物學家壓根也沒想到這件事。
04:54
So of course, in reality, we were then panicked,
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這當然讓我們覺得很緊張,
04:57
being the biologists, and we should know this already.
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因為身為生物學家的我們,早就應該知道這件事才對。
04:59
We said, "Well, what do tails do?"
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於是我們想:「嗯,尾巴有什麼用途?」
05:01
Well we know that tails store fat, for example.
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我們知道尾巴儲存脂肪,
05:04
We know that you can grab onto things with them.
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或是可以用尾巴勾住某個東西讓自己不要掉下去,
05:07
And perhaps it is most well known
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或是如同大家都知道的,
05:09
that they provide static balance.
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尾巴是用來保持平衡的。
05:12
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:13
It can also act as a counterbalance.
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尾巴可以用來保持平衡,
05:16
So watch this kangaroo.
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讓我們看看這隻袋鼠,
05:19
See that tail? That's incredible!
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看到它的尾巴了嗎?真的很不可思議!
05:21
Marc Raibert built a Uniroo hopping robot.
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Marc Raibert仿袋鼠做了一個跳動機器人,
05:25
And it was unstable without its tail.
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如果沒有裝上尾巴,就不能保持穩定。
05:31
Now mostly tails limit maneuverability,
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大部分的尾巴都會妨礙行動,
05:33
like this human inside this dinosaur suit.
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就像這個穿上恐龍裝的人一樣。
05:37
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:38
My colleagues actually went on to test this limitation,
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我的同事還針對這一點進行了測試,
05:42
by increasing the moment of inertia of a student, so they had a tail,
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測試延長慣性作用的時間,所以他們讓一個學生裝上象徵性的尾巴,
05:46
and running them through and obstacle course,
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然後在一群障礙物裡跑,
05:48
and found a decrement in performance,
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發現速度都降低了。
05:50
like you'd predict.
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就跟大家想得一樣。
05:53
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:54
But of course, this is a passive tail.
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但是,這是個沒有作用的尾巴,
05:57
And you can also have active tails.
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你也可以換上有功能的尾巴。
05:59
And when I went back to research this, I realized
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當我回去研究這個問題的時候,
06:01
that one of the great TED moments in the past,
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我發現以前Nathan曾發表一個
06:03
from Nathan,
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TED演說,
06:05
we've talked about an active tail.
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就談到了具有功能的尾巴。
06:07
Video: Myhrvold thinks tail-cracking dinosaurs
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影片:Myhrvold認為揮動尾巴的恐龍,
06:09
were interested in love, not war.
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其實是要追求異性,而不是要打架。
06:14
Robert Full: He talked about the tail being a whip for communication.
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Robert Full: 他認為像鞭子一樣揮動的尾巴,其實是在傳遞訊息,
06:17
It can also be used in defense.
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也可以用來防衛,
06:21
Pretty powerful.
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很有力的工具。
06:23
So we then went back and looked at the animal.
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所以我們再回來看看壁虎,
06:25
And we ran it up a surface.
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我們把它趕上一堵牆壁,
06:27
But this time what we did is we put a slippery patch
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但我們在牆上補了一塊
06:29
that you see in yellow there.
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黃色的光滑板子,
06:31
And watch on the right what the animal is doing with its tail
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然後注意看右邊,看看壁虎在快要滑下來的時候,
06:35
when it slips. This is slowed down 10 times.
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它的尾巴會發生什麼作用。我們把影片速度放慢十倍,
06:37
So here is normal speed.
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這是正常速度,
06:39
And watch it now slip,
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現在它要滑下來了,
06:41
and see what it does with its tail.
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看它的尾巴在做什麼。
06:46
It has an active tail that functions as a fifth leg,
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它的尾巴發揮了第五隻腳的作用,
06:48
and it contributes to stability.
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讓它可以保持平衡。
06:50
If you make it slip a huge amount, this is what we discovered.
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如果你把光滑的區域再放大多一點,就會看到這種情形,
06:57
This is incredible.
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真的很不可思議!
06:59
The engineers had a really good idea.
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這些工程師的想法真的很棒!
07:02
And then of course we wondered,
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我們當然會想,
07:04
okay, they have an active tail, but let's picture them.
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好,他們的尾巴有作用,那麼再想想看,
07:06
They're climbing up a wall, or a tree.
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如果他們爬上一堵牆,或一棵樹,
07:09
And they get to the top and let's say there's some leaves there.
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然後爬到頂端有樹葉的部分,
07:12
And what would happen if they climbed on the underside of that leaf,
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如果他們爬到樹葉背面的時候,
07:15
and there was some wind, or we shook it?
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剛好有風吹過來,或者我們搖晃那個樹幹,結果會怎樣?
07:18
And we did that experiment, that you see here.
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所以我們做了那個實驗,你看看。
07:21
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
07:22
And this is what we discovered.
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這是我們拍攝的影片,
07:24
Now that's real time. You can't see anything.
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用正常速度播放,你什麼都看不到,
07:26
But there it is slowed down.
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所以放慢速度。
07:30
What we discovered was the world's fastest air-righting response.
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我們看到世界上最快的空中翻轉,
07:33
For those of you who remember your physics, that's a zero-angular-momentum
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你們如果還記得一點物理常識的話,這就是角動量為零的反應。
07:35
righting response. But it's like a cat.
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但它的動作看起來像貓,
07:37
You know, cats falling. Cats do this. They twist their bodies.
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就像貓掉下來的反應,貓也會這樣,他們會旋轉自己的身體。
07:40
But geckos do it better.
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但是壁虎做得更好,
07:42
And they do it with their tail.
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因為他們會運用自己的尾巴。
07:45
So they do it with this active tail as they swing around.
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當他們在旋轉的時候,有用到尾巴的力量,
07:48
And then they always land in the sort of superman skydiving posture.
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所以降落的時候就像超人在空中下降的姿勢一樣。
07:54
Okay, now we wondered, if we were right,
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接下來我們想,如果我們想得沒錯,
07:56
we should be able to test this in a physical model, in a robot.
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我們應該在實體模型上測試一下,就是在機器人上測試。
07:59
So for TED we actually built a robot,
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為了TED,我們真的打造了一個機器人,
08:01
over there, a prototype, with the tail.
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是原型機器人,有尾巴的哦。
08:04
And we're going to attempt the first air-righting response
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所以我們打算在這個有尾巴的機器人身上,
08:06
in a tail, with a robot.
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測試第一次的空中翻轉。
08:08
If we could have the lights on it.
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請打開燈光,
08:10
Okay, there it goes.
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好,可以開始了。
08:15
And show the video.
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請看影片,
08:20
There it is.
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就是這樣,
08:22
And it works just like it does in the animal.
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就像是動物的動作一樣。
08:25
So all you need is a swing of the tail to right yourself.
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所以你只需要一條尾巴來幫助你旋轉。
08:29
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
08:31
Now, of course, we were normally frightened
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我們會覺得驚訝,
08:33
because the animal has no gliding adaptations,
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是因為壁虎並沒有滑翔的本領,
08:35
so we thought, "Oh that's okay. We'll put it in a vertical wind tunnel.
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所以我們想:「好吧,我們把壁虎放進一個垂直的風管,
08:39
We'll blow the air up, we'll give it a landing target, a tree trunk,
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吹氣上來,然後設定一個降落點,就設定一個樹幹吧...
08:42
just outside the plexi-glass enclosure, and see what it does.
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放在塑膠玻璃圍籬的外面,看看它的反應如何。」
08:46
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
08:47
So we did. And here is what it does.
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我們真的做了,請看影片。
08:50
So the wind is coming from the bottom. This is slowed down 10 times.
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風會從底下吹上來,這是速度放慢十倍的影片,
08:55
It does an equilibrium glide. Highly controlled.
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它滑翔得非常平穩,控制得非常好,
08:59
This is sort of incredible. But actually it's quite beautiful,
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真是令人不敢相信!你如果替它照張相,
09:02
when you take a picture of it.
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其實還挺美的呢!
09:05
And it's better than that, it -- just in the slide -- maneuvers in mid-air.
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還不只這樣,在它滑動的時候,它還可以在空中轉向,
09:10
And the way it does it, is it takes its tail
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它將尾巴擺動向一邊
09:12
and it swings it one way to yaw left, and it swings its other way to yaw right.
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好向左偏轉,然後再擺動向另一邊再向右偏轉,
09:16
So we can maneuver this way.
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就是靠這個動作來轉向的。
09:18
And then -- we had to film this several times to believe this --
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還有,我們看了好幾次影片才相信它會做這個動作,
09:21
it also does this. Watch this.
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看,它還會做這個動作,
09:24
It oscillates its tail up and down like a dolphin.
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它會像海豚一樣上下擺動尾巴,
09:26
It can actually swim through the air.
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就像在空中游泳一樣。
09:29
But watch its front legs. Can you see what they are doing?
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再看看它的前腳,看到它在做什麼嗎?
09:34
What does that mean for the origin of flapping flight?
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像不像在振翅飛翔?
09:37
Maybe it's evolved from coming down from trees,
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或許這是由樹上下來的動作演化而來,
09:40
and trying to control a glide.
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然後它試著做得像滑翔一樣。
09:42
Stay tuned for that.
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別轉台哦!
09:44
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
09:46
So then we wondered, "Can they actually maneuver with this?"
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然後我們又想:「他們真的能夠控制方向嗎?」
09:49
So there is the landing target. Could they steer towards it
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所以我們設了一個降落點,看他們能不能降落在那裡?
09:52
with these capabilities? Here it is in the wind tunnel.
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現在它在風管裡,
09:54
And it certainly looks like it.
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它好像很享受的樣子,
09:56
You can see it even better from down on top.
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你看到它上升的時候做得更好,
09:59
Watch the animal.
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看看這隻壁虎,
10:02
Definitely moving towards the landing target.
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完全朝降落點前進。
10:04
Watch the whip of its tail as it does it. Look at that.
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看看它尾巴的擺動,你看看,
10:08
It's unbelievable.
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真是令人不敢相信!
10:10
So now we were really confused,
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我們有點搞不清楚了,
10:12
because there are no reports of it gliding.
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因為以前從來沒有人說過壁虎會滑翔。
10:14
So we went, "Oh my god, we have to go to the field,
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所以我們想:「天啊!我們得到野外去,
10:16
and see if it actually does this."
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看看野外的壁虎是不是真的會滑翔。」
10:18
Completely opposite of the way you'd see it on a nature film, of course.
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這完全和你看的野生動物影片製作的觀點相反,
10:21
We wondered, "Do they actually glide in nature?"
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我們想:「他們真的會在野外滑翔嗎?」
10:24
Well we went to the forests of Singapore and Southeast Asia.
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我們跑到新加坡和東南亞的森林裡去,
10:26
And the next video you see is the first time we've showed this.
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等會兒你們將會看到首次公開播映的影片。
10:28
This is the actual video -- not staged, a real research video --
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這是真實的野外影片,不是設計過的,
10:31
of animal gliding down. There is a red trajectory line.
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是真的研究壁虎滑翔下來的影片--那兒有一條紅色的滑翔線,
10:34
Look at the end to see the animal.
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在末端可以看到壁虎,
10:36
But then as it gets closer to the tree,
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當它靠近樹的時候,
10:38
look at the close-up. And see if you can see it land.
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要注意看特寫鏡頭,看看你是否能看到它降落的畫面。
10:42
So there it comes down. There is a gecko at the end of that trajectory line.
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它下來了,有一隻壁虎在滑翔線的末端,
10:45
You see it there? There? Watch it come down.
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看到了嗎?在那裡,它下來了,
10:47
Now watch up there and you can see the landing. Did you see it hit?
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你看上面的特寫鏡頭就會看到它降落的畫面,看到了嗎?
10:50
It actually uses its tail too,
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它真的有用它的尾巴幫忙,
10:52
just like we saw in the lab.
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就像我們在實驗室裡看到的一樣。
10:55
So now we can continue this mutualism
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所以我們可以繼續這種互惠的機制,
10:59
by suggesting that they can make an active tail.
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告訴這些工程師他們可以製作一條有作用的尾巴。
11:02
And here is the first active tail, in the robot,
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這是第一個裝設有作用的尾巴的機器人,
11:07
made by Boston Dynamics.
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由Boston Dynamics製作。
11:10
So to conclude, I think we need to build biomutualisms, like I showed,
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結論是,我覺得我們應該建立生物互惠學的機制,就像我所展示的,
11:14
that will increase the pace of basic discovery in their application.
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這樣會增進基礎科學進步的腳步。
11:17
To do this though, we need to redesign education in a major way,
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但要做到這一步,我們必須對教育做出重大改變,
11:20
to balance depth with interdisciplinary communication,
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以加強各學科間溝通的深度,
11:23
and explicitly train people how to contribute to, and benefit from other disciplines.
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並讓各學科的專家有機會教學相長。
11:28
And of course you need the organisms and the environment to do it.
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當然這需要環境的配合,以及適當的機制。
11:32
That is, whether you care about security, search and rescue or health,
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不管你在不在乎安全、搜救、救援或健康,
11:35
we must preserve nature's designs,
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我們都必須保護大自然的設計,
11:37
otherwise these secrets will be lost forever.
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否則這些祕密將會永遠遺失。
11:40
And from what I heard from our new president,
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而我從新任總統的談話中得知,
11:44
I'm very optimistic. Thank you.
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我可以對這件事抱持樂觀的態度,謝謝各位。
11:46
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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