Robert Full: Learning from the gecko's tail

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG

Let me share with you today an original discovery.

Dopustite da danas podijelim s vama originalno otkriće.

But I want to tell it to you the way it really happened --

Ali želim vam ga ispričati onako kako se zapravo dogodilo,

not the way I present it in a scientific meeting,

a ne na način kako ga prikazujem na znanstvenim sastancima

or the way you'd read it in a scientific paper.

ili kako biste pročitali u znanstvenim novinama.

It's a story about beyond biomimetics,

To je priča koja nadilazi biomimetiku

to something I'm calling biomutualism.

u nešto što zovem biomutalizam.

I define that as an association between biology and another discipline,

To definiram kao udruživanje biologije i jedne druge discipline,

where each discipline reciprocally advances the other,

gdje svaka disciplina recipročno unapređuje drugu,

but where the collective discoveries that emerge are beyond any single field.

ali zajednička otkrića koja nastaju nadilaze bilo koje polje.

Now, in terms of biomimetics,

Sad, u slučaju biomimetike,

as human technologies take on more of the characteristics of nature,

kako ljudska tehnologija preuzima karakteristike prirode,

nature becomes a much more useful teacher.

priroda postaje jako koristan učitelj.

Engineering can be inspired by biology

Inženjeri mogu biti nadahnuti biologijom

by using its principles and analogies when they're advantageous,

koristeći njezine principe i analogije koje imaju prednosti.

but then integrating that with the best human engineering,

A zatim integrirati to s najboljim ljudskim inženjerstvom

ultimately to make something actually better than nature.

i na kraju se dobije nešto zapravo bolje od prirode.

Now, being a biologist, I was very curious about this.

Kako sam ja biolog, zanimao sam se za to.

These are gecko toes.

Ovo su gekonovi prsti.

And we wondered how they use these bizarre toes

Pitali smo se kako koriste ove bizarne prste da

to climb up a wall so quickly.

se penju zidom tako brzo.

We discovered it. And what we found was

I otkrili smo. Ono što smo otkrili jest

that they have leaf-like structures on their toes,

da na prstima imaju strukture poput listova

with millions of tiny hairs that look like a rug,

s milijunima malih dlačica koje izgledaju kao krpa.

and each of those hairs has the worst case of split-ends possible:

Svaka od tih dlaka ima jako ispucan vrh

about 100 to 1000 split ends that are nano-size.

s oko 100 do 1.000 završetaka koje su nano veličine.

And the individual has 2 billion of these nano-size split ends.

Znači, jedinka ima oko 2 milijarde završetaka nano veličine.

They don't stick by Velcro or suction or glue.

Ne lijepe se kao Velcro ili vakuum ili ljepilo.

They actually stick by intermolecular forces alone,

Zapravo se lijepe pomoću samih intermolekularnih sila,

van der Waals forces.

van der Waalsovih sila.

And I'm really pleased to report to you today

I drago mi je što vam danas mogu reći

that the first synthetic self-cleaning, dry adhesive has been made.

da je napravljen prvi sintetički adheziv koji se sam čisti.

From the simplest version in nature, one branch,

Uz pomoć najjednostavnije verzije iz prirode, jedne grane,

my engineering collaborator, Ron Fearing, at Berkeley,

moj inženjerski suradnik Ron Fearing s Berkeleja

had made the first synthetic version.

napravio je prvu sintetičku verziju.

And so has my other incredible collaborator,

A, isto tako, i moj drugi suradnik

Mark Cutkosky, at Stanford --

Mark Cutkosky sa Standforda.

he made much larger hairs than the gecko,

Napravio je mnogo veće dlake od gekonovih,

but used the same general principles.

ali je koristio iste opće principe.

And here is its first test.

I ovdje je prvi test.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

That's Kellar Autumn, my former Ph.D. student,

Ovo je Kellar Autumn, moj bivši student,

professor now at Lewis and Clark,

sada profesor na Lewisu i Clarku;

literally giving his first-born child up for this test.

doslovno daje svoje prvorođeno dijete za test.

(Laughter)

(Smiijeh)

More recently, this happened.

A nedavno se ovo dogodilo.

Man: This the first time someone has actually climbed with it.

Čovjek: Ovo je prvi put da se netko zapravo popeo s time.

Narrator: Lynn Verinsky, a professional climber,

Narator: Lynn Verinsky, profesionalna penjačica,

who appeared to be brimming with confidence.

koja izgleda kao da puca od samopouzdanja.

Lynn Verinsky: Honestly, it's going to be perfectly safe. It will be perfectly safe.

Lynn Verinsky: Iskreno, bit će savršeno sigurno, bit će savršeno sigurno.

Man: How do you know?

Čovjek: Kako znate?

Lynn Verinsky: Because of liability insurance. (Laughter)

Lynn Verinsky: Zbog obaveznog osiguranja.

Narrator: With a mattress below and attached to a safety rope,

Narator: S madracem ispod i povezana sigurnosnim užetom,

Lynn began her 60-foot ascent.

Lynn je počela svoje 18-metarsko penjanje.

Lynn made it to the top in a perfect pairing

Lynn se popela do vrha spojivši

of Hollywood and science.

Hollywood i znanost.

Man: So you're the first human being to officially emulate a gecko.

Čovjek: Znači, vi ste prva osoba koja je službeno oponašala gekona.

Lynn Verinsky: Ha! Wow. And what a privilege that has been.

Lynn Verinsky: Ha! Vau. To je lijepa privilegija.

Robert Full: That's what she did on rough surfaces.

Robert Full: To je ona napravila na neravnim površinama.

But she actually used these on smooth surfaces --

Ali ona se zapravo koristila ovime na glatkim površinama,

two of them -- to climb up, and pull herself up.

njima dvjema, kako bi se popela i vukla se gore.

And you can try this in the lobby,

Ovo možete probati u predvorju

and look at the gecko-inspired material.

i pogledati materijale nadahnute gekonom.

Now the problem with the robots doing this

Problem kod robota koji ovo rade

is that they can't get unstuck,

jest taj što se ne mogu odlijepiti

with the material.

od materijala.

This is the gecko's solution. They actually peel their toes away

Ovo je gekonovo rješenje. Oni doslovno ogule svoje prste

from the surface, at high rates,

s površine, jako brzo,

as they run up the wall.

dok trče uz zid.

Well I'm really excited today to show you

Stvarno sam uzbuđen danas jer ću vam pokazati

the newest version of a robot, Stickybot,

najnoviju verziju robota, Stickybota,

using a new hierarchical dry adhesive.

koji koristi novi suhi adheziv.

Here is the actual robot.

On je pravi robot.

And here is what it does.

A ovo je ono što on radi.

And if you look,

Ako pogledate,

you can see that it uses

vidjet ćete da

the toe peeling,

guli prste

just like the gecko does.

isto kao i gekon.

If we can show some of the video, you can see it climbing up the wall.

Ako pogledamo dio videa, vidjet ćete kako se penje uz zid.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

There it is.

Evo ga.

And now it can go on other surfaces because of the new adhesive

A sad može ići i na druge podloge zbog novog adheziva

that the Stanford group was able to do

koji je grupa iz Standforda napravila

in designing this incredible robot.

dok je dizajnirala ovog izvrsnog robota.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Oh. One thing I want to point out is, look at Stickybot.

Oh. Jedna stvar koju želim istaknuti jest: pogledajte Stickybota.

You see something on it. It's not just to look like a gecko.

Vidjet ćete nešto na njemu. Nije samo zato da izgleda kao gekon.

It has a tail. And just when you think you've figured out nature,

Ima rep. I baš kada pomislite da ste shvatili prirodu,

this kind of thing happens.

nešto se ovakvo pojavi.

The engineers told us, for the climbing robots,

Inženjeri su nam rekli da će roboti,

that, if they don't have a tail,

ako nemaju rep,

they fall off the wall.

otpasti sa zida.

So what they did was they asked us

Ono što su učinili jest da su nas pitali

an important question.

jedno važno pitanje.

They said, "Well, it kind of looks like a tail."

Rekli su: „Pa recimo da izgleda kao rep“.

Even though we put a passive bar there.

To nam je izgledalo nebitno.

"Do animals use their tails when they climb up walls?"

„Koriste li životinje njihov rep dok se penju uz zidove?“

What they were doing was returning the favor,

Ono što su radili je da su nam uzvraćali uslugu

by giving us a hypothesis to test,

dajući nam hipotezu za provjeru

in biology, that we wouldn't have thought of.

koje se u biologiji nikad ne bismo dosjetili.

So of course, in reality, we were then panicked,

I, naravno, u stvarnosti smo paničarili,

being the biologists, and we should know this already.

biolozi smo i trebali smo to već znati.

We said, "Well, what do tails do?"

Upitali smo: „Što rade repovi?“

Well we know that tails store fat, for example.

Dobro znamo da se u repove sprema mast, na primjer.

We know that you can grab onto things with them.

Znamo da je moguće hvatati se na stvari s njime.

And perhaps it is most well known

I možda najpoznatije jest to

that they provide static balance.

da služe za postizanje ravnoteže.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

It can also act as a counterbalance.

Može se koristiti i protiv ravnoteže.

So watch this kangaroo.

Pogledajte ovog klokana.

See that tail? That's incredible!

Vidite taj rep? Ovo je sjajno!

Marc Raibert built a Uniroo hopping robot.

Marc Railbert napravio je Uniroo skačućeg robota.

And it was unstable without its tail.

Bio je nestabilan bez repa.

Now mostly tails limit maneuverability,

A većina repova ograničavaju pokretljivost.

like this human inside this dinosaur suit.

Kao ovaj čovjek u kostimu dinosaura.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

My colleagues actually went on to test this limitation,

Moje kolege stvarno su ispitale to ograničavanje

by increasing the moment of inertia of a student, so they had a tail,

povećavajući inerciju kod studenata, imali su rep,

and running them through and obstacle course,

trčali su kroz prepreke

and found a decrement in performance,

i pokazivali smanjenu sposobnost u izvedbi toga.

like you'd predict.

Kao što biste i predvidjeli.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But of course, this is a passive tail.

Ali, naravno, ovo je pasivan rep.

And you can also have active tails.

A postoji i aktivan rep.

And when I went back to research this, I realized

Kada sam se vratio da to istražim, shvatio sam

that one of the great TED moments in the past,

da smo u jednom od velikih TED trenutaka u prošlosti,

from Nathan,

od Nathana,

we've talked about an active tail.

pričali o aktivnu repu.

Video: Myhrvold thinks tail-cracking dinosaurs

Video: Myhrvold misli da su dinosauri koji koriste rep

were interested in love, not war.

bili za ljubav, a ne rat.

Robert Full: He talked about the tail being a whip for communication.

Robert Full: Govorio je o repu koji su koristili kao bič za komunikaciju.

It can also be used in defense.

Može se također koristiti i u obrani.

Pretty powerful.

Poprilično je jak.

So we then went back and looked at the animal.

Zatim smo se vratili i istražili životinju.

And we ran it up a surface.

I ponovno smo ju stavili da se penje po površini.

But this time what we did is we put a slippery patch

Ovaj put smo stavili skliski dio

that you see in yellow there.

koji vidite označen žutom bojom.

And watch on the right what the animal is doing with its tail

I gledajte sad desno što životinja radi s repom

when it slips. This is slowed down 10 times.

kada se oklizne. Ovo je usporeno 10 puta.

So here is normal speed.

Ovo je normalna brzina.

And watch it now slip,

I gledajte sad kako se poskliznula

and see what it does with its tail.

i vidite što radi s repom.

It has an active tail that functions as a fifth leg,

Ima aktivan rep koji funkcionira kao peta noga

and it contributes to stability.

i doprinosi stabilnosti.

If you make it slip a huge amount, this is what we discovered.

A posklizne li se jako, ovo smo otkrili.

This is incredible.

Ovo je izvanredno.

The engineers had a really good idea.

Inženjeri su dobili stvarno dobru ideju.

And then of course we wondered,

I naravno da smo se zapitali,

okay, they have an active tail, but let's picture them.

dobro, imaju aktivan rep, ali hajdemo ih zamisliti.

They're climbing up a wall, or a tree.

Penju se uz zid ili drvo.

And they get to the top and let's say there's some leaves there.

I popeli su se na vrh i recimo da je neki list tamo.

And what would happen if they climbed on the underside of that leaf,

I što će se dogoditi ako se popnu na donju stranu tog lista

and there was some wind, or we shook it?

i počne puhati vjetar ili ga mi prodrmamo?

And we did that experiment, that you see here.

Napravili smo taj eksperiment, koji vidite ovdje.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

And this is what we discovered.

Otkrili smo sljedeće:

Now that's real time. You can't see anything.

ovo je normalno pušteno, ne možete ništa vidjeti.

But there it is slowed down.

Ali evo ga usporeno.

What we discovered was the world's fastest air-righting response.

Ono što smo otkrili jest najbrži odgovor zračnog ispravljanja.

For those of you who remember your physics, that's a zero-angular-momentum

Za one koji se sjećaju fizike, to je odgovor ispravljanja

righting response. But it's like a cat.

na 0 stupnjeva u trenu. To je poput mačaka.

You know, cats falling. Cats do this. They twist their bodies.

Znate, kada mačke padaju, čine to. Izokrenu svoje tijelo.

But geckos do it better.

Ali gekoni to rade bolje.

And they do it with their tail.

I to rade sa svojim repom.

So they do it with this active tail as they swing around.

To rade sa svojim aktivnim repom dok mašu uokolo.

And then they always land in the sort of superman skydiving posture.

I uvijek slete na nekakav supermenski način.

Okay, now we wondered, if we were right,

OK, sad smo se pitali, ako smo u pravu,

we should be able to test this in a physical model, in a robot.

moći ćemo to testirati na fizičkom modelu, na robotu.

So for TED we actually built a robot,

Pa smo zapravo za TED napravili robota,

over there, a prototype, with the tail.

ovdje, prototip s repom.

And we're going to attempt the first air-righting response

I pokušat ćemo sada prvi odgovor zračnog ispravljanja

in a tail, with a robot.

s repom, na robotu.

If we could have the lights on it.

Ako možemo dobiti svjetlo ovdje.

Okay, there it goes.

Dobro, evo ga.

And show the video.

I pokažite video.

There it is.

Eto ga.

And it works just like it does in the animal.

I radi upravo kao i kod životinja.

So all you need is a swing of the tail to right yourself.

Znači, sve što trebate jest mahati repom kako biste se ispravili.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Now, of course, we were normally frightened

Sad, naravno, normalno da smo se zabrinuli

because the animal has no gliding adaptations,

zato što životinja nema adaptaciju na klizanje

so we thought, "Oh that's okay. We'll put it in a vertical wind tunnel.

pa smo mislili: „Oh, to je ok. Stavit ćemo je u vertikalnu zračnu cijev.

We'll blow the air up, we'll give it a landing target, a tree trunk,

Pustit ćemo zrak gore, stavit ćemo cilj za slijetanje, nekakvo deblo,

just outside the plexi-glass enclosure, and see what it does.

točno izvan ograde od pleksiglassa i vidjeti što će se dogoditi“.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So we did. And here is what it does.

To smo i učinili. I ovo se dogodilo:

So the wind is coming from the bottom. This is slowed down 10 times.

Vjetar je puhao od dolje. Ovo je usporeno 10 puta.

It does an equilibrium glide. Highly controlled.

Dobili smo izjednačeno klizanje. Dobro kontrolirano.

This is sort of incredible. But actually it's quite beautiful,

Ovo je poprilično izvanredno. Ali zapravo je jako lijepo

when you take a picture of it.

kada to slikate.

And it's better than that, it -- just in the slide -- maneuvers in mid-air.

Čak je i bolje od toga, to u trenutku klizanja manevrira u zraku.

And the way it does it, is it takes its tail

A način na koji to čini jest da maše repom

and it swings it one way to yaw left, and it swings its other way to yaw right.

u jednu stranu, da skrene lijevo i u drugu stranu da skrene desno.

So we can maneuver this way.

Tamo i mi možemo manevrirati.

And then -- we had to film this several times to believe this --

I -- morali smo ovo snimiti nekoliko puta kako bismo povjerovali --

it also does this. Watch this.

čini i ovo. Gledajte ovo.

It oscillates its tail up and down like a dolphin.

Pomiče rep gore dolje kao dupin.

It can actually swim through the air.

Zapravo, može plivati kroz zrak.

But watch its front legs. Can you see what they are doing?

Ali gledajte njegove prednje noge. Vidite li što radi?

What does that mean for the origin of flapping flight?

Što ovo znači za podrijetlo kliznog letenja?

Maybe it's evolved from coming down from trees,

Možda je evoluirao od spuštanja s drveta

and trying to control a glide.

i pokušava kontrolirati klizanje.

Stay tuned for that.

Ostanite i dalje s nama da saznate.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So then we wondered, "Can they actually maneuver with this?"

Zatim smo se pitali: „Mogu li zapravo manevrirati s ovim?“

So there is the landing target. Could they steer towards it

Ovo je meta za slijetanje. Mogu li se spustiti prema njoj

with these capabilities? Here it is in the wind tunnel.

pomoću onih sposobnosti? Evo ga u zračnom tunelu.

And it certainly looks like it.

I poprilično sliči manevriranju.

You can see it even better from down on top.

Možete ga bolje vidjeti odozdo prema gore.

Watch the animal.

Gledajte životinju.

Definitely moving towards the landing target.

Sigurno se kreće prema meti za slijetanje.

Watch the whip of its tail as it does it. Look at that.

Gledajte pokrete njezina repa dok ide. Gledajte.

It's unbelievable.

Nevjerojatno.

So now we were really confused,

Sada smo poprilično zbunjeni,

because there are no reports of it gliding.

budući da nema zabilješki kako on kliže.

So we went, "Oh my god, we have to go to the field,

Počeli smo pričati: „O, moj Bože, moramo otići van

and see if it actually does this."

i vidjeti da li to zapravo rade“.

Completely opposite of the way you'd see it on a nature film, of course.

Posve različito od načina koje ste vidjeli u filmovima o prirodi, naravno.

We wondered, "Do they actually glide in nature?"

Pitali smo se: „Kližu li zapravo u prirodi?“

Well we went to the forests of Singapore and Southeast Asia.

Otišli smo u šume Singapura i jugoistočne Azije.

And the next video you see is the first time we've showed this.

Sljedeći video koji vidite prvi put prikazujemo.

This is the actual video -- not staged, a real research video --

Ovo je stvaran video, nije napravljen, pravi istraživački video

of animal gliding down. There is a red trajectory line.

životinje koja kliže dolje -- ovo je crvena linija puta.

Look at the end to see the animal.

Pogledajte kraj da vidite životinju.

But then as it gets closer to the tree,

Ali, kako se približava drvetu,

look at the close-up. And see if you can see it land.

gledate ju približeno. I vidite, ako možete, kako je sletjela.

So there it comes down. There is a gecko at the end of that trajectory line.

Evo silazi. Gekon je na kraju linije puta.

You see it there? There? Watch it come down.

Vidite li ga? Ovdje? Gledajte kako silazi.

Now watch up there and you can see the landing. Did you see it hit?

A sad gledajte gore i vidjet ćete kako se spušta. Jeste li vidjeli udarac?

It actually uses its tail too,

Zapravo koristi rep i za to.

just like we saw in the lab.

Kao što smo i vidjeli u laboratoriju.

So now we can continue this mutualism

Sad možemo nastaviti taj mutualizam

by suggesting that they can make an active tail.

predlaganjem da se može napraviti aktivni rep.

And here is the first active tail, in the robot,

Evo ga, prvi aktivni rep, na robotu,

made by Boston Dynamics.

napravljen u Boston Dynamicsu.

So to conclude, I think we need to build biomutualisms, like I showed,

Da zaključimo, mislim da trebamo napraviti biomutalizam kao što sam i pokazao,

that will increase the pace of basic discovery in their application.

tako da povećamo brzinu osnovnih otkrića u njihovoj primjeni.

To do this though, we need to redesign education in a major way,

Kako bismo to postigli, trebamo naveliko prepraviti obrazovanje,

to balance depth with interdisciplinary communication,

treba uravnotežiti dubinu s interdisciplinarnom komunikacijom.

and explicitly train people how to contribute to, and benefit from other disciplines.

I posebno naučiti ljude kako da doprinesu, a i imaju koristi od drugih disciplina.

And of course you need the organisms and the environment to do it.

A, naravno, za to trebate organizam i okoliš.

That is, whether you care about security, search and rescue or health,

Zato, bilo da brinete o sigurnosti, istraživanju i izvorima ili zdravlju,

we must preserve nature's designs,

moramo očuvati dizajne prirode.

otherwise these secrets will be lost forever.

U protivnom će tajne biti izgubljene zauvijek.

And from what I heard from our new president,

I, kako sam čuo od našeg predsjednika,

I'm very optimistic. Thank you.

poprilično sam optimističan. Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)